Table 1 Number of citations of animals in groups, and their respective frequencies, by research participants as the most studied animals in science/biology classes
Group | Taxon | Animala | General | Urban | Rural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fish | Superclass Pisces | Fish | 104 (89.65) | 61 (88.40) | 43 (91.48) |
Class Selachimorpha | Shark | 8 (6.89) | 5 (7.24) | 3 (6.38) | |
Order Gasterosteiformes | Seahorse | 3 (2.58) | 2 (2.89) | 1 (2.12) | |
Order Osteoglossiformes | Piranha fish | 1 (0.86) | 1 (1.44) | 0 (0.00) | |
Total | 4 | 4 | 116 (99.98) | 69 (59.48) | 47 (40.51) |
Amphibians | Class Amphibia | Amphibians | 26 (30.58) | 11 (23.91) | 15 (38.46) |
Order Anura | Toad | 47 (55.29) | 25 (54.34) | 22 (56.41) | |
Frog | 5 (5.88) | 3 (6.52) | 2 (5.12) | ||
Tree-frog | 5 (5.88) | 5 (10.86) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Order Caudata | Salamander | 2 (2.35) | 2 (4.34) | 0 (0.00) | |
Total | 3 | 5 | 85 (99.98) | 46 (54.11) | 39 (45.88) |
Reptiles | Class Reptilia | Reptiles | 39 (21.91) | 18 (18.36) | 21 (26.25) |
Order Squamata | Snake | 106 (59.55) | 56 (57.14) | 50 (62.50) | |
Lizard | 7 (3.93) | 6 (6.12) | 1 (1.25) | ||
Chameleon | 1 (0.56) | 1 (1.02) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Tegu lizard | 1 (0.56) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.25) | ||
Gecko | 5 (2.80) | 3 (3.06) | 2 (2.50) | ||
Order Chelonia | Tortoise | 5 (2.80) | 3 (3.06) | 2 (2.50) | |
Order Crocodylia | Alligator | 8 (4.49) | 7 (7.14) | 1 (1.25) | |
Order Saurischia | Dinosaur | 6 (3.37) | 4 (4.08) | 2 (2.50) | |
Total | 5 | 9 | 178 (99.97) | 98 (55.05) | 80 (44.94) |
Birds | Class Aves | Birds | 61 (50.41) | 35 (52.23) | 26 (48.14) |
Wild birds | 9 (7.43) | 6 (8.95) | 3 (5.55) | ||
Order Psittaciformes | Blue Macaw | 1 (0.82) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.85) | |
Parakeet | 3 (2.47) | 3 (4.47) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Parrot | 3 (2.47) | 2 (2.98) | 1 (1.85) | ||
Order Accipitriformes | Vulture | 4 (3.30) | 3 (4.47) | 1 (1.85) | |
Order Piciformes | Woodpecker | 1 (0.82) | 1 (1.49) | 0 (0.00) | |
Toucan | 2 (1.65) | 1 (1.49) | 1 (1.85) | ||
Order Struthioniformes | Greater rhea | 3 (2.47) | 2 (2.98) | 1 (1.85) | |
Order Columbiformes | Ground-dove | 3 (2.47) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (5.55) | |
Eared-dove | 1 (0.82) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.85) | ||
Order Apodiformes | Hummingbird | 5 (4.13) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (9.25) | |
Order Falconiformes | Hawk | 12 (9.91) | 8 (11.94) | 4 (7.40) | |
Order Cuculiformes | Greater Ani | 1 (0.82) | 1 (1.49) | 0 (0.00) | |
Order Pelecaniformes | Heron | 2 (1.65) | 1 (1.49) | 1 (1.85) | |
Order Strigiformes | Owl | 7 (5.78) | 3 (4.47) | 4 (7.40) | |
Order Galliformes | Domestic Hen | 3 (2.47) | 1 (1.49) | 2 (3.70) | |
Total | 12 | 17 | 121 (99.89) | 67 (55.37) | 54 (44.62) |
Mammals | Class Mammalia | Mammals | 156 (22.94) | 79 (20.73) | 77 (25.75) |
Order Carnivora | Lion | 83 (12.20) | 53 (13.91) | 30 (10.03) | |
Bear | 13 (1.91) | 11 (2.88) | 2 (0.66) | ||
Jaguar | 38 (5.58) | 22 (5.77) | 16 (5.35) | ||
Tiger | 27 (3.97) | 23 (6.03) | 4 (1.33) | ||
Fox | 7 (1.02) | 4 (1.04) | 3 (1.00) | ||
Wolf | 1 (0.14) | 1 (0.26) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Maned wolf | 2 (0.29) | 1 (0.26) | 1 (0.33) | ||
Leopard | 1 (0.14) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.33) | ||
Wild cat | 1 (0.14) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.33) | ||
Dog | 65 (9.55) | 39 (10.23) | 26 (8.69) | ||
Cat | 46 (6.76) | 29 (7.61) | 17 (5.68) | ||
Seal | 1 (0.14) | 1 (0.26) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Otter | 1 (0.14) | 1 (0.26) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Ruminants | 1 (0.14) | 1 (0.26) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Family Felidae | Felines | 1 (0.14) | 1 (0.26) | 0 (0.00) | |
Order Proboscidea | Elephant | 13 (1.91) | 8 (2.09) | 5 (1.67) | |
Order Cetacea | Dolphin | 2 (0.29) | 2 (0.52) | 0 (0.00) | |
Whale | 35 (5.14) | 21 (5.51) | 14 (4.68) | ||
Order Chiroptera | Bat | 21 (3.08) | 13 (3.41) | 8 (2.67) | |
Order Pilosa | Anteater | 5 (0.73) | 2 (0.52) | 3 (1.00) | |
Sloth | 1 (0.14) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.33) | ||
Order Cingulata | Armadillo | 1 (0.14) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.33) | |
Brazilian three-banded armadillo | 1 (0.14) | 1 (0.26) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Order Perissodactyla | Horse | 19 (2.79) | 7 (1.83) | 12 (4.01) | |
Zebra | 4 (0.58) | 1 (0.26) | 3 (1.00) | ||
Order Cetartiodactyla | Deer | 7 (1.02) | 5 (1.31) | 2 (0.66) | |
Order Rodentia | Rat | 22 (3.23) | 15 (3.93) | 7 (2.34) | |
Guinea pig | 2 (0.29) | 1 (0.26) | 1 (0.33) | ||
Capybara | 5 (0.73) | 3 (0.78) | 2 (0.66) | ||
Hamster | 1 (0.14) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.33) | ||
Order Primates | Monkey | 27 (3.97) | 12 (3.14) | 15 (5.01) | |
Chipanzee | 1 (0.14) | 1 (0.26) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Human | 21 (3.08) | 5 (1.31) | 16 (5.35) | ||
Order Lagomorpha | Rabbit | 3 (0.44) | 3 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | |
Order Artiodactyla | Ox/cow | 35 (5.14) | 11 (2.88) | 24 (8.02) | |
Pig | 5 (0.73) | 1 (0.26) | 4 (1.33) | ||
Hedgehog | 1 (0.14) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.33) | ||
Giraffe | 3 (0.44) | 3 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Sheep | 2 (0.29) | 1 (0.26) | 1 (0.33) | ||
Total | 15 | 40 | 681 (99.92) | 382 (56.09) | 299 (43.90) |
Invertebrates | Invertebrata | Invertebrates | 46 (36.22) | 26 (40.00) | 20 (32.25) |
Phylum Porifera | Porifers | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | |
Marine sponges | 2 (1.57) | 2 (3.07) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Phylum Cnidaria | Jellyfish | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | |
Cnidarian | 2 (1.57) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (3.22) | ||
Phylum Platyhelminthes | Flatworms | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | |
Class Trematoda | Planarians | 1 (0.78) | 1 (1.53) | 0 (0.00) | |
Class Cestoda | Tapeworm | 1 (0.78) | 1 (1.53) | 0 (0.00) | |
Phylum Nematoda | Nematelmints | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | |
Phylum Annelida | Earthworm | 4 (3.14) | 1 (1.53) | 3 (4.83) | |
Phylum Mollusca | Clam | 2 (1.57) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (3.22) | |
Class Cephalopoda | Cephalopod | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | |
Octopus | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | ||
Class Gastropoda | Garden snail | 6 (4.72) | 1 (1.53) | 5 (8.06) | |
Snail | 7 (5.51) | 0 (0.00) | 7 (11.29) | ||
Phylum Arthropoda | Arthropods | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | |
Class Arachnida | Arachnids | 1 (0.78) | 1 (1.53) | 0 (0.00) | |
Spider | 1 (0.78) | 1 (1.53) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Scorpion | 6 (4.72) | 4 (6.15) | 2 (3.22) | ||
Class Chilopoda | Centipede | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | |
Class Insecta | Insects | 15 (11.81) | 7 (10.76) | 8 (12.90) | |
Cockroach | 1 (0.78) | 1 (1.53) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Mosquito | 20 (15.74) | 19 (29.23) | 1 (1.61) | ||
Butterfly | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | ||
Caterpillar | 2 (1.57) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (3.22) | ||
Cricket | 1 (0.78) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | ||
Total | 15 | 26 | 127 (99.84) | 65 (51.18) | 62 (48.81) |
Other designations | |||||
Vertebrates | 123 (79.87) | 72 (78.26) | 51 (82.25) | ||
Carnivores | 6 (3.89) | 4 (4.34) | 2 (3.22) | ||
Oviparous | 2 (1.29) | 2 (2.17) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Herbivores | 4 (2.59) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (6.45) | ||
Rational animals | 1 (0.64) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | ||
Domestic animals | 1 (0.64) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | ||
Harmful animals | 1 (0.64) | 1 (1.08) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Marine animals | 7 (4.54) | 6 (6.52) | 1 (1.61) | ||
Aquatic animals | 3 (1.94) | 2 (2.17) | 1 (1.61) | ||
Terrestrial animals | 4 (2.59) | 4 (4.34) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Wild animals | 1 (0.64) | 1 (1.08) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Germs | 1 (0.64) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (1.61) | ||
Total 13 | 154 (99.91) | 92 (60.00) | 62 (40.00) | ||
Other groups | |||||
Dengue virus | 1 (6.25) | 1 (25.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Bacteria | 11 (68.75) | 1 (25.00) | 10 (83.33) | ||
Protozoa | 1 (6.25) | 1 (25.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Fungi | 2 (12.50) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (16.66) | ||
Mosses | 1 (6.25) | 1 (25.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Total 5 | 16 (100.00) | 4 (25.00) | 12 (75.00) | ||