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Table 1 Comparative assessment of present and previously reported ethnomedicinal uses of herptiles and fishes

From: The use of fish and herptiles in traditional folk therapies in three districts of Chenab riverine area in Punjab, Pakistan

S#

Scientific, common and local name

Parts used

MA

Diseases

Code

IMA

ND

FC

FL

RPL

ROP

Reported use

References

SI

Herptiles

1

Duttaphrynus stomaticus (Lütken,1864), Indus Valley toad, Ghariallo daddo

Skin

T

Skin infection in animals

BF1

3

1

30

10.0

0.667

6.67

Allergy, pneumonia, dermatitis, ripened abscess, wounds

[46,47,48]

0

2

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802), Indian Bullfrog, Wada daddo

Fat, oil

T

Sexual potency

HT1

2

3

40

5.0

0.889

4.44

Acidity, burn, cold, cough, diarrhea, dysentery, wound

[49,50,51,52]

0

Backbone pain

HT2

2

5.0

4.44

Joint pain

HT3

2

5.0

4.44

3

Aspideretes gangeticus Ernst and Barbour, 1989, Indian soft shell, Plaither

Flesh ash, fat, oil

O, T

Skin diseases

AG1

2

3

8

25.0

0.178

4.44

  

0

Piles

AG2

2

25.0

4.44

Sexual potency

AG3

4

50.0

8.89

4

Aspideretes hurum Ernst and Barbour, 1989, Peacock soft shell, Kachhokuma

Fat, oil

T

Sexual potency

AH1

4

3

8

50.0

0.178

8.89

  

0

Backbone pain

AH2

2

25.0

4.44

Joint Pain

AH3

2

25.0

4.44

5

Lissemys punctata andersoniWebb, 1980, Indian Flap-shelled Turtle, Hara kachopra

Carapace Ash, fat, oil

O, T

Internal injuries

LP1

1

4

7

14.3

0.156

2.22

Allergy, acne, piles, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, burns, cough, dermatitis, epilepsy, backbone pain,diabetes, urinary obstruction, diarrhea, indigestion, lung diseases, malaria fever, menorrhagia, rashes, sexual dysfunction, wounds, tuberculosis

[48, 53,54,55]

0.75

Allergy

LP2

1

14.3

2.22

Cough

LP3

2

28.6

4.45

Sexual potency

LP4

4

57.2

8.90

6

Calotes versicolor (Daudin, 1802), Oriental garden lizard, Girgit

Flesh ash

T

Foot and toes injuries

CV1

2

1

12

16.7

0.267

4.45

  

0

7

Laudakia agrorensis (Stoliczka, 1872), Agror agama lizard, Goh

Fat, oil, bile

T

Joint pain

LA1

2

4

20

10.0

0.444

4.44

Arthritis, burn, cough, fever, jaundice, malaria, sexual stimulant, skin disease

[47, 48, 50, 52, 56,57,58]

0.5

Sexual potency

LA2

3

15.0

6.67

Snake, spider, wasp and scorpion sting

LA3

4

20.0

8.89

Body pain

LA4

2

10.0

4.44

8

Eublepharis macularius (Blyth, 1854), Common leopard gecko, Korh kirli

Fat

T

Cancer

EM1

1

1

6

16.7

0.133

2.23

  

0

9

Uromastyx hardwickii Smith, 1935, Indus spiny-tailed lizard, Sanda

Fat, oil

T

Joint pain

UH1

20

4

24

83.3

0.533

44.44

Enhance sexual power, treat earache, backbone pain, joint pain, headache

[48, 59]

0.5

Body pain

UH2

20

83.3

44.44

Sciatica pain

UH3

4

16.7

8.89

Sexual potency

UH4

24

100

53.33

10

Varanus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802), Bengal Monitor, Bengali goh, Goh

Fat, oil

T

Joint pain

VB1

3

4

20

15.0

0.444

6.67

  

0

Sexual potency

VB2

2

10.0

4.44

Snake, spider, wasp and scorpion sting

VB3

4

20.0

8.89

Body pain

VB4

3

15.0

6.67

11

Python molurus (Linnaeus, 1758), Rock pathon, Azdha sap

Fat, oil

T

Wound

PM1

3

3

5

60.0

0.111

6.67

  

0

Joint pain

PM2

3

60.0

6.67

Sexual potency

PM3

3

60.0

6.67

12

Eryx johnii (Russell, 1801), Indian Sand boa, Do moi

Oil

T

Leucoderma

EJ1

2

2

22

9.1

0.489

4.44

  

0

Sexual potency

EJ2

2

9.1

4.45

13

Ptyas mucosus mucosus (Linnaeus, 1758), Indian rat snake, Chohay-maar sap

Skin

T

Eyesight

PMM1

3

1

25

12.0

0.556

6.67

  

0

14

Naja naja naja (Linnaeus, 1768), Indian cobra, Kala naag

Fat, skin, oil

T

Sciatica

NNN1

2

4

17

11.8

0.378

4.44

Arthritis, cancer, eye sight, leprosy, muscular pain, sexual weakness, sciatica, snakebite

[48, 51, 52, 59]

1

Snakebite

NNN2

4

23.6

8.92

Eye sight

NNN3

7

41.2

15.56

Sexual weakness

NNN4

2

11.8

4.46

15

Daboia russelii russelii (Shaw and Nodder, 1797), Russell's chain viper, Dabian wala sap

Fat, oil

T

Urine problem

DRR1

1

2

8

12.5

0.178

2.22

  

0

Hemorrhoids

DRR2

1

1.5

0.27

16

Echis carinatus sochureki Stemmler, 1969, Sind Valley saw snake viper, Pathar Sap

Fat, oil

T

Snake bite

EC1

2

3

7

28.6

0.156

4.44

Snake bite

[48, 59]

0.25

Joint pain

EC2

2

28.6

4.45

Sexual potency

EC3

2

28.6

4.45

Fishes

17

Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844), Grass carp, Grass carp

Brain, oil

O, T

Eyesight

CI1

51

5

51

100

1.000

100

Treat cold, enhance memory, energy and sexual power, joint pain

[31, 48]

0.20

Night blindness

CI2

6

11.8

11.8

Fever

CI3

44

86.3

86.3

Cold

CI4

51

100

100

Joint pain

CI5

3

5.9

5.9

18

Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Common carp, Gulfam

Brain, oil

O, T

Eyesight

CC1

5

5

62

8.1

1.000

8.1

CNS, erysipelas, lumbago, enhance memory, energyand sexual power, reduce overweight, and treat cold

[48, 60]

0.20

Night blindness

CC2

5

6.8

6.8

Fever

CC3

60

96.8

96.8

Cold

CC4

3

4.1

4.1

Joint pain

CC5

3

4.1

4.1

19

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844), Silver carp, Silver carp

Brain, oil

O, T

Eyesight

HM1

5

5

60

8.3

1.000

8.3

  

0

Night blindness

HM2

5

8.3

8.3

Fever

HM3

60

100

100

Cold

HM4

60

100

100

Joint pain

HM5

3

5.0

5

20

Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822), Mrigal carp, Mori

Brain, oil

O, T

Eyesight

CM1

5

5

50

10.0

1.000

10

Reduces weight, joint pain, enhance memory, sexual power, provide energy, against cold

[48, 59]

0.40

Night blindness

CM2

5

10.0

10

Fever

CM3

50

100

100

Cold

CM4

44

88.0

88

Joint pain

CM5

3

6.0

6

21

Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822), Reba carp, Reba Machhali

Brain, oil

O, T

Eyesight

CR1

5

5

67

7.5

1.000

7.5

  

0

Night blindness

CR2

5

7.5

7.5

Fever

CR3

67

100

100

Cold

CR4

55

82.1

82.1

Joint pain

CR5

3

4.5

4.5

22

Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822), Rohu, Raho

Brain

O

Joint pain

LR1

55

8

90

61.1

1.000

61.1

Urine problem, stomachache, weakness, rheumatic pain, enhance memory, energy and sexual power, treat cold

[47, 48, 59, 61]

0.25

Body pain

LR2

3

3.3

3.3

Sexual potency

LR3

7

7.8

7.8

Eye sight

LR4

5

5.6

5.6

Depression

LR5

2

2.2

2.2

Diabetes

LR6

2

2.2

2.2

Alzheimer

LR7

1

1.1

1.1

Heart disease

LR8

2

2.2

2.2

23

Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822), Orangefin labeo, Kalbans

Brain, oil

O, T

Joint pain

LC1

55

8

55

100

1.000

100

Increase energy, CNS , galactagogue, enhance memory, enhance energy, sexual power, reduce overweight, increase lactation in mother, energy, cold

[48, 62]

0.125

Body pain

LC2

55

100

100

Sexual potency

LC3

55

100

100

Eye sight

LC4

5

9.1

9.1

Depression

LC5

2

3.6

3.6

Diabetes

LC6

2

3.6

3.6

Alzheimer

LC7

1

1.8

1.8

Heart disease

LC8

2

3.6

3.6

24

Labeo dero (Hamilton, 1822), Dero, Dero machhali

Brain, oil

O, T

Eyesight

LD1

5

5

57

8.8

1.000

8.8

  

0

Night blindness

LD2

5

8.8

8.8

Fever

LD3

57

100

100

Cold

LD4

57

100

100

Joint pain

LD5

3

5.3

5.3

25

Gibelion catla (Hamilton, 1822), Catla, Thaila

Brain

O

Improve CNS

GC1

10

2

56

17.9

1.000

17.9

Increases energy & memory, galactagogue, rheumatic pain, enhance sexual power

[48, 59, 62]

1

Cold

GC2

3

5.4

5.4

26

Channa punctata (Bloch, 1793), Spotted snakehead, Dola

Flesh

O

Regulate blood chemical

CP1

4

4

58

6.9

1.000

6.9

Appetite, blood purification, malaria, body pain, enhance energy, sexual power, treat cold and joint pain

[48, 61, 63, 64]

0

Eye sight

CP2

4

6.9

6.9

27

Channa marulius (Hamilton, 1822), Great snakehead, Soul

Flesh

O

Sexual potency

CMH1

12

20.7

1.000

20.7

Increases sex power, hemoglobin, memory and energy, cure rheumatic pain, cold, joint pain

[30, 59, 61, 62]

0.5

Weakness

CMH2

10

17.2

17.2

28

Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Nile tilapia, Tilapia

Flesh ash

T

Scorpion, wasp, spider and insect bite

ON1

4

2

53

7.5

1.000

7.5

Abscesses, carbuncle, vision, scorpion bite, enhance memory, energy and sexual power

[48, 60]

0.5

Skin Burn

ON2

12

22.6

22.6

29

Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822), Catfish, Khaga

Flesh and oil

O, T

Joint pain

RR1

3

2

47

6.4

1.000

6.4

Joint pain, CNS, enhance energy, sexual power, treat cold and joint pain

[48, 59]

1

Sexual potency

RR2

3

6.4

6.4

30

Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822), Goonch, Foji Khaga

Flesh soup

O

Body pain

BB1

3

2

66

4.5

1.000

4.5

Body burns, body pain, stomach pain

[57, 61]

0.5

Sexual potency

BB2

3

4.5

4.5

31

Mystus cavasius (Hamilton, 1822), Gangetic mystus, Tangra Machhali

Flesh

O

Small pox

MC1

1

2

10

10.0

0.222

2.22

Small pox, joint pain

[59, 65]

0.5

Chicken pox

MC2

1

10.0

2.22

32

Mastacembelus armatus Skyes, 1839, Zig-zag eel, Baam Machhali

Flesh

O

Sexual potency

MA1

10

2

65

15.4

1.000

15.4

  

0

Weakness

MA2

40

61.5

61.5

33

Wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801),Wallago catfish, Mali

Flesh

O

Liver disease

WA1

2

2

68

2.9

1.000

2.9

Joint pain, dysentery, liver tonic, pile, enhance memory, sexual power, cure liver diseases, cold, joint pain

[48, 66,67,68]

0.5

Hepatitis

WA2

3

4.4

4.4

34

Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769), Bronze featherback, But Pari

Flesh

O

Small pox

NN1

1

2

25

4.0

0.556

2.224

Chicken pox, pain

[69, 70]

0.5

Chicken pox

NN2

1

4.0

2.224

35

Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822), Spotfin swamp barb, Sophore popra

Flesh

O

Regulate blood-chemical balance

PS1

2

1

7

28.6

0.156

4.4616

Blood purification, cold

[63, 70]

1

36

Pethia ticto (Hamilton, 1822), Ticto barb, Ticto popra

Brain

O

Night blindness

PT1

3

4

5

60.0

0.111

6.66

  

0

Eye-sight

PT2

5

100

11.1

Improve CNS

PT3

3

60.0

6.66

37

Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794), Stinging catfish, Sangehi machhali

Flesh

O

Increase hemoglobin level

HF1

2

40.0

0.111

4.44

Joint pain, increase hemoglobin, treat fever, pain, wound, enhance memory, energy, sexual power, reduces overweight

[47, 48, 52, 71, 72]

1

38

Gagata cenia (Hamilton, 1822), Indian gagata, Gagata cenia

Bone

O

Urine problem

GCH1

2

1

8

25.0

0.178

4.45

  

0

  1. MA. Modeof application, IMA. Informant of major ailment, ND. Number of diseases, FC. Frequency of citation, FL. fidelity level, RPL. Relative popularity level, ROP. Rank order priority, SI. Similarity index, T. topical, O. oral
  2. *Italic: Medicinal uses which are reported for very first time in this study
  3. *Bold: Medicinal uses which are different from than reported uses