Table 4 Means and standard error of 19 characters that presented significant differences when comparing the plants of (1) A. m. subsp. xolocotziana with (2) A. mexicana (encouraged) and (3) A. palmeri. Domestication trends of the subsp. xolocotziana are shown

Floral

Corolla color

White

White flowers

1

193.6 ± 15^a

403.7

0.000

2

133.3 ± 1.72^b

3

146.01 ± 1.2^c

Style length

Longer style

Gigantism in flowers and correlated structures

1

4.08 ± 0.04^a

59.0

0.000

2

3.49 ± 0.05^b

3

1.62 ± 0.01^c

Length of lower stamens

Longer stamens

1

3.22 ± 0.04^a

58.6^

0.000

2

2.74 ± 0.05^b

3

1.34 ± 0.01^c

Length of upper stamens

1

3.6 ± 0.05^a

58.6^

0.000

2

3.08 ± 0.06^b

3

1.53 ± 0.02^c

Flower tube length

Longer tube

1

2.43 ± 0.07^a

48.9^

0.000

2

2.24 ± 0.04^b

3

1.10 ± 0.02^c

Flower length

Largest flower

1

3.26 ± 0.03^a

60.0^

0.000

2

2.74 ± 0.05^b

3

1.52 ± 0.02^c

Inflorescence length

Shorter inflorescence length

–

1

10.88 ± 1.07^b

8.3^

0.01*

2

19.73 ± 1.91^a

3

16.45 ± 2.22^ab

Number of nodes in the inflorescence

Smaller number of nodes

–

1

4.63 ± 0.24^b

12.7^

0.000

2

4.89 ± 0.3^b

3

7.90 ± 0.73^a

Number of flowers produced

Fewer flowers produced

–

1

46 ± 4.14^c

18.3^

0.000

2

86.2 ± 10^b

3

185.6 ± 29^c

Seeds

Seed length

Longer and wider seeds

Seed in gigantism

1

2.08 ± 0.02^a

84.68

0.000

2

1.8 ±0.02^b

3

1.5 ± 0.02^c

Seed diameter

1

1.08 ± 0.03^a

24.14

0.000

2

0.8 ± 0.02^b

3

0.86 ± 0.01^b

Germination

Low percentage

Less sexual reproduction

1

30^b

118

0.000

2

90^a

3

90^a

3

111.02 ± 5.2^a

Number of nodes in the stem

Smaller stem nodes

–

1

11 ± 0.27^b

20.94^

0.000

2

13.75 ± 0.31^a

3

13.04 ± 0.72^a

Leaf color

Less pigmentation in the leaf

Differentiation in leaf color

1

67.73 ± 1.03^a

4.13

0.02*

2

63.14 ± 2.7^ab

3

59.04 ± 1.04^b

Leaf area

Smaller leaf area

–

1

6.59 ± 0.32^a

21.35

0.000

2

7.74 ± 0.29^a

3

10.03 ± 0.47^b

Number of teeth on the leaf

Less teeth

–

1

11 ± 0.27^b

35.54

0.000

2

13.63 ± 0.38^a

3

16.17 ± 0.53^a

Rhizome Length

Longest rhizome with greater number of nodes

Gigantism in rhizome, greater asexual reproductive capacity

1

3.96 ± 0.28^a

32.54

0.000

Number of rhizome nodes

2

2.08 ± 0.23^b

3

2.3 ± 0.21^b

1

4.72 ± 0.26^a

79.16

0.000

2

2.51 ± 0.20^b

3

1.72 ± 0.16^c