Table 7 Biophysical resources, cultural practices and seed system across ecological zones

Average

0.9 ± 0.2^b

1.3 ± 0.8 ^a

0.3 ± 0.1^c

0.9 ± 0.6

***

Range

0.5–1.3

0.5–2.5

0.3–0.5

0.3–2.5

Average

0.8 ± 0.1^b

0.9 ± 0.4^a

0.4 ± 0.1^c

0.7 ± 0.3

***

Range

0.5–1

0.5–1.5

0.3–1

0.3–1.5

Average

0.5 ± 0.1^b

0.7 ± 0.3^a

0.4 ± 0.1^c

0.6 ± 0.3

***

Range

0.6–0.8

0.5–1.25

0.3–0.8

0.3–1.3

Family labor

12.1^b

13.5^b

49.3^a

13.2

***

Family and friends labor

87.9^a

61.5^b

42.2^c

73

***

Family friends and jobber labor

–

25^a

8.5^b

13.8

***

Seeds of previous harvests

70^a

62.9^a

46.2^b

60.2

***

Seeds of friends

9.2^b

10.5^b

50.4^a

22

***

Market seeds

20.8^a

26.7^a

3.4^b

17.8

***

Conservation method

3.7^a

4.5^a

–

3.2

ns

Seed storage

70^b

84^a

34.6^c

67.8

***

Seed purchase

30^b

16^c

65.5^a

32.2

***

Annual plant

92.1^b

90.5^b

100^a

93.2

***

Perennial plant

7.9^a

9.5^a

–

6.8

ns

Intercropping system

100^a

98.5^b

24.6^c

82.8

***

Pure stand

–

1.5^b

75.4^a

17.2

***

Fertilization

–

–

–

–

ns

Use of pesticides

–

–

63.7

14

***

April–June

97.9^a

91^b

–

73.6

***

April–May

2.1^a

9^b

–

4.4

***

June–August

–

–

68.2

15

***

July–August

–

–

31.8

7

***

Ploughing

65.8^b

83^a

72.7^b

74.2

***

Sowing

100^a

100^a

100^a

100

ns

Weed control

100^a

100^a

100a

100

ns

Pod harvest

92.6^b

97.5^a

87.3^b

93.4

***

Pod plugging

84.7^b

96^a

80.9^b

88.4

***

Winnowing

52.1^b

17^c

74.5^a

43

***

Average

557.5 ± 15.9^a

566.6 ± 35.8^b

522.3 ± 44^c

553.4 ±36.3

***

Range

450–560

550–650

450–560

450–650