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Table 1 Quantitative enumeration of ethnomedicinal plants used by marginal hill community of District Bageshwar

From: Ethnomedicinal knowledge of a marginal hill community of Central Himalaya: diversity, usage pattern, and conservation concerns

Botanical name

Local name

Voucher/ident. no.

Habit

Part used

Popular ailment uses (group and categories)

Used in

Preparation

FCa

RFCb

URc

URd

CIe

Family: Alliaceae

Allium sativum L.

Lasan

GBPCSED1

H

B

Skeleton and muscles—joint pain (arthritis)

Hu

O

59

0.59

59

59

0.59

Family:Apiaceae

Angelica glauca Edgew.

Gandaraini

RKT 27789

H

Rt

Gastrointestinal—stomach ache, vomiting

Hu

Po

44

0.44

35

89

0.89

     

Other—spices and condiment, herbal tea

 

Co, Inf

  

54

  

Centella asiatica L.

Brahmi

RKT 28186

H

L

General health care - Headache

Hu

Po

28

0.28

28

28

0.28

Coriandrum sativum L.

Dhaniya

RKT 28118

H

Sd

Antidote—against poison

C

Em

36

0.36

36

36

0.36

Family:Araceae

Acorus calamus L.

Bojh/Buch

RKT 27965

H

Rh

Skeleton and muscles—sprain, inflammation

Hu

Pw, O

55

0.55

21

74

0.74

     

Other—insect repellent

I

Da

  

53

  

Family:Asteraceae

Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & H. Rob.

Nargadiya/Pagaljhad

RKT 22106

H

L

Dermatological—cuts and wounds

Hu

Po

80

0.8

80

80

0.8

Artemisia martima L.

Pati/Titpati

RKT 23793

H

L

Dermatological—cuts and wounds, skin ailments

Hu

Po

55

0.55

77

77

0.77

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.

Kut/Kuth

RKT 28203

H

Rt

General health care—fever

Hu

Pw

28

0.28

27

64

0.64

    

Respiratory—cough

 

Pw

  

8

  
     

Gastrointestinal—stomach ache, dysentery

 

De

  

29

  

Taraxacum officinale Weber.

Dudhil

RKT 27817

H

L,Rt

Antidote—snake bite

Hu

In, Po

50

0.5

13

39

0.39

    

Other—to increase lactation in mulching animals

C

Inf

  

26

  

Tegetus erecta L.

Hazari

GBPCSED2

H

L

General health care—fever, ear infection

Hu

Po

51

0.51

46

61

0.61

     

Dermatological—wounds

 

Po

  

15

  

Family:Berberidaceae

            

Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC

Kilmori

RKT 22109

S

Rt

General health care—fever

Hu

Pw

42

0.42

13

54

0.54

    

Circulatory—diabetes

 

Pw

  

41

  

Family:Boraginaceae

Cynoglossum zeylanicum Thunb. Ex Lehm.

Chtkura

RKT 22969

H

Rt

Dermatological—boils

Hu

Da

54

0.54

54

54

0.54

Family:Brassicaceae

Rephanus sativus L.

Mooli

RKT 27049

H

WP

Hepatic health cure—jaundice

Hu

Co

87

0.87

87

87

0.87

Family:Cannabaceae

Cannabis sativa L.

Bhaang

GBPCSED3

H

Sd, L

Gastrointestinal—purgative and laxative, carminative, constipation, stomach ache

Hu

In

63

0.63

46

94

0.94

     

Antidote—insect bite

 

Da

  

5

  
     

Other—warm effect in winters

 

In, Co

  

43

  

Family:Caryophyllaceae

Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult

--

RKT 19989

H

WP

Respiratory—cough

Hu

In

19

0.19

7

7

0.07

Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke

Pyankura

GBPCSED4

H

WP

General health care—fever

Hu

De

15

0.15

4

17

0.17

    

Gastrointestinal—removal of Ascaris (antiparisitic) locally known as juga

 

De

  

13

  

Family:Combretaceae

Terminalia chebula (Gaertner) Retz.

Harar

RKT 15469

T

Fr

Gastrointestinal—purgative and laxative, carminative, constipation, digestive problems, diarrhea

Hu

Pw, Po

12

0.12

64

64

0.64

Family:Cucurbitaceae

Momordica charantia L.

Karela

RKT 27529

Cl

Fr

Circulatory—diabetes

Hu

Co, In

39

0.39

39

39

0.39

Family:Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.

Genthi

RKT 27301

Cl

Fr (Atu)

Respiratory—cough and cold

Hu

Co

32

0.32

32

32

0.32

Family:Ericaceae

Rhododendron arboreum Smth

Burans

RKT 27288

T

F

Hepatic health cure—liver complaints, tonic

Hu

De

47

0.47

64

64

0.64

Family:Euphorbiaceae

Emblica officinalis Gaertn.

Aanwla

RKT 21022

T

Fr

Circulatory—diabetes

Hu

In

35

0.35

8

85

0.85

    

Gastrointestinal—purgative and laxative, carminative, stomach ache

 

In

  

54

  
     

Respiratory—cough

 

In

  

6

  
     

Other—source of vitamin “C”

 

In

  

17

  

Euphorbia prolifera Ehrenb. Ex. Boiss

Dudhiya, Maikuri

RKT 29216

H

WP

Other—insect repellent

I

Da

7

0.07

7

7

0.07

Family:Gentianceae

Swertia angustifolia

Chiraita

RKT 25110

H

WP

General health care—fever

Hu

In

37

0.37

19

24

0.24

 Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don

    

Dermatological—skin ailments

 

In

  

5

  

Family:Fabaceae

Glycine max (L.) Merri

Kala Bhatt

RKT 15664

H

Sd

Hepatic health cure—jaundice

Hu

Co

84

0.84

84

84

0.84

Microtyloma uniflorum (Lam) Verdc.

Gahat/Kulthi

GBPCSED5

H

Sd

Urinogenital disorder—stone

Hu

Co

69

0.69

69

69

0.69

Trifolium repens L.

Chalmoda

RKT 26479

H

L

General health care—headache

Hu

Po

44

0.44

18

22

0.22

     

Dermatological—skin disease of dogs-Luta

C

Po

  

4

  

Trigonella foemun-graecum L.

Maithi

RKT 28507

H

L, Sd

Circulatory—diabetes

Hu

Inf

31

0.31

11

61

0.61

    

Gastrointestinal—carminative, obesity, indigestion, constipation

 

Inf

  

47

  
     

Skeleton and muscles—joint pain

 

Inf

  

3

  

Vigna mungo L. (Fabaceae)

Mass, Urad

RKT 27199

H

Sd

Skeleton and muscles—fracture

Hu

In

61

0.61

61

61

0.61

Family:Lamiaceae

Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth.

Ratpatia

RKT 25182

H

WP

General health care—fever

Hu

De

55

0.55

53

72

0.72

    

Gastrointestinal—constipation

    

16

  
     

Urinogenital—diuretic

    

3

  

Ajuga parviflora Benth.

Ratpatia

RKT 26408

H

Rt

General health care—fever, throat infection in animal (Galghotu)

Hu and C

De, Em

56

0.56

58

87

0.87

     

Gastrointestinal—constipation, stomach ache

Hu

De, In

  

25

  
     

Urinogenital—stone

 

De

  

4

  

Leucas lanata Benth

Nirasi Jhad

RKT 29214

H

L

Respiratory—cough

Hu

De

80

0.8

80

80

0.8

Mentha arvensis L.

Pudina

RKT 4355

H

L

Gastrointestinal—stomach ache, vomiting

Hu

De

43

0.43

50

50

0.5

Micromeria biflora Benth.

--

RKT 22949

H

WP

General health care—fever

Hu

De

6

0.06

6

6

0.06

Ocimum basilicum L.

Tulsi

RKT 19325

S

L, Sd

General health care—fever

Hu

De

88

0.88

33

97

0.97

     

Respiratory—cough and cold

 

De

  

41

  
     

Other—herbal tea, warm effect in winters

 

De

  

23

  

Origanum vulgare L.

Van Tulsi

RKT 29244

 

L, Rt

General health care—fever

Hu

De

31

0.31

15

71

0.71

     

Respiratory—cough and cold

 

De

  

18

  
     

Dermatological—wounds

 

Em

  

29

  
     

Other—herbal tea

 

Inf

  

9

  

Thymus serpyllum L.

Van-ajwayan

RKT 27966

H

WP

Skeleton and muscles—joint pain

Hu

Em

18

0.18

3

14

0.14

    

Respiratory—asthma

 

Em

  

3

  
     

Gastrointestinal—digestive and stomach problems

 

Em

  

4

  
     

Other—spices and condiments

 

Da

  

4

  

Family:Liliaceae

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Keruwa

RKT 28055

S

Rt

Immuno-regulatory—stimulant

Hu

Pw

46

0.46

15

65

0.65

    

Hepatic health cure—tonic

 

Pw

  

39

  
     

Gastrointestinal—stomach ache

 

De

  

11

  

Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle

Maha-Meda

RKT 26144

H

WP

Hepatic health cure—tonic

Hu

De

21

0.21

13

34

0.34

   

Dermatological—cuts and wounds

 

Po

  

14

  
     

Circulatory—blood purifier

 

Co

  

7

  

Polygonatum verticillatum L.

Meda

RKT 25894

H

Rt

Gastrointestinal—carminative

Hu

In

15

0.15

8

19

0.19

    

Dermatological—wounds

 

Po

  

11

  

Family:Moraceae

Ficus palmata Forsk.

Bedu

RKT 28094

T

Lt

Dermatological—cuts and wounds

Hu

Da

48

0.48

39

39

0.39

Ficus roxburghii Wall.

Timul

GBPCSED6

T

Fr

Gastrointestinal—acidity, carminative

Hu

Co

26

0.26

45

48

0.48

     

Circulatory—blood pressure

 

Co

 

0

3

 

0

Family:Myricaceae

Psidium guajava L.

Amrood

GBPCSED7

T

L

General health care—mouth blisters (astringent)

Hu

In

12

0.12

12

12

0.12

Family:Orchidaceae

Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo

Salmpanja/Hattajari

RKT 26089

H

Rt

Circulatory—bleeding

Hu

De

17

0.17

17

34

0.34

   

Dermatological—wounds

 

Po

  

17

  

Family:Plantaginaceae

Plantago ovate Forsk.

Isabgoal

RKT 1899

H

Sd

Gastrointestinal–constipation, digestive problems, diarrhea

Hu

In

74

0.74

83

83

0.83

Plantago lanceolata L.

Jonkpuri

RKT 8154

H

Rt

Gastrointestinal—removal of stomach worm of domestic animals

C

In

43

0.43

43

43

0.43

Family:Poaceae

Hordium vulgare L.

Jau

RKT 26630

H

Sd

Hepatic health cure—warm and nutritive effect

Hu

Co

46

0.46

46

63

0.63

     

Dermatological—burns

 

O

  

17

  

Setaria italica L.

Kouni

RKT 7389

H

Sd

Dermatological—measles and chicken pox

Hu

Co

91

0.91

91

91

0.91

Family:Podophyllaceae

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle

Van-Kakri

RKT 27764

H

Fr, Rt

Dermatological—wounds

Hu

Po

19

0.19

19

19

0.19

Family:Polygonaceae

Rheum emodi Wall.

Dolu

RKT 27793

H

Rt

General health care—fever

Hu

De

31

0.31

15

42

0.42

     

Dermatological—wounds

 

Po

  

27

  

Family:Punicaceae

Punica granatum L.

Darim

RKT 28845

T

Fr

Respiratory—cough and cold

Hu

In

59

0.59

49

71

0.71

     

Hepatic health cure—anemia

 

De

  

10

  
     

Other—source of vitamin “C”

 

De, In

  

12

  

Family:Ranunculaceae

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.

Atis

RKT 29008

H

Rt

General health care—fever

Hu

Pw

34

0.34

34

51

0.51

    

Gastrointestinal—vomiting

 

In

  

17

  

Ranunculus repens L.

Aingadua

GBPCSED8

H

Rt

Dermatological—boils

Hu

Po

21

0.21

21

27

0.27

     

Gastrointestinal—intestinal pains (NasPalatana)

 

In

  

6

  

Thalictrum foliosum DC.

Uppankat hi/Mamira

RKT 29204

H

WP

Ophthalmic—eye infection (white dot-cataract)

Hu

Inf

4

0.04

9

21

0.21

     

Other—insect repellent

I

Da

  

12

  

Family:Rosaceae

Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke

Van Kafal

GBPCSED9

H

L

Dermatological—burns and removal of burn scars

Hu

Po

3

0.03

3

3

0.03

Prunus persica Stokes.

Aaru

RKT 26465

T

L

General health care—Headache

Hu

Po

6

0.06

6

6

0.06

Rosa moschata Hermm.

Kunja

RKT 28695

S

L, F

Dermatological—cuts and wounds, boils

Hu

Po

9

0.09

27

32

0.32

     

Ophthalmic—eye diseases

 

Ste

  

5

  

Rubus ellipticus Smith.

Hisalu

RKT 29240

S

Rt

General health care—fever

Hu

De

9

0.09

9

18

0.18

     

Gastrointestinal—stomach ache

 

De

  

9

  

Family:Rubiaceae

Rubia cordifolia L.

Manjistha

RKT 27933

H

Rt

General health care—fever

Hu

De

27

0.27

23

23

0.23

Family:Rutaceae

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Sw.

Kagji

GBPCSED10

T

Fr

General health care—headache

Hu

De

38

0.38

20

94

0.94

Nimboo

   

Gastrointestinal—constipation, weight loss

 

De

  

23

  
     

Respiratory—cold

 

De

  

19

  
     

Other—herbal tea, source of vitamin “C”

 

De

  

32

  

Citrus hystrix DC.

Jamer/Jamir

GBPCSED11

T

Fr

Gastrointestinal—removal of Ascaris (antiparisitic) locally known as juga

Hu

In

38

0.38

27

50

0.5

     

Respiratory—cold

 

In

  

7

  
     

Antidote—against poison

C

Em

  

16

  

Zanthoxylum armatum DC

Timoor/Timuru

RKT 28615

S

Sd

General health care—toothache

Hu

In

61

0.61

21

77

0.77

   

Respiratory—cough and cold

 

In

  

19

  
     

Gastrointestinal—carminative

 

In

  

6

  
     

Other—spices and condiments

 

In

  

31

  

Family:Saxifragaceae

Bergenia ciliata (Haw) Sternb

Silphora

RKT 25124

H

Rt

Urinogenital—urinary infection, stone

Hu

Inf, Pw

51

0.51

61

61

0.61

Family:Scorphulariaceae

Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle.

Kutki

RKT 27765

H

Rt

General health care—fever

Hu

In

53

0.53

53

80

0.8

     

Gastrointestinal—abdominal pain

 

In

  

27

  

Verbascum thapsus L.

Akalveer

RKT 27890

H

WP

Dermatological—boils

Hu

Po

63

0.63

17

42

0.42

     

Other—to increase lactation in milching animals

 

Da

  

25

  

Family:Urticaceae

Urtica dioica L.

Shishun/Bichhu ghas

RKT 22903

S

L

Skeleton and muscles—joint pain

Hu

Da

37

0.37

31

52

0.52

    

Hepatic health cure—warm and nutritive effect

Hu

Co

  

21

  

Family:Violaceae

Viola betonicifolia J.E. Smith

Garurjadi/garurabuti

GBPCSED12

H

WP

Antidote—snake bite

Hu

Po

12

0.12

13

13

0.13

Viola canescens Wall. Ex Roxb

Gulovansh

RKT 17561

H

WP

Other—to increase lactation in milching animals

C

Da

29

0.29

29

29

0.29

Family:Zingiberaceae

Curcuma longa L.

Haldi

RKT 5970

H

Rh

General health care—internal injury

Hu

De

78

0.78

39

91

0.91

     

Dermatological—cuts and wounds, cosmetics

 

Da

  

36

  
     

Respiratory—cough

 

De

  

16

  

Hedychium spicatum Buch. Ham. ex Smith.

Van Haldi

RKT 24059

H

Rh

Gastrointestinal—intestinal problems, purgative and laxative, carminative

Hu

Pw

13

0.13

30

52

0.52

     

Respiratory—cough

 

Pw

  

8

  
     

Dermatological—cosmetics, anti-lice

Hu & C

Pw

  

14

  

Zingiber officinale Rosc.

Adrak

RKT 5921

H

Rh

Respiratory—Cough and cold

Hu

Em

89

0.89

89

89

0.89

  1. Atu aerial tuber, B bulb, C cattle, Cl climber, Co cooking, De decoction, Da direct application, Em emulsion, F flower, Fr fruit, H herb, I insect, Inf infusion, In ingestion, hr hour, Hu human, L leaves, Lt latex, O ointment, Po poultice, Pw powder, Rh rhizome, Rt root, S shrub, Sd seed, Ste steam, T tree, WP whole plant
  2. aUse citation of taxa (the no. of informants that referred the taxon)
  3. bRFC = FC/N, where N is the total no. of informants
  4. cUse reports of the taxon by ailment category
  5. dUse reports of the taxon
  6. eCI = UR/Nt, where Nt is the total no. of reported taxa