Table 4 The primary consumption patterns of WEPs in Liangshan

Primary food

Boiled in water

(1) Allium ovalifolium, (2) Amaranthus blitum, (3) Aralia chinensis, (4) Chenopodium hybridum, (5) Fargesia spathacea, (6) Hemerocallis citrina, (7) Hylocereus undatus, (8) Kalimeris indica, (9) Matteuccia struthiopteris, (10) Oenanthe javanica, (11) Opuntia ficus-indica, (12) Osmunda japonica, (13) Perilla frutescens, (14) Plantago major, (15) Pteridium aquilinum, (16) Smilax stans, (17) Sonchus oleraceus, (18) Taraxacum mongolicum, (19) *Toona sinensis,(20) Toxicodendron vernicifluum, (21) Vicia sativa

Made into pickles

(1) Begonia grandis subsp. sinensis, (2) Nasturtium officinale, (3) Oenanthe javanica, (4) Rorippa dubia, (5) Smilax stans

Made into soup

(1) Capsella bursa-pastoris, (2) *Cardamine tangutorum, (3) Helwingia japonica, (4) Nasturtium officinale, (5) Rorippa dubia

Raw as salad greens

(1) *Allium macrostemon, (2) *Houttuynia cordata

Stewed with pork or chicken

(1) *Angelica sinensis, (2) *Arctium lappa, (3) *Cirsium shansiense, (4) *Codonopsis pilosula subsp. tangshen, (5) Dioscorea polystachya, (6) *Eucommia ulmoides, (7) *Gastrodia elata, (8) *Imperata cylindrica, (9) *Musa basjoo, (10) *Ophioglossum vulgatum, (11) *Polygonatum cyrtonema

Famine food

Food supplement

(1) Anemone vitifolia, (2) Artemisia capillaris, (3) Celosia argentea, (4) Pseudognaphalium affine, (5) Pyracantha fortuneana

Starch extraction

(1) Pteridium aquilinum

Snack

Eaten raw

(1) Actinidia kolomikta, (2) Akebia trifoliata, (3) Berberis jamesiana, (4) Cornus kousa subsp. chinensis, (5) Crataegus scabrifolia, (6) Decaisnea insignis, (7) Diospyros lotus, (8) Duchesnea indica, (9) Elaeagnus pungens, (10) Ficus pumila, (11) Ficus tikoua, (12) Fragaria nilgerrensis, (13) Hovenia dulcis, (14) Mahonia bealei, (15) Morus australis, (16) Metaplexis japonica, (17) Morus austrails, (18) Myrica nana, (19) Musa basjoo, (20) Opuntia ficus-indica, (21) Oxalis corniculata, (22) Physalis alkekengi, (23) Prunus trichostoma, (24) Pueraria montana var. lobata, (25) Pyracantha fortuneana, (26) Pyrus pashia, (27) Rosa omeiensis, (28) Rosa roxburghii, (29) Rubus ellipticus var. obcordatus, (30) Rubus inopertus, (31) Rubus mesogaeus, (32) Rubus wallichianus, (33)Sambucus adnata, (34) *Schisandra rubriflora, (35) Vaccinium fragile, (34) Viburnum betulifolium, (36) Vitis heyneana

Roasted or cooked

(1) Dioscorea polystachya, (2) Quercus schottkyana

Spice

Seasoning

(1) Allium macrostemon, (2) Houttuynia cordata, (3) Litsea cubeba, (4) Litsea pungens, (5) Mentha canadensis, (6) Perilla frutescens

Sour flavor enhancer

(1) Berberis jamesiana, (2) Viburnum betulifolium, (3) Oxalis corniculata

Culinary coagulant

Making cheese

(1) Reynoutria multiflora

Making tofu

(2) Berberis jamesiana

Medicine

Eaten raw

(1) Fritillaria cirrhosa, (2) Gastrodia elata

External use

(1) Artemisia capillaris, (2) Fritillaria cirrhosa, (3) Opuntia ficus-indica, (4) Paris polyphylla

Medicinal soup

(1) Leycesteria formosa, (2) Malva verticillata, (3) Sambucus adnata, (4) Sambucus williamsii

Medicinal tea

(1) Agrimonia pilosa, (2) Berberis jamesiana, (3) Bulbophyllum odoratissimum, (4) Cynoglossum amabile, (5) Eclipta prostrata, (6) Huperzia squarrosa, (7) Imperata cylindrica, (8) Incarvillea diffusa, (9) Iris forrestii, (10) Kalimeris indica, (11) Lemmaphyllum carnosum, (12) Lycopodium japonicum, (13) Lysimachia congestiflora, (14) Mahonia bealei, (15) Mentha canadensis, (16) Plantago major, (17) Potentilla discolor, (18) Pyrrosia lingua, (19) Spatholobus suberectus, (20) Taraxacum mongolicum, (21) Trichosanthes kirilowii

Tincture

(1) Araiostegia divaricata var. formosana, (2) Aristolochia versicolor, (3) Crataegus scabrifolia, (4) Eclipta prostrata, (5) Equisetum giganteum, (6) Gastrodia elata, (7) Hovenia dulcis, (8) Lysimachia congestiflora, (9) Reynoutria multiflora, (10) Paris polyphylla, (11) Potentilla discolor

Other use

Hedge

(1) Pyracantha fortuneana

Honey collection

(1) Pseudognaphalium affine

Kindling

(1) Pseudognaphalium affine

Rituals

(1) Aralia chinensis, (2) Artemisia capillaris, (3) Sambucus adnata, (4) Toxicodendron vernicifluum

Silver jewelry polish

(1) Oxalis corniculata