Table 1 Traditionally gathered wild food plants recorded among Muslim and Kakai Kurds in the study area

Allium ampeloprasum L., KURD11

Koraya, Qorada, Qurada

Aerial parts

Pungent

Seasoning

M

Allium iranicum (Wendelbo) Wendelbo, Amaryllidaceae^#

Keniwal

Whole plant

Pungent

Bread seasoning; snack

K, M

Allium koelzii (Wendelbo) Perss. and Wendelbo, Amaryllidaceae, KURD20

Kol

Young leaves

Light pungent and sweetish

Cooked

M

Allium paradoxum (M. Bieb.) G. Don, Amaryllidaceae^#

Karat^K, Knal^K, Piçek^K, Siçek^K

Leaves

Light pungent and sweetish

Consumed raw as sawza; bread and yogurt seasoning; cooked with rice or bulgur; preserved in brine (lacto-fermented)

KK, M

Anchusa azurea Mill., Boraginaceae, KURD100

Gezerwan, Gozerwan, Gurmiza

Young aerial parts

Herbaceous

Boiled

K, MM

Arum rupicola Boiss., Araceae, KURD92, possible other Arum spp., and Dracunculus vulgaris Schott, Araceae, KURD99

Kardi, Kardu, Xas

Leaves

Pungent

Boiled in “sumac water” (suspension of water and sumac fruits) and then cooked in various ways (often with rice/bulgur and wild leek); preserved in brine (lacto-fermented) or dried (sometimes in necklaces)

KK, MMM

Asparagus sp., Asparagaceae^#

Marije^K, Marijok^K

Shoots

Slightly bitter

Cooked with rice

K

Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Spach, Berberidaceae, KURD96

Gabla, Galba

Shoots

Herbaceous (earthy)

Cooked

M

Bunium paucifolium DC., Apiaceae, KURD89

Dobeldobana*, Dobel*

Tubers

Sweetish and crunchy

Snack; boiled

KK

Chaerophyllum bulbosum L., Apiaceae^#

Zarkazawi, Zargazewi

Tubers

Sweetish and crunchy

Snack

K, M

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad., Cucurbitaceae^#

Jijalek*, Gujalek*, Gumpshila^K

Unripe fruits

Bitter

Snack (as a medicinal food for treating kidney dysfunctions)

K, M

Crataegus spp., Rosaceae^#

Gewask^K, Gwaiş

Fruits

Slightly astringent and sweet

Snack

K, M

Crocus biflorus Mill.^# and possibly other Crocus spp.,

Iridaceae

Pifok, Piçek, Pijok^K, Pişok, Pivok

Corms (after removal of fibrous tunic)

Herbaceous (earthy) and crunchy

“Social snack”

KK, MM

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. and Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér., Geraniaceae, KURD79, KURD77

Agilaklak*, Darzila, Dendulaklak*, Giaderzile, Menkarlaklak*

Young infructescences

Herbaceous

Snack (sometimes considered a medicinal food for treating stomach-aches)

KK, MM

Foeniculum vulgare L., Apiaceae KURD88

Hazola, Rasiana*

Young leaves

Aromatic

Raw as sawza

K, M

Geranium tuberosum L., Geraniaceae^#

Pushien

Tubers

Crunchy

Snack; preserved in brine (lacto-fermented)

M

Glycyrrhiza glabra L.^# Fabaceae

Balek*

Young stems (peeled)

Sweet

Snack

K

Gundelia turnefortii L., Asteraceae, KURD97

Çinger^K, Kinger

Internal parts of the tender whorls and upper part of the root; seeds (sesi)

Slightly bitter (whorls); nutty (seeds)

Whorls: boiled; preserved in brine (lacto-fermented);

seeds: boiled in salty water, then roasted, and consumed as a “social snack”

KKK, MMM (whorls); K, M (seeds)

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., Poaceae, KURD95

Piazoka

Young aerial parts

Herbaceous

Raw as sawza

M

Johrenia aromatica Rech. f., Apiaceae, KURD69

Baraza

Aerial parts

Aromatic

Recreation tea; “social snack” (this is consumption sometimes considered as a food medicine for treating kidney disease)

M

Lathyrus sp., Fabaceae^#

Polka

Young fruits

Herbaceous

Snack

M

Malus orientalis Uglitzk. ex Juz., Rosaceae^#

Sevelok, Sevun, Siev^K

Unripe fruits, fruits

Astringent and sour (unripe fruits); sour and sweet (ripe fruits)

Snack

KK, M

Malva neglecta Waller, Malvaceae, KURD03

Talaka^K, Tolaga^K, Tolka, Tollaka^K, Xobas*

Leaves, stems (peeled), and fruits

Herbaceous and mucilaginous

Leaves: cooked with eggs, sarma; soups, preserved in brine (lacto-fermented); sometimes considered a medicinal food for treating heart disease; stems and fruits: snacks

KKK, MMM

Matricaria chamomilla L., Asteraceae, KURD 84

Beibun, Gulaçarma^K, Gulaçarmala, Gurlinka

Flowering tops

Aromatic

Recreational tea

KK, M

Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson and Mentha spicata L.

Lamiaceae, KURD73, KURD08

Ping, Punga

Leaves

Aromatic

Seasoning (esp. yogurt); recreational tea (often with raisins)

KK, MMM

Myrtus communis L., Myrtaceae, KURD103

Mert

Leaves

Aromatic

Recreational tea

M

Nasturtium officinale R.Br., Brassicaceae, KURD57

Çuzala, Kuzala, Pandirpoza^K, Pizala^K, Xuzala

Aerial parts

Pungent

Raw as sawza

KK, MM

Ornithogalum balansae Boiss. and possibly other O. spp., Asparagaceae, KURD94

Aerial parts: Gelik, Glexa^K

Bulbs: Formaşişana, Hormçiçek, Hurmaşişana, Hurmatsitsana, Şimişak^K

Aerial parts and bulbs

Herbaceous (aerial parts). bitter and crunchy (bulbs)

Aerial parts: cooked; bulbs: snack, cooked

KK, MM

Petasites albus (L.) Gaertn., Asteraceae^#

Kaşma

Leaves

Slightly bitter

Cooked

M

Pistacia atlantica Desf., Anacardiaceae, KURD102

Kaskauan^K, Kaskavaniş, Kaşakau^K, Kaskuan

Unripe fruits

Resinous

Seasoning mastaw (ayran) and terhana (mixture of bulgur/grains and yogurt); preserved in brine and consumed as a side-dish^K

KK, MMM

Pleurotus and possibly Agaricus spp., Pleurotaceae^#

Karçik^K, Karg,

Karzik, Xarçek, Xarzek, Xuarek

Fruiting bodies

Mushroom-like

Boiled and then fried

KK, MMM

Portulaca oleracea L., Portulaceae, KURD27

Barpina, Palapina, Parpina

Aerial parts

Herbaceous (mineral) and crunchy

Raw or cooked

K, MM

Prosopis farcta (Banks and Sol.) J.F.Macbr., Fabaceae#

Xarnik*, Xaşxaşa*

Seeds

Sweetish and nutty

Snack (sometimes consumed as a medicinal food for treating stomach-ache and diarrhoea in children)

K

Prunus arabica (Olivier) Meikle^#

Rosaceae

Bayaf, Bayu, Baui*, Nabyk^K

Kernels

Very bitter

Boiled with salt and then consumed as a snack (preserved in the same brine)

K,M

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. and Prunus microcarpa C. A. Mey., Rosaceae^#

Gelas*, Halu, Zardalu

Unripe fruits

Sour and astringent

Snack

K, M

Prunus webbii (Spach), Vierh., Rosaceae^#

Çakalove*

Unripe fruits

Sour and astringent

Snack

K

Quercus infectoria G. Olivier, Fagaceae, KURD07

Şokabaru

Honeydew (”Kurdish manna”): Gazo: collected on oak leaves. Şoka: collected on unripe acorns, (Fig. 9)

Sweet

Syrup

M

Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and possibly Quercus brantii Lindl.^#, Fagaceae, KURD101

Baru, Şabalu

Unripe and ripe fruits

Astringent

Unripe fruits: snack; ripe fruits: roasted or boiled and then roasted; eaten with honey against stomach-ache; preserved dried (mainly in the past)

KK, MM

Rheum ribes L., Polygonaceae, KURD104

Rewas

Leaf petioles

Sour

“Social snack”

K, MM

Rubus ulmifolius Schott, Rosaceae^#

Alga*, Tuturk

Fruits

Sweet

Snack

K, M

Rumex acetosa L., Rumex crispus L., and possibly other Rumex spp., Polygonaceae, KURD50, KURD81

Trşoka, Truska, Turşka^K, Xamga*

Leaves

Sour

Raw as sawza (R. acetosa); sarma (R. crispus); tea for treating stomach-ache

KK, MM

Satureja thymbra L., Lamiaceae, KURD04

Hasola, Iatra, Jatra, Zatra

Aerial parts

Aromatic

Seasoning

MMM

Scorzonera papposa DC., Asteraceae^#

Damkoz^K, Gazer^K, Halaluk, Hapaluk, Haplog, Karkoza, Pesbala

Roots and leaves

Sweetish (roots); herbaceous (leaves)

Roots: raw snack (sometimes considered a medicinal food for treating stomach-ache); preserved in brine (lacto-fermented);

leaves: cooked in yogurt

KK, MMM

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. and (more rarely) Carduus pycnocephalus L., Asteraceae, KURD85, KURD22

Çaubaza, Kalagan, Kalaguana^K, Kalangana, Kalgana, Kalxana^K, Kerbaşa, Kevar, Kosep*, Xalxana^K

Young stems (peeled)

Slightly bitter and crunchy

“Social snack”

K, MMM

Sinapis arvensis L. and (more rarely) Raphanus raphanistrum L., Brassicaceae, KURD71, KURD75

Fijiela*, Gulasarda^K, Tavar, Teveroka, Torpoka^K, Turuoka, Xartala, Xatala^K

Young stems (peeled) and leaves

Slightly pungent

Stems: snack; leaves: soup

K, MM

Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss., Apiaceae^#

Gnor, Narima

Stems (peeled)

Aromatic

Snack

MM

Solanum nigrum L., Solanaceae^#

Arrosalà^K

Fruits

Herbaceous

Snack

K

Terfezia and Tirmania spp., Terfeziaceae, KURD106

Dolaman^K, Dombalan, Dumaran^K

Fruiting bodies

Mushroom-like

Boiled and then cooked, often with eggs and onions; roasted; preserved in brine (lacto-fermented);

tea for treating eye inflammations

KKK, MMM

Thymus sp., Lamiaceae^#

Asbiela

Aerial parts

Aromatic

Seasoning

M

Tordylium aegyptiacum (L.) Lam., Apiaceae, KURD82

Gurame*, Gurgemi, Nanafalla

Seeds

Aromatic

Snack; seasoning

K, MM

Tragopogon collinus DC., Asteraceae^#

Şing

Leaves and roots

Leaves: herbaceous, roots: sweetish

Cooked

M

Tribulus terrestris L., Zygophyllaceae^#

Peikola^K

Unripe fruits and seeds

Herbaceous (pea-like)

Unripe fruits: snack;

Seeds: boiled

KK, M

Tulipa montana Lindl.^# and possibly other Tulipa spp., Liliaceae

Melaqa

Bulbs

Sweetish and crunchy

Snack

MM

Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd., Fabaceae, KURD87

Gadana^K

Young fruits

Herbaceous (pea-like)

Snack

KK

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Rhamnaceae, KURD91

Knar

Fruits

Sweetish and sour

Snack

M

Unidentified (Amaryllidaceae?) sp.

Zaxari^K, Zotka^K, Zuotka^K

Underground parts

Snack (sometimes considered a medicinal food for treating heart diseases)

KK

Unidentified (Apiaceae?) sp.

Şawbo^K

Fruits

Seasoning

K

Unidentified sp.

Danteşkara^K

Fruits

Snack; cooked

K

Unidentified sp.

Fetr*

Underground parts

Snack

M

Unidentified sp.

Damkos^K

Underground parts

Snack

K