Table 3 Medicinal plants used before, during and after the Mission period, and present time at Mission Gardens. The numbers refer to emic and etic illness groupings (see Table 2)
From: Exchange of medicinal plant information in California missions
Botanical family* | Medicinal plants* | Native | Pre-Mission period | Mission period | Post-Mission period |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthaceae | Acanthus mollis L. | Europe | 3 | ||
Justicia spicigera Schltdl. | Mexico | 3, 4 | |||
Adoxaceae | Sambucus ebulus L. | Eurasia | 3 | ||
Sambucus sp. | California | 3, 11 | 3, 6, 10 | ||
Sambucus mexicana C. Presl [S. nigra L. ssp. caerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli] | California, Mexico | 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 | 7, 10 | 8, 11 | |
Sambucus nigra L. ssp. nigra | Europe, Africa | 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 | |||
Agave sp. | California and Mexico | 4 | |||
Agave americana L. | Mexico, USA introduced from Europe | 11 | |||
Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus hybridus L. | Eastern U.S.A. introduced from Europe | 1, 3, 4 | ||
Atriplex sp. | California | 10 | |||
Atriplex lentiformis (Torrey) S. Watson | California | 3, 9, 10 | |||
Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva Alef. | Eurasia, Africa | 1 | |||
Beta vulgaris L. var. maritima (L.) Moq. | Eurasia, Africa | 5 | |||
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. [Dysohania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants] | Mexico | 4 | 3 | ||
Chenopodium californicum (S. Watson) S. Watson | California | 4, 8, 10 | |||
Chenopodium graveolens Willd. | Mexico | 4, 10 | |||
Chenopodium rubrum L. [Oxybasis rubra (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch] | California | ||||
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants | Mexico | 3 | |||
Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants | Europe | 3 | |||
Iresine celosia L. | Mexico | 3, 6, 12 | |||
Amaryllidaceae | Allium sp. | California | 3, 4, 11 | 10, 11 | |
Allium cepa L. | Asia introduced from Europe | 1, 3, 4, 11, 12 | |||
Allium porrum L. | Europe | 1, 4, 11 | |||
Allium sativum L. | Asia introduced from Europe | 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11 | 6, 11, 12 | ||
Anacardiaceae | Mangifera indica L. | India | 4, 9 | ||
Pistacia lentiscus L. | Mediterranean region | 3, 4 | |||
Rhus aromatic L. (R. trilobata Nutt.) | California | 4 | |||
Rhus ovate S. Watson | California | 1, 10 | |||
Schinus molle L. | South America | 4, 6, 7, 9, 10 | |||
Spondias purpurea L. | Mexico | 4, 6, 9, 10 | |||
Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torrey & A. Gray) E. Greene | California | 1, 3, 4, 6, 9 | 3 | ||
Toxicodendron venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. var. venenosum (Zigadenus venenosus S. Watson) | California | 3 | |||
Anacariaceae | Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Abrams | California | 6 | ||
Annona cherimola Mill. | South America | 4, 6 | |||
Annona reticulate Linn. | Mexico | 3, 4 | |||
Apiaceae | Angelica sp. | California | 3, 4, 7, 8 | ||
Apium graveolens L. | Europe | 1, 2, 11, 12 | 4 | ||
Aralia californica S. Watson | California | 3 | |||
Carum carvi L. | Europe, naturalized in California | ||||
Coriandrum sativum L. | Europe, naturalized in California | 8 | |||
Crithmum maritimum L. | Eurasia, Africa | 2, 4, 14 | |||
Daucus carota L. | Eurasia | 1, 3, 9 | |||
Daucus pusillus Michaux | California | 1, 3, 8, 10, 11 | 1, 8, 10, 11 | ||
Eryngium campestre L. | Eurasia | 2, 10 | |||
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Europe | 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11 | 4 | ||
Hedera helix L. | Europe | 3, 4, 10 | 3, 10 | ||
Lomatium californicum (Torrey & A. Gray) Mathias & Constance (Leptotaenia californicum Nutt.) | California | 4, 7, 8, 10, 11 | |||
Lomatium utriculatum (Torrey and Gray) J. Coulter & Rose | California | 11, 13 | |||
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss | Europe | 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14 | 4, 13 | ||
Pimpinella anisum L. | Asia Minor, introduced from Europe | 4 | |||
Sanicula arguta J. Coult. & Rose | California | 5 | |||
Apocynaceae | Gonolobus niger (Cav.) R. Br. | Mexico | 6 | ||
Nerium oleander L. | Europe | ||||
Plumeria rubra L. | Mexico | 3, 4, 6 | |||
Stemmadenia donnell-smithi Woodson | Europe | 3 | |||
Thevetia thevetioides (Kunth) Schum. | Mexico | 3 | |||
Vinca difformis Pourr. | Europe | 10 | |||
Aquifoliaceae | Ilex aquifolium L. | Europe | 3 | ||
Araceae | Arisarum vulgare Targ.-Tozz. | Eurasia, Africa | 3 | ||
Arum italicum Mill. | Mediterranean region | 3, 7 | |||
Arecaceae | Chamaerops humilis L. | Europe | 3, 4 | ||
Cocos nucifera L. | Malaysia | 6 | |||
Aristolochia maurorum L. | Mexico | 8 | |||
Aristolochia monticola Brandegee | Mexico | 3, 4 | |||
Aristolochia pentandra Jacq. | Mexico | 3 | |||
Asarum caudatum Lindl. | California | 3, 7 | |||
Asclepiadaceae | Asclepias sp. | California | 4 | ||
Asclepias curassavica L. | Mexico | 3, 9 | 9 | ||
Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. | California | 3, 4, 10 | |||
Asclepias lemmonii A. Gray | Mexico, South West USA | 11 | |||
Asparagus acutifolius L. | Mediterranean region | 2 | |||
Asparagus horridus L. in J.A.Murray | Europe | 12 | |||
Camassia sp. | California | 3, 7 | |||
Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth | California | 2, 3, 5 | 9, 11 | ||
Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link [Smilacina racemosa (L.) Link] | California | 7 | |||
Ruscus aculeatus L. | Eurasia, Africa | 1 | |||
Urginea maritima (L.) Baker | Eurasia, Africa | 7 | |||
Yucca baccata Torrey | California | 3 | |||
Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies | California, Mexico | 1, 3, 4, 7, 8 | |||
Asphodelaceae | Aloe sp. | California | 1, 3, 4 | ||
Aloe maculata All. | Africa introduced from Europe | 3, 7 | |||
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. fil. | Asia introduced from Europe | 3 | |||
Aspleniaceae | Asplenium trichomanes L. ssp. trichomanes | Eurasia, California | 10, 11 | ||
Ceterach officinarum Willd. | Eurasia, Mediterranean region | 1, 4 | |||
Asteraceae | Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus (A. Gray) A. Gray | California | 11 | ||
Achillea sp. | California | 9, 11 | |||
Achillea ageratum L. | 6, 8 | ||||
Achillea millefolium L. ssp. millefolium | California, Europe | 1, 3, 9, 10, 11 | 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11 | ||
Acourtia microcephala DC. [Perezia microcephala (DC) A. Gray] | California | 1, 3, 4, 10, 11 | |||
Ageratina sp. | California | 3, 11 | |||
Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. | Mexico | 3, 11 | |||
Ambrosia monogyra Torr. & Gray | California | 3, 11 | |||
Ambrosia pilostachya DC. | California | 3, 7 | |||
Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Schiede ex Standl. | Mexico | 1, 4, 7 | |||
Anacyclus clavatus Pers. | Europe | 4, 8 | |||
Anthemis arvensis L. ssp. arvensis | 1, 4, 8, 9 | ||||
Arctium minus Bernh. | Europe | 3 | 7 | ||
Artemisia sp. | California | 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Artemisia abrotanum L. | 3 | ||||
Artemisia absinthium L. | Europe | 4 | |||
Artemisia alba Turra | Europe | 4 | |||
Artemisia californica Less. | California | 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Artemisia cana Pursh ssp. bolanderi (A. Gray) G. Ward | California | 1, 3, 8 | |||
Artemisia douglasiana Besser (A. heterophylla Nutt.) | California | 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Artemisia drancunuloides L. | California, Europe | 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 | 8 | ||
Artemisia herba-alba Asso | Europe | 11 | |||
Artemisia mexicana Willd. | Mexico and South West USA | 4, 7 | |||
Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. | California, Mexico | 3, 8, 10, 11 | 4, 6, 10, 11 | 4 | |
Artemisia pycnocephala DC | California | ||||
Artemisia tridentate Nutt | California | 3, 4, 8, 10, 11 | |||
Baccharis glutinosa Pers. [B. salicifolia (Ruiz Lopez & Pavon) Pers.] | California, Mexico | 3, 9, 11, 13 | 3, 4, 11 | ||
Baccharis pilularis DC. | California | 3, 11 | |||
Baccharis plummerae A. Gray | California | 8, 13 | |||
Baccharis pteronioides A. Gray | Mexico, South West USA | 3, 7, 8, 11 | |||
Baccharis sarothroides A. Gray | California | 7, 10 | |||
Balsamorhiza sagittalta (Pursh) Nutt. | California | 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 | 8, 10, 11 | ||
Bidens aurea (Aiton) Sherff | Mexico | 4 | |||
Calea urticifolia (Mill.) DC. | Mexico | 6, 12 | |||
Calea zacatechichi Schltdl. (C. ternifolia Kunth.) | Mexico | 4, 12 | |||
Calendula arvensis L. | Europe | 3, 8, 10, 11 | |||
Calendula officinalis L. | Europe, naturalized in California | 3 | |||
Carduus pynocephalus L. ssp. pynocephalus | Europe | 3 | |||
Carlina acanthifolia All. ssp. cynara (Pourret ex Duby) Rouy | Europe | 13 | |||
Centaurea aspera L. | Europe | 1, 5 | |||
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. | Europe, naturalized in California | 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 | |||
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert (Matricaria chamomilla L.) | Europe, naturalized in California | 4 | |||
Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. (Matricaria discoidea DC.) | Europe, naturalized in California | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 | |||
Chaptalia nutans (L.) Polak. | Caribbean | 3, 7 | |||
Chrysanthemum balsamita L. (Tanacetum balsamita L.) | Europe, naturalized in California | ||||
Cichorium intybus L. | Europe, naturalized in California | 1, 4 | |||
Cirsium sp. | California | 3, 4, 10 | |||
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | Europe, naturalized in California | 3 | |||
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. (Erigeron canadensis L.) | California | 8, 12 | |||
Corethrogyne filaginifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. | California | 1, 10, 11 | |||
Cynara scolymus L. | Mediterranean region | 4, 5 | |||
Deinandra fasciculate (DC.) Greene [Hemizonia fasciculata (DC.) Torr. & A. Gray] | California | 8 | |||
Encelia californica Nutt. | California | ||||
Encelia farinose Torrey & A. Gray | California | 1, 9 | |||
Ericameria arborescens (A. Gray) E. Greene | California | 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Ericameria laricifolia (A. Gray) Shinn. | California | 11 | |||
Ericameria nauseosa (Pall. Ex Pursh) G. L. Nesom & Baird [Bigilovia nauseosa M. E. Jones; Chrysothamnus nauseosa (Pall. Ex Pursh) Britton] | California | 1, 9, 10 | |||
Ericameria palmeri (A. Gray) H. M. Hall var. pachylepsis (H. M. Hall) G. Nesom [E. acradenius (Greene) S. F. Blake; Haplopappus palmeri A. Gray; Aplopappus palmeri Gray] | California | 3, 10, 11 | |||
Erigeron canadensis L. [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.) | California | 4, 8, 13 | |||
Erigeron foliosus Nutt. var. foliosus (E. foliosus Nutt. var. stenophyllus; E. utahensis Gray) | California | 11 | |||
Erigeron karwinskianus DC. | Mexico | 4, 6, 14 | |||
Eriophyllum confertiflorum (DC.) A. Gray | California | 7 | |||
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. | Eastern USA | 3, 11 | |||
Franseria ambrosioides (Cav.) Payne | California | 3, 7 | |||
Gnaphalium sp. | California | 10, 12 | |||
Gnaphalium bicolor Bioletti [Pseudognaphalium bioletti (Bioletti) A. Anderb.] | California | 1, 4 | |||
Gnaphalium canescens DC. [Pseudognaphalium canescens (DC.) W.A. Weber] | California | 1, 3, 4, 10, 11 | |||
Grindelia camporum E. Greene (G. robusta Nutt.) | California | 1, 3, 10, 11 | |||
Grindelia hirsutala Hook. & Arn. | California | 10 | |||
Grindelia stricta DC. (G. latifolia Kellogg) | California | 3 | |||
Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) A. Gray | California | 9 | |||
Helenium mexicanum Kunth | Mexico | 10 | |||
Helenium puberulum DC. | California | 3, 6, 10, 11 | |||
Helianthus annuus L. | Europe | 3, 8 | |||
Helichrysum italicum G. Don f. | Mediterranean region | 4 | |||
Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench spp. stoechas | Mediterranean region | 1, 4, 8, 11 | |||
Heterotheca grandiflora Nutt. | California | 3, 6 | |||
Heterotheca inuloides Cass. | Mexico | 3, 10 | |||
Inula montana L. | Western mediterranean | 3 | |||
Inula viscosa (L.) Ait. | Mediterranean region | 3 | |||
Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC. | Europe, Africa | 4, 8, 14 | |||
Jasonia tuberosa (L.) DC. | Europe | 3, 4, 7, 11 | |||
Leptosyne maritime (Nutt.) A. Gray | California | 4 | |||
Madia sativa Molina | California | 7, 10 | 7 | ||
Matricaria discoidea DC. | Asia, North West USA | 4, 8 | 4, 6, 7, 10 | ||
Matricaria recutita L. | Europe | ||||
Mikania sp. | Mexico and West USA | 4, 12 | |||
Montanoa tomentosa Cerv. | Mexico | 7 | |||
Onopordum acanthium L. | Eurasia | 3, 4 | |||
Parthenium hysterophorus L. | Mexico | ||||
Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. | Mediterranean region | 2 | |||
Pleiacanthus spinosus (Nutt.) Rydb. (Lygodesmia spinosa Nutt.) | California | 2 | |||
Polymnia maculata Cav. | Mexico | 3, 4, 6 | |||
Pseudognaphalium californicum (DC.) Anderb. (Gnaphalium decurrens E. Ives) | California | 4, 8, 10, 11 | |||
Pseudognaphalium canescens (DC.) W. A. Weber [Gnaphalium canescens DC.] | California | 7 | |||
Santolina chamaecyparissus L. | Europe | 3, 4, 8 | |||
Santolina chamaecyparissus L. ssp. squarrosa (DC.) Nyman | Europe | 1, 4, 8, 9, 11 | |||
Santolina chamaecyparissus L. ssp. magonica O.Bolòs, R.Mol. et P.Monts. var. teucrietorum O.Bolòs et Vigo | Europe | 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 | |||
Senecio angulifolius DC. | Mexico | 3, 9 | |||
Senecio flaccidus Less. var. douglasii (DC.) B.L. Turner & T.M. Barkley (S. douglasii DC.) | California | 3, 6, 7, 10, 13 | |||
Solidago californica Nutt. [S. velutina DC. ssp. californica (Nutt.) Semple] | California | 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill | Eurasia, Africa | 3 | |||
Sonchus oleraceus L. | Eurasia | 3 | |||
Sonchus tenerrimus L. | Europe, Africa, Middle East | 4 | |||
Tagetes erecta L. | Mexico | 4, 6, 9, 10, 12 | |||
Tagetes lucida (Sweet) Voss | Mexico | 3, 4, 7, 12 | |||
Tanacetum balsamita L. | Europe | 3, 4 | |||
Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch. Bip. | Europe | 4 | |||
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. | Eurasia | 4, 8, 13 | |||
Tanacetum vulgare L. | Europe | 4, 8 | 4 | ||
Taraxacum officinale Weber | Europe | 1, 3, 4, 12 | |||
Thelesperma gracile (Torr.) A. Gray [T. megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze] | Mexico and South West USA | 4, 8 | |||
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray | Mexico | 3, 6, 9 | |||
Trixis californica Kellogg | California and Mexico | 3, 9 | |||
Tussilago farfara L. | Eurasia | 3, 11 | |||
Verbesina sp. | California | 3 | |||
Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt. | California | 3, 10 | |||
Wyethia helenioides (DC.) Nutt. | California | 3, 5, 9, 10 | |||
Xanthium strumarium L. | California | 3,13 | |||
Begoniaceae | Begonia heracleifolia Cham. & Schltdl. | Mexico | 3, 4 | ||
Berberidaceae | Berberis aquifolium Pursh | California | 11 | ||
Berberis nevinii A. Gray | California | ||||
Betulaceae | Alnus sp. | California | 3, 4 | ||
Alnus arguta (Schltdl.) Spach | Mexico | 3, 12 | |||
Betula occidentalis Hook. | California | 4, 10, 11 | |||
Betula pendula Roth | Europe | 2 | |||
Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) E. Murray | California | 11 | |||
Bignoniaceae | Crescentia cujete L. | Mexico | 3, 4 | ||
Parmentiera edulis DC. | Mexico | 9, 10, 12 | |||
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC. | Mexico | 3, 7, 12 | |||
Bixaceae | Bixa orellana L. | Mexico | 3, 6 | ||
Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng. | Mexico | 3, 4 | |||
Boraginaceae | Borago officinalis L. | Europe, naturalized in California | 1, 2, 3.6, 11 | 1, 4, 10 | |
Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. | Mexico | 3, 5, 8, 10 | |||
Ehretia tinifolia L. | Mexico | 12 | |||
Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torrey | California | 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 | 8, 9, 10 | ||
Eriodictyon crassifolium Benth. | California | 1, 3, 7, 10, 11 | |||
Eriodictyon trichocalyx A. Heller | California | 1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11 | |||
Heliotropium curvassavicum L. var. oculatum | California | 5 | |||
Lithospermum officinale L. | Europe | 4 | |||
Phacelia distans Benth. | California | 1, 3, 4, 10 | |||
Phacelia ramoisissima Lehm. | California | 6, 10, 11 | |||
Pulmonaria longifolia (Bast.) Boreau | Europe | 11 | |||
Symphytum asperum Lepech. | Asia, introduced from Europe | 1, 8, 10 | |||
Symphytum officinale L. | Europe | 7 | |||
Symphytum tuberosum L. ssp. tuberosum | Europe | 7 | |||
Tournefortia hartwegiana DC. | Mexico | 4, 7, 10, 13 | |||
Brassicaceae | Brassica nigra (L.) Koch | Eurasia, Africa | 11 | ||
Brassica oleracea L. ssp. oleracea | Europe | 3, 4, 8 | |||
Brassica rapa L. | Europe, Asia | 7, 10 | |||
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | Eurasia | 1, 4, 5, 10 | |||
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. | South America | 1, 6, 11 | |||
Coronopus squamatus (Forsk.) Asch. | Mediterranean region | 1, 2 | |||
Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton [Sisymbrium canescens (Phil.) Reiche., S. pinnatum (Walter) Britton] | California | 4 | |||
Lepidium latifolium L. | Eurasia | 12 | |||
Lepidium nitidum Torrey & Gray | California | 4, 6 | |||
Raphanus raphanistrum L. ssp. sativus (L.) Domin | Europe | 3 | |||
Rorippa sp. | California | 11 | |||
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek (Nasturtium officinalis W. T. Aiton) | Europe, Asia, naturalized in California and Mexico | 1, 4 | 1, 6, 12, 14 | ||
Burseraceae | Bursera grandifolia (Schltdl.) Engl. | Mexico | 4, 8, 12 | ||
Bursera microphylla A. Gray | California | 3 | |||
Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. | Mexico | 3, 12 | |||
Protium copal Engl. | Mexico | 1, 3, 4, 7 | |||
Buxaceae | Buxus balearica Lam. | Eurasia, Africa | 4 | ||
Buxus sempervirens L. | Europe | 4 | |||
Cactaceae | Cylindropuntia acanthrocarpa (Engelm. & Bigelow) F. M. Knuth (Opuntia acanthrocarpa Engelm. & Bigelow) | California | 3 | ||
Lemaireocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Britton & Rose [Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Britton & Rose] | Mexico | 1, 3, 12 | |||
Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) J. M. Coult. | Mexico, Texas | 3 | 1, 4 | ||
Opuntia maxima A.Berger | Mexico introduced from Europe | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12 | |||
Opuntia sp. | California and Mexico | 1, 3, 7 | 1, 4 | 10 | |
Opuntia imbricate DC. [Cylindropuntia imbricate (DC.) Haw.] | Mexico | 4, 10 | |||
Opuntia leucotricha DC. | Mexico | 1, 4, 12 | |||
Opuntia tuberosus (Pfeiff.) Britton & Rose | California and Mexico | 8 | |||
Cannabaceae | Cannabis sativa L. | Eastern Asia | |||
Humulus lupulus L. | Europe | 8 | |||
Caprifoliaceae | Lonicera sp. | California | 7, 10 | ||
Lonicera implexa Ait. | Europe | 1, 3, 5 | |||
Lonicera interrupta Benth. | California | 3, 9, 10 | |||
Lonicera subspicata Hook. & Arn.var. subspicata | California | 3, 10 | |||
Scabiosa sp. | Europe | 1 | |||
Valeriana officinalis L. | Europe | ||||
Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. | Europe | 3, 4, 10 | ||
Caryophyllaceae | Herniaria hirsuta L. ssp. cinerea (DC. in Lam. et DC.) Arcang. | Eurasia, Africa | 2, 8, 12 | ||
Paronychia argentea Lam. | Mediterranean region | 1 | |||
Silene laciniata Cav. ssp. major C. Hitchc. & Maguire (S. laciniata Cav. ssp. laciniata) | California | 5, 7 | |||
Spergularia salina J. Presl & C. Presl [S. marina (L.) Besser] | California | 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | Europe | ||||
Celastraceae | Hippocratea excelsa Kunth | Mexico | 3 | ||
Torreya californica Torrey [Tumion californicum (Torrey) Greene] | California | 4, 8, 11 | |||
Cistaceae | Cistus albidus L. | Europe. Africa | 3, 8, 11 | ||
Cistus salviifolius L. | Eurasia, Africa | 3, 12 | |||
Commrlina erecta L. | Mexico | 4, 7,12 | |||
Rhoeo discolor (L'Hér.) Hance (Tradescantia spathacea Sw.) | Mexico | 3, 6, 7 | |||
Convolvulaceae | Cuscuta sp. | California and Mexico | 4, 12 | ||
Cuscuta californica Hook. & Arn. | California | 11 | |||
Ipomoea arborescens (Humb. & Bonpl. Ex. Willd.) G. Don | Mexico | 1, 4, 8, 12 | |||
Ipomoea stans Cav. | Mexico | 4, 8 | |||
Cornaceae | Cornus sericea L. ssp. californica (C. californica C.AQ. Meyer) | California | 11 | ||
Crassulaceae | Dudleya pulverulenta (Nutt.) Britton & Rose | California | 3, 10 | ||
Hylotelephium maximum (L.) Holub | Eurasia | 3, 8 | |||
Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H. Ohba | Eurasia | 3 | |||
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. | Madagascar | 3 | |||
Sedum oxypetalum Kunth | Mexico | 3 | |||
Sedum spathulifolium Hook. | California | 3, 10, 11 | |||
Sedum spurium M. Bieb. | Asia introduced from Europe | 3 | |||
Sempervivum tectorum L. | Europe | 9 | |||
Umbilicus rupestris (Salisb.) Dandy | Europe | 3 | |||
Cucurbitaceae | Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai | Africa | 6, 11 | ||
Cucumis sativus L. | Asia, introduced from Europe | 4 | |||
Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth | California and Mexico | 3, 4, 7, 11 | 12 | 3, 7 | |
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. | South America | 4 | |||
Cucurbita palmate S. Wats. | California | 4, 11 | |||
Cucurbita pepo L. | South America | 12 | |||
Ibervillea sonorae S. Wats. | Mexico | 6 | |||
Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. | Egypt, introduced from Europe | 3 | |||
Marah fabacea (Naudin) Greene | California | 3, 13 | 3 | ||
Marah macrocarpus E. Greene | California | 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11 | |||
Momordica charantia L. | South Indian | 4, 8, 12 | |||
Cupressaceae | Hesperocyparis macrocarpa (Hartw.) Bartel (Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw.) | California | 7 | ||
Juniperus californica Carr. | California | 7, 11, 13 | |||
Juniperus chinensis L. | Asia | ||||
Juniperus communis L. | Eurasia | 3, 4, 7, 9 | |||
Juniperus deppeana Steud. | Mexico and South West USA | 7, 12 | |||
Juniperus phoenicea L. | Mediterranean region | 3 | |||
Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. | California | 3, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Taxodium mucronatum Ten. | Mexico and South West USA | 3, 6, 9 | |||
Cyperaceae | Schoenoplectus sp. | California | 3, 7 | ||
Scirpus sp. | California | 7 | |||
Scirpus acutus L. var. occidentalis (S. Watson) Beetle [Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. Ex Bigelow) A. Love & D. Love var. occidentalis (S. Watson) S. G. Sm.] | California | 3, 7 | |||
Scirpus californicus (C. Mewyer) Steudel (Schoenoplectus californicus C. A. Mey. Palla) | California | 3 | |||
Datiscaceae | Datisca glomerata (C. Presl) Baillon | California | 3, 7, 8, 10 | ||
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. | California, Europe, Mexico | 1 | 11, 13 | ||
Dioscoreaceae | Dioscorea sp. | Mexico | 5, 7, 8 | ||
Tamus communis L. | Europe | 3, 7 | |||
Dryopteridaceae | Dryopteris arguta (Kaulf.) Watt [Aspidium rigidum Sw. arguta (DC.) Eat.] | California | 3, 11 | ||
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott | Europe, California | 4 | |||
Ebenaceae | Diospyros kaki L.f. | Asia introduced from Europe, California | 1, 4 | ||
Ephedraceae | Ephedra sp. | California | 6 | ||
Ephedra californica S. Wats. | California | 1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 13 | |||
Ephedra viridis S. Watson | California | 1, 3, 4, 6, 11, 13 | |||
Equisetaceae | Equisetum sp. | California | 4, 10, 11, 13 | ||
Equisetum arvense L. | California, Europe, Mexico | 3 | 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 12 | 1, 11 | |
Equisetum hyemale L. | Europe, Mexico | 1, 11, 12 | |||
Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun (E. funstoni A. A. Eaton) | California | 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 | |||
Equisetum ramossissimum Desf. | Eurasia, Africa | 1, 2 | |||
Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. | Eurasia, Africa | 1, 3, 7, 12 | |||
Ericaceae | Arbutus unedo L. | Europe | 1 | ||
Arbutus menziesii Pursh | California | 3, 4, 10 | |||
Arbutus xalapensis Kunth | Mexico, South West USA | 7 | |||
Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. | California | 3, 4, 13 | 2, 12 | ||
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. | California and Europe | 12 | 3 | ||
Erica cinerea L. | Europe | 12 | |||
Vaccinium sp. | California | 12 | |||
Euphorbiaceae | Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq. | Mexico | 4 | ||
Chamaesyce sp. (Euphorbia sp.) | California | 3, 9, 11 | |||
Cnidoscolus chayamansa (Mill.) I. M. Johnst. | Mexico | 3, 13, 12 | |||
Cnidoscolus urens L. ssp. stimulosus (Michx.) Govaerts | Mexico | 11 | |||
Croton sp. | Asia | 4 | |||
Croton californicus Muell | California | 7, 9, 10 | |||
Croton draco Schldtl. | Mexico | 9 | |||
Croton fragilis Schltr. | Mexico | 4, 6 | |||
Croton setiger Hook. [Eremocarpus setiger (Hook.) Benth.] | California | 4, 6, 8, 11 | |||
Eremocarpus setigerus (Hook.) Benth. | California | 1, 10, 11 | |||
Euphorbia sp. | California | 3, 6, 9, 11 | 3 | ||
Euphorbia albomarginata Torrey & A. Gray | California | ||||
Euphorbia amygdaloides L. ssp. amygdaloides | Europa | 3 | |||
Euphorbia antisyphillitica Zucc. | Mexico and South West USA | 4, 6, 8, 9 | |||
Euphorbia characias L. ssp. characias | Europe | 3 | |||
Euphorbia grantii Oliv. | Mexico, South West USA | 3 | |||
Euphorbia lathyris L. | Eurasia, Africa | 4 | |||
Euphorbia ocellata Durand & Hilg. ssp. ocellata | California | ||||
Euphorbia peplus L. | Eurasia, Africa | 3 | |||
Euphorbia polycarpa Benth. | California | 11 | 11 | ||
Euphorbia serrata L. | Europe, Africa | 3 | |||
Euphorbia villosa Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. | Europe | 3 | |||
Jatropha cinerea (Oretga) Mull. | Mexico and South West USA | 3, 9 | |||
Jatropha curcas L. | Mexico | 4, 7, 9 | |||
Jatropha dioica Sesse | Mexico and Texas | 3, 9 | |||
Ricinus communis L. | Africa introduced from Europe | 4, 8, 12 | |||
Synadenium grantii Hook. | Asia | 3 | |||
Fabaceae | Acacia cochliacantha Bonpl. ex Willd. | Mexico | 4, 6, 10, 12 | ||
Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd. | Mexico | 3 | |||
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. [Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.] | Mexico | 1, 4, 6, 11 | |||
Acmispon glaber (Vogel) Brouillet [Lotus scoparius (Nutt. in Torr. & A. Gray) Ottley] | California | 10 | |||
Acosmium panamense (Benth.) Yakoviev | Mexico | 4, 10, 12 | |||
Bauhinia divaricata L. | Jamaica | 4, 6, 10, 12 | |||
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. | Mexico | 10 | |||
Calliandra californica Benth. | California and Mexico | 12 | |||
Ceratonia siliqua L. | Mediterranean region | 3, 4, 11 | |||
Cercis occidentalis Torrey | California | ||||
Crotalaria incana L. | Mexico | 10 | |||
Desmodium incanum DC. | Mexico | 3, 4, 6, 10, 12 | |||
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. | Mexico | 3 | |||
Erythrina corallodendron L. | Mexico | 11 | |||
Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg. | Mexico | 13 | |||
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp | Mexico | 6, 12 | |||
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Eurasia | 4 | |||
Haematoxylon brasiletto H. Karst | Mexico | 8, 12, 13 | |||
Haematoxylon campechianum L. | Mexico | 1, 4, 6 | |||
Hoita macrostachya (DC.) Rydb. | California | 3, 11 | |||
Hoita orbicularis (Lindl.) Rydb. | California | 1, 11 | |||
Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. | Mexico | 3, 4, 6, 11 | |||
Inga jinicuil G. Don | Mexico | 1, 4, 6 | |||
Lathyrus vestitus Nutt. | California | 4, 11 | |||
Lens culinaris Medic. | Asia | 14 | |||
Lupinus sp. | California | 11, 13 | |||
Lupinus arboreus Sims | California | ||||
Lupinus cytisoides J. Agardt (L. latifolia J. Agardt.) | California | ||||
Lysiloma acapulcensis Benth. | Mexico | 3 | |||
Medicago sativa L. | Asia introduced from Europe | 1, 8 | |||
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. | Mexico | 3, 4 | |||
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. | Africa | 4 | |||
Ononis spinosa L. | Eurasia, Africa | 4 | |||
Olneya tesota A. Gray | California and Mexico | 4, 10, 12 | |||
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | Central America cultivated from all continents | 5 | |||
Pisum sativum L. | Mediterranean region | 14 | |||
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. | Mexico | 4, 10 | |||
Prosopis sp. | California and Mexico | 3, 4, 9 | |||
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. | Mexico | 3, 4, 9 | |||
Prosopis grandulosa Torr. | California | 3, 9 | |||
Stylosanthes viscosa (L.) Sw. | Mexico | 4, 6 | |||
Tamarindus indica L. | India | ||||
Trifolium sp. | California | 4 | |||
Vicia faba L. | Eurasia | 4, 10 | |||
Vicia gigantean Hook. | California | 4 | |||
Castanea sativa Mill. | Eurasia | 4 | |||
Notholithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Manos, C. H. Cannon, & S. Oh [Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.] | California | 3, 11 | |||
Quercus sp. | California, Mexico | 1, 3, 9 | 1, 9, 11 | ||
Quercus agrifolia Nee | California | 1, 3, 4 | 3, 4, 10 | ||
Quercus dumosa Nutt. | California | 3, 9, 11 | |||
Quercus faginea Lam. | Mediterranean region | 3 | |||
Quercus ilex L. | Europe | 1, 3, 4, 14 | 3, 4, 10 | ||
Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. | Mediterranean region | 2, 3 | |||
Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham. | Mexico | 9 | |||
Quercus lobata Nee | California | 4 | |||
Quercus robur L. | Eurasia | 4 | |||
Quercus turbinella Greene | California | 3, 9 | |||
Frankeniaceae | Frankenia salina (Molina) I. M. Johnst. (F. grandifolia Cham. & Schltdl.) | California | 4 | ||
Gentianaceae | Centaurium erythraea Raf. | Europe | 1, 4, 8, 11 | 1, 10, 11 | |
Centaurium venustum (A. Gray) B. L. Rob. [Zeltnera venusta (Gray) G.Mans.] | California | 1, 11 | 1, 11 | ||
Zeltnera venusta (A. Gray) Mansion (Erythraea venusta A. Gray) | California | 1, 6, 11 | |||
Geraniaceae | Geranium lucidum L. | Eurasia, Africa | 3 | ||
Geranium robertianum L. | Europe | 4 | |||
Pelargonium sp. | South Africa, Introduced from Europe | 4 | |||
Gesneriaceae | Konleria deppeana (Schltdl. & Cham.) Fritsch | Mexico | 4, 13 | ||
Ribes indecorum Eastw. | California | 9 | |||
Hypericum androsaemum L. | Eurasia | 3 | |||
Hypericum balearicum L. | 5 | ||||
Hypericum perforatum L. | Eurasia | 3, 4, 7, 8, 12 | |||
Illiciaceae | Illicium verum Hook.f. | Asia | 4 | ||
Iridaceae | Crocus sativus L. | Europe | 8 | ||
Iris sp. | California | 4 | |||
Iris douglasiana Herbert | California | ||||
Sisyrinchum bellum S. Watson | California | 4, 5, 7, 11 | 10, 11 | ||
Juglandaceae | Juglans californica S. Wats. | California | 1 | ||
Juglans regia L. | Balkan Peninsula, Asia | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 | |||
Juncaceae | Juncus sp. (mainly, J. effusus L.; J. inflexus L., and J. conglomeratus L.) | Eurasia, Africa | 3 | ||
Juncus textilis Buchenau | California | 3 | |||
Krameriaceae | Krameria grayi Rose & Painter (K. bicolor S. Watson) | California | 3, 4, 12 | ||
Lamiaceae | Agastache mexicana (Kunth) Lint & Epling | Mexico | 8 | ||
Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi | Europe, Africa | 8 | |||
Clinopodium douglasii (Benth.) Kuntze [Micromeria douglasii (Benth.) Kuntze; Satureja douglasii (Benth.) Briq.] | California | 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 | 4 | ||
Dracocephalum moldavica L. | Asia, introduced from Europe | 1 | |||
Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq. | Mexico | 4 | |||
Hyptis stellulata Benth. | Mexico | 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 | |||
Hyptis verticillata Jacq. | Mexico | 3, 4 | |||
Hyptis emoryi Torrey [Condea emoryi (Torr.) Harely & J. F. B. Pastore] | California | 1 | 1 | ||
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (L. vera DC.; L. spica L.) | Europe | ||||
Lavandula latifolia Medik. | Mediterranean region | 3, 8, 14 | |||
Lavandula spica L. | Mediterranean region | 4 | |||
Leonurus japonicus Hoult | Asia | 5, 6, 10 | |||
Lepechinia calycina (Benth.) Epling | California | 7, 10, 11 | |||
Lepechinia caulescens (Ortega) Epling | Mexico | 4, 6 | |||
Marrubium vulgare L. | Europe | 3, 4, 11 | 3, 6, 8, 10 | ||
Melissa officinalis L. | Europe | 1, 4, 8, 11 | 1 | ||
Mentha sp. | California | 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 13 | |||
Mentha arvensis L. | Eurasia, California | 9 | 13 | ||
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. | Eurasia, Africa | 4 | |||
Mentha pulegium L. | Eurasia, Africa introduced from America | 4 | 1 | ||
Mentha spicata L. | Europe introduced from California | 4, 8 | 10 | ||
Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. | Mediterranean region | 3, 4, 10 | |||
Mentha x gentilis L. | Europe | 8 | |||
Mentha x piperita L. (M. aquatica L. x M. spicata L.) | Europe introduced from California | 4, 8 | 10 | ||
Monardella villosa Benth. | California | 1, 4, 10 | |||
Ocimum basilicum L. | Africa | 8 | |||
Origanum majorana L. | Europe | 6, 7 | |||
Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare | Europe | 4, 8, 11 | |||
Phlomis lychnitis L. | Europe | 4 | |||
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Europe | 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14 | 3, 4, 9, 10, 11 | ||
Salvia sp. | California, Mexico | 8, 11 | 3, 5 | 3, 8 | |
Salvia aethiopis L. | Europe | 3, 8 | |||
Salvia apiana Jepson [Ramona polystachya (Benth.) Greene] | California | 4, 8, 9, 10 | |||
Salvia carduaceae Benth. | California | 5 | |||
Salvia columbariae Benth. | California | 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11 | |||
Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl | Europe | 8 | |||
Salvia lavanduloides Kunth | Mexico | 10 | |||
Salvia leucantha Cav. | Mexico | 7, 12 | |||
Salvia mellifera E. Greene [Ramona stachyoides (Benth.) Briq.] | California | 1, 4, 8, 9, 10 | 3 | ||
Salvia officinalis L. | Europe | 1, 3, 8, 10, 14 | |||
Salvia spathacea E. Greene | California | 1, 7, 11 | |||
Salvia verbenaca L. | Eurasia, Africa | 2, 4, 5, 11 | |||
Satureja douglasii (Benth.) Briq. [Clinopodium douglasii (Benth.) Kuntze] | California | 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 | 3, 4, 7, 8 | ||
Satureja hortensis L. | Eurasia | 3, 10 | |||
Satureja macrostema (Moc. & Sesse ex Benth.) Briq. | Mexico | 4, 6 | |||
Stachys albens A. Gray | California | 3, 4, 10 | |||
Stachys bullata Benth | California | 3, 9, 10 | |||
Teucrium chamaedrys L. | Mediterranean region | 9 | |||
Teucrium scorodonia L. | Europe, Africa | 3 | |||
Thymus sp. | Eurasia, Africa | 7, 11 | |||
Thymus mastichina (L.) L. | Spain | 11 | |||
Thymus praecox Opiz | Europe | 8 | |||
Thymus vulgaris L. | Mediterranean region | 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12 | |||
Thymus zygis L. | Spain, Africa | 11 | |||
Trichostema lanatum Benth. | California | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11 | |||
Trichostema lanceolatum Benth. | California | 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13 | 3, 6, 8, 9, 10 | ||
Laminariaceae | Laminaria sp. | California | 4 | ||
Macrocystis sp. | California | 4 | |||
Lauraceae | Laurus nobilis L. | Europe | 3, 4, 7, 11 | ||
Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. | California | 3, 4, 7, 8, 10 | 8 | ||
Liliaceae | Lilium candidum L. | Balkan Peninsula, Middle East | 3 | ||
Prosartes parvifolia S. Watson [Disporum hookeri (Torr.) G. Nicholson] | California | 13 | |||
Hesperolinon californicum (Benth.) Small | California | 11 | |||
Linum usitatissimum L. | Asia, Africa | 11 | |||
Loasaceae | Mentzelia sp. | California | 11 | ||
Mentzelia aspera L. | California and Mexico | 6 | |||
Mentzelia hispida Willd. | California | 4, 6 | |||
Lythraceae | Cuphea aequipetala Cav. | Mexico | 3, 4 | ||
Heimia salicifolia Link. | Mexico | 3, 12 | |||
Magnoliaceae | Magnolia grandiflora L. | Mexico and South West USA | 1, 8 | ||
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth. | Mexico | 3, 4 | |||
Galphimia glauca Cav. | Mexico | 3, 7 | |||
Malvaceae | Abutilon palmeri A. Gray | California | 1, 3, 11 | ||
Alcea rosea L. | China introduced from Europe | 8, 11 | |||
Althaea officinalis L. | 4, 11 | ||||
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. | Mexico | 3, 4, 8 | |||
Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreategui | Mexico | 1, 8 | |||
Fremontodendron californicum (Torrey) Cov. | California | 10 | |||
Guazuma tomentosa Kunth (G. ulmifolia Lam.) | Mexico | 3, 4, 6, 12 | |||
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | West of Africa | 4, 8, 12, 13 | |||
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | West of Africa | 9, 12 | |||
Malacothamnus sp. (Malvastrum sp.) | California | 4, 5, 7 | |||
Malacothamnus fasciculatus (Torrey & A. Gray) E. Greene | California | 4 | |||
Malva moschata L. | Eurasia | 11 | |||
Malva neglecta Wallr. | Eurasia | 3, 4, 11, 14 | |||
Malva parviflora L. | Europe | 3, 4 | |||
Malva sylvestris L. | Europe | 1, 3, 4, 6, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 | 1, 3, 11 | ||
Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. | Mexico | 4, 6 | |||
Pavonia schiedeana Steud. | Mexico | 1, 3, 4, 6 | |||
Pseudobombax ellipticum (Kunth) Dugard | Mexico | 10 | |||
Sida acuta Burm. | Mexico | 3, 4, 13 | |||
Sida rhombifolia L. | Mexico | 7, 8 | |||
Sphaeralcea emoryi Torr. ex A. Gray | California | 3, 9 | |||
Theobroma cacao L. | Mexico, Amazon basin | 11 | |||
Tilia sp. | Eurasia, Mexico | 8 | |||
Tilia cordata Mill. | Europe | 8 | |||
Tilia platyphyllos Scop. ssp. platyphyllos | Eurasia | 4, 8 | |||
Martyniaceae | Martynia annua L. | Mexico | 8 | ||
Melanthiaceae | Trillium chloropetalum (Torrey) Howell | California | 1, 4 | ||
Zigadenus fremontii (Torr.) S. Watson [Toxicoscordion fremontii (Torr.) Rydb.] | California | 3 | |||
Zigadenus venenosus (S. Watson) Rydb. [Toxicoxcordion venenosus (S. Watson) Rydb.] | California | 3 | |||
Melastomataceae | Miconia albicans (Sw.) DC. | Mexico | 4, 13 | ||
Meliaceae | Cedrela odorata L. | Mexico | 4, 9, 12 | ||
Cissampelos pareira L. | Africa | 1, 4 | |||
Montiaceae | Claytonia perfoliata Willd. | California | 4 | ||
Moraceae | Brosimum alicastrum Sw. | Mexico | 3, 10, 13 | ||
Dorstenia contrajerva L. | Mexico | 7, 12 | |||
Ficus carica L. | Middle east, western Asia | 3, 11 | |||
Ficus petiolaris Kunth | Mexico | 1, 4, 7 | |||
Muntingiaceae | Muntingia calabura L. | Mexico | 3, 6, 7 | ||
Musaceae | Musa sp. | Asia | 11 | ||
Musa sapientum L. (Musa x paradisiac L.) | Indonesian, grown in countries with tropical climate | 4 | 3, 11 | ||
Myrtaceae | Eucalyptus sp. | Australia | 8 | ||
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | Australia | 3, 11 | |||
Eugenia acapulcensis Steud. | Central America | 4, 6, 10 | |||
Myrtus communis L. | Europe | ||||
Psidium guava L. | Central America and Mexico | 4 | |||
Abronia sp. | California | 13 | |||
Oleaceae | Forestierra pubescence Nutt. (F. neomexicana A. Gray) | California | 8 | ||
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl ssp. angustifolia | Europe | 2 | |||
Fraxinus dipetala Hook. & Arn. | California | 3, 11 | |||
Fraxinus excelsior L. | 1, 3 | ||||
Fraxinus latifolia Benth. | California | 11 | 11 | ||
Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingel. | Mexico | 12 | |||
Jasminum officinale L. | Middle East, India, China | 4, 6, 8 | |||
Ligustrum parteri Coult. & Rose | Europe | 1, 3 | |||
Olea europaea L. var. europaea | Mediterranea region | 1, 3, 4, 13 | |||
Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Mill.) Brot. | Mediterranea region | 1 | |||
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P. H. Ravens | Central America | 3 | |||
Epilobium canum (E. Greene) Raven (Zauschneria californica C. Presl) | California | 3, 7, 11, 13 | |||
Gaura coccinea Nutt. Ex Pursh [Oenothera suffrutescens (Ser.) W. L. Wagner & Hoch] | California | 1, 4 | |||
Oenothera albicaulis Pursh | Mexico, West USA | 11 | |||
Oenothera elata Kuth | California | ||||
Oenothera hookeri Torrey & A. Gray | California | ||||
Oenothera rosea L’Her. Ex Aiton | Mexico and Texas | 3, 4 | |||
Castilleja sp. | California | 3 | |||
Castilleja affinis Hook. & Arn. | California | 3 | |||
Castilleja attenuata (A. Gray) Chuang & Heckard | California | 10 | |||
Castilleja elastica Sesse ex Cerv. | Mexico | 7, 12 | |||
Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. | Mexico and South West USA | 1, 3, 7, 12 | |||
Orthocarpus sp. | California | 10 | |||
Paeoniaceae | Paeonia brownii Hook. | California | 1, 4, 10 | ||
Paeonia californica Torrey & A. Gray | California | 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 | 3, 4, 8, 10 | ||
Papaveraceae | Argemone mexicana L. (A. sanguinea Greene) | Mexico | 3, 7, 9, 12, 13 | ||
Chelidonium majus L. | Eurasia | 1, 3, 8, 11 | |||
Eschscholzia sp. | California | 8 | |||
Eschscholzia californica Cham. | California | 3, 4, 8, 9 | |||
Fumaria officinalis L. ssp. officinalis | Eurasia, Africa | 3 | |||
Papaver rhoeas L. | Eurasia, Africa | 4, 8, 11 | |||
Papaver somniferum L. | Eastern Mediterranean, introduced from Eurasia | 8 | |||
Romneya coulteri Harv. | California | 3, 4, 9 | |||
Pelliaceae | Pellia californica Cham. | California | 11 | ||
Petiveraceae | Petiveria alliacea L. | Mexico | 3, 8, 12 | ||
Rivina humilis L. | Mexico | 3, 4, 12 | |||
Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis (M. puniceus Nutt.) | California | 3, 5, 13 | |||
Mimulus glutinosus J. C. Wendl. (M. aurantiacus Torr.) | California | ||||
Mimulus guttatus DC | California | 4 | |||
Petalostigma pubescens Domin | Australia, New Guinea | 10, 11 | |||
Pinaceae | Abies concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindley | California | 4, 6 | ||
Pinus sp. | California | 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 | 1, 3, 4, 11 | 7, 8 | |
Pinus halepensis Mill. | Mediterranean region | 3, 11, 12 | |||
Pinus monophylla Torrey & Fremont | California | 10, 11 | |||
Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. | Mexico | 10 | |||
Pinus pinaster Aiton. | Europe | 3 | |||
Pinus sabiniana Douglas | California | 3, 7 | |||
Pinus sylvestris L. | Eurasia | 11 | |||
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco | California | 6, 11, 13 | |||
Piperaceae | Peperomia pellucida Kunth | South and Central America | 3, 4 | ||
Piper sanctum (Miq.) Schltdl. Ex C. DC. | Mexico | 8 | |||
Plantaginaceae | Antirrhinum nuttallianum Benth. | California | 10 | ||
Digitalis minor L. | 1 | ||||
Digitalis purpurea L. | Europe | ||||
Globularia alypum L. | Mediterranean region | 1 | |||
Keckiella antirrhinoides (Benth.) Straw | California | ||||
Keckiella breviflora (Lindley) Straw | California | 3, 10 | |||
Keckiella cordifolia (Benth.) Straw (Penstemon cordifolius Benth.) | California | 3, 10 | |||
Penstemon centranthifolius Benth. | California | 3 | |||
Plantago sp. | California | 1, 3, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Plantago lagopus L. | Eurasia, Africa | 5, 11, 12 | |||
Plantago lanceolata L. | Eurasia | 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14 | |||
Plantago major L. | Eurasia | 1, 3, 7, 11, 12, 14 | 4, 9, 11 | ||
Platanaceae | Platanus lindeliana Mart. & Gal. | Mexico | 7, 8, 10 | ||
Platanus racemosa Nutt. | California | 10, 11 | |||
Platanus x hispanica Mill. ex Münch. | Europe | 1 | |||
Plumbaginaceae | Limonium californicum (Boiss.) A. A. Heller | California | 1, 6, 10, 11 | ||
Plumbago pulchella Boiss. | Mexico | 3, 6, 12 | |||
Poaceae | Arundo donax L. | Mediterranean region, Asia | 2, 10 | ||
Avena sativa L. | Europe and naturalized in California | 4 | |||
Bouteloua eriopoda (Torrey) Torrey | California | ||||
Coix lachrymal-jobi L. | Asia | 1 | |||
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Africa | 4 | |||
Distichlis spicata (L.) E. Greene | California | 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 | |||
Elymus condensatus (J. Presl) A. Love (Leymus condensatus J. Presl) | California | 4, 6, 11 | |||
Elymus repens (L.) Gould | Europe | 6, 13 | |||
Oryza sp. | Asia and Europe | 3, 4 | |||
Oryza sativa L. | Africa, Asia, introduced from all continents | 4 | 3, 4 | ||
Triticum aestivum L. | Europe | 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14 | |||
Zea mays L. | Mexico | 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12 | 3, 11 | ||
Polemoniaceae | Loeselia mexicana (Lam.) Brand | Mexico | 3 | 1, 4 | |
Navarretia atractyloides (Benth.) Hook. & Arn. | California | 3 | |||
Polygonaceae | Chorizanthe sp. | California | 3, 11 | ||
Eriogonum sp | California | 4, 5, 8, 9 | |||
Eriogonum elongatum Benth. | California | 1, 10, 11 | |||
Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. | California | 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 | 3, 6, 8, 10 | ||
Eriogonum nudum Benth. [E. latifolium Smith ssp. nudum (Douglas ex Bentham) S. Stokes] | California | 1, 3, 10, 11 | 10 | ||
Rheum rhabarbarum L. | Asia, introduced to California from Europe | 7 | |||
Rumex sp. | California | ||||
Rumex crispus L. | Eurasia | 4, 6, 11 | |||
Rumex hymenosepalus Torrey | California | 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11 | 4, 8, 10 | ||
Rumex obtusifolius L. | Europe | 1, 3, 4 | |||
Polypodiaceae | Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Sm. | South and Central America | 4, 13 | ||
Polypodium californicum Kaulf. | California | 1, 3, 7, 11 | |||
Portulacaceae | Portulaca oleracea L. | Eurasia, introduced to Mexico | 1 | ||
Primulaceae | Anagallis arvensis L. [Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U. Manns & Anderb.] | Europe | 3, 6 | 1, 3, 6, 11 | |
Anagallis foemina Mill. (Lysimachia foemina Mill.) | Europe | 6 | |||
Primula elatior L. ssp. elatior | Europe | 7 | |||
Primula veris L. | Eurasia | 3 | |||
Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) C.A. Paris (A. pedatum L.) | California, Europe, Mexico | 1, 4, 7 | |||
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | California | 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 13 | 1, 3, 4, 7 | ||
Adiantum jordanii Mueller | California | 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11 | 1, 4 | ||
Pellaea andromedifolia (Kaulf.) Fee | California | 1, 4, 5, 7 | |||
Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link | Mexico | 3, 11, 13 | |||
Pellaea mucronata (D. Eaton) D. Eaton (P. ornithopus Hook.) | California | 1, 3, 4, 11 | |||
Pentagramma triangularis (Kaulf.) G. Yatskievych, Windhan & Wollenweber | California | 3, 7 | |||
Ranunculaceae | Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. | California | 11 | ||
Aquilegia sp. | California | 4 | |||
Aquilegia truncate Fisch. ex DC. | California | ||||
Clematis lasiantha Nutt. | California | 3, 6 | |||
Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. | California | 1, 3, 6, 10 | 1, 3, 10, 11 | ||
Clematis pauciflora Nutt. | California | 3, 10, 11, 13 | |||
Clematis virginiana L. | Eastern U.S.A. | ||||
Helleborus viridis L. ssp. occidentalis (Reut.) Schiffn. | Europe | 4 | |||
Ranunculus sp. | California | 3 | |||
Ranunculus ficaria L. | Eurasia | 3 | |||
Resedaceae | Reseda alba L. | Eurasia, Africa | 4 | ||
Ceanothus sp. | California | 3 | |||
Ceanothus arboreus Greene | California | ||||
Ceanothus leucodermisGreene | California | 7 | |||
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch. | California | ||||
Ceanothus verrucosus Nutt. | California | ||||
Frangula californica (Eschsch.) A. Gray ssp. occidentalis (Rhamnus californica Eschsch.) | California | 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11 | |||
Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper (Rhamnus purshiana DC.) | California | 4 | |||
Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urb. | Mexico | 6, 8, 10 | |||
Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. (Rhamnus humboldtiana Schult.) | Mexico and Texas | 8 | |||
Rhamnus alaternus L. | Mediterranean region | 1, 11 | |||
Rhamnus californica Eschsch. [Frangula californica (Eschsch.) A. Gray] | California | 3, 4, 7 | 4 | ||
Rhamnus crocea Nutt. | California | ||||
Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg | California | 6, 10 | |||
Rhizophoraceae | Rhizophora mangle L. | Mexico | 1, 6, 13 | ||
Alsidium helminthochorton (Schw.) Kütz. | Not documented | 4 | |||
Rosaceae | Adenostoma sp. | California | 3, 4, 7, 8 | ||
Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn. | California | 3, 5, 7, 11 | |||
Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr. | California | 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Agrimonia eupatoria L. ssp. euptoria | Europe | 4, 11 | |||
Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth. | California | 3, 4 | |||
Cercocarpus betuloides Torrey & A. Gray | California | 4, 10 | |||
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | Eurasia, Africa | 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 14 | |||
Cydonia oblonga Mill. | Asia introduced to California from Europe | 4, 8, 9 | |||
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. | Asia | 4 | |||
Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindley) Roemer (Photinia arbutifolia Lindl.) | California | 3, 5 | |||
Horkelia cuneata Lindl. | California | 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 | |||
Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh. | Asia introduced from Europe, North America | 1, 3, 4, 8, 11 | |||
Malus sylvestris Mill. | Europe | 4 | |||
Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. [Drymocallis glandulosa (Lindl.) Rydb.] | California | 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 | |||
Potentilla reptans L. | Eurasia, Africa | 1, 3, 13 | |||
Prunus avium (L.) L. | Eurasia | 2, 4, 12 | |||
Prunus cerasus L. | Eurasia | 4, 10 | |||
Prunus domestica L. | Asia | 4 | |||
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb | Asia | 11 | |||
Prunus emarginata (Hook.) Walp. | California | 3, 7, 11 | |||
Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. Ex Hook. & Arn.) Walp. [Cerasus ilicifolia Nutt. Ex Hook & Arn.] | California | 4, 10 | |||
Prunus integrifolia (C. Presl) Walp. | South America | ||||
Prunus serotina Ehrh. | Mexico, South West USA | 10 | |||
Prunus spinosa L. | Eurasia | 1, 3, 4, 10, 11 | |||
Prunus virginiana L. var. demissa (Nutt.) Torrey [Cerasus virginana (L.) Michx.] | California | 4, 10 | |||
Rosa sp. | Eurasia | 9 | |||
Rosa agrestis Savi | Europe | 4, 14 | |||
Rosa californica Cham. & Schldl. | California | 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13 | 9 | ||
Rosa canina L. | Eurasia, Africa | 4, 11 | |||
Rosa gallica L. | Eurasia | 4, 9 | |||
Rubus ulmifolius Schott | Europe, Africa, introduced from California | 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11 | |||
Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schldl (R. vitifolius Cham. & Schldl.) | California | 3, 4, 5, 6 | 4 | ||
Sorbus domestica L. | Eurasia, Africa | 4 | |||
Rubiaceae | Cinchona officinalis L. | South America | 10 | ||
Coffea arabica L. | Africa | 4, 7, 8, 11 | |||
Galium angustifolium Nutt. | California | 4 | |||
Galium triflorum Michaux | California | 3, 4, 7 | |||
Hamelia patens Jacq. | Mexico | 3, 12 | |||
Rutaceae | Amyris madrensis S. Watson | Mexico | 3 | ||
Amyris texana (Buckley) P. Wilson | Mexico | 3, 7 | |||
Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex. | Mexico | 1, 8 | |||
Citrus sp. | Australia, introduced from Europe | ||||
Citrus limon (L.) Burm fil. (pro. sp.) | Asia, introduced from Europe | 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11 | 7, 11 | ||
Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck | Asia, introduced from Europe | 4, 8, 11, 14 | 7, 8, 10 | ||
Ruta chalepensis L. | Eurasia, Africa | 1, 4, 10 | |||
Ruta graveolens L. | Europe | 8, 9 | |||
Salicaceae | Populus balsamifera L. ssp. trichocarpa (Torrey & A. Gray) Brayshaw (P. trichocarpa Hook.) | California | 3, 7 | 3 | |
Populus fremontii S. Watson | California | 3, 7, 8 | 3, 11 | ||
Populus tremuloides Michaux | California | 3 | |||
Salix sp. | California | 3, 10 | |||
Salix exigua Nutt. | California | 3, 8 | |||
Salix laevigata Bebb | California | 4, 11 | |||
Salix lasiolepis Benth | California | 1, 6, 8, 10, 11 | |||
Salviniaceae | Salvinia minima Baker | Mexico | 4 | ||
Santalaceae | Arceuthobium sp. | California | 3 | ||
Phoradendron californicum Nutt. | California | 3, 4, 6 | |||
Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. Ex A. Gray | California | 3, 9 | |||
Phoradendron macrophyllum (Engelm.) Cockerell | California | 5, 7, 9 | |||
Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M. C. Johnst. spp. macrophyllum(Engelm.) Kuijt | California | 5, 7 | |||
Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M. C. Johnst. ssp. tomentosum (DC.) Kuijt [P. leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M. C. Johnst. ssp. tomentosum (DC.) J. R. Abbott & R. L. Thomps.; P. coloradensa Raf.] | California | 3, 7, 11 | |||
Phoradendron villosum Nutt. | California | 3, 5, 7, 9 | |||
Phoradendron villosum Nutt. [P. flavescens (Pursh.) Nutt.] | California | 5, 7, 9 | |||
Viscum album L. ssp. album | Eurasia | 1, 10 | |||
Sapindaceae | Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. | California | 1, 3, 8, 9 | 1 | |
Aesculus hippocastanum L. | Europe | 1, 7, 13 | |||
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. | Mexico | 3, 4, 6, 7, 12 | |||
Sapotaceae | Achras zapota L. [Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen] | Mexico | 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13 | ||
Manilkara sp. | Mexico | 3 | |||
Darlingtonia californica Torr. | California | ||||
Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn. | California, Mexico | 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 | 3, 5, 7, 11 | 1, 3, 7, 10 | |
Buddleja americana L. | Mexico | 13 | |||
Capraria biflora L. | Mexico | 10 | |||
Russelia sarmentosa Jacq. | Europe | 3, 4, 8 | |||
Scrophularia alpestris Gay ex Benth. | Europe | 3 | |||
Scrophularia balbisii Hornem. ssp. balbisii | Eurasia, North America | 3, 7 | |||
Scrophularia californica Cham. & Schldl. | California | 3, 6, 9, 11 | |||
Verbascum sinuatum L. | Eurasia, Africa | 1, 3, 11, 13 | |||
Verbascum thapsus L. | Europe | 9, 11 | 4 | ||
Selaginellaceae | Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring | Mexico | 12, 13 | ||
Castela texana (Torr. & A. Gray) Rose | Mexico and Texas | 4 | |||
Castela tortuosa Liebm. | Mexico | 6 | |||
Simmondsia chinensia (Link) C.K.Schneid. | California, Mexico | 3, 7, 11 | |||
Smilax ornata Lem. | Mexico | 1, 10 | |||
Smilax lanceolata L. | Southeastern USA | 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 12 | |||
Solanaceae | Atropa belladonna L. | Europe, naturalized in California | |||
Capsium annuum L. | Mexico | ||||
Datura innoxia Mill. | California | 10 | |||
Datura stramonium L. | Mexico introduced from Europe | 3, 7, 10, 11, 12 | |||
Datura wrightii Regel | California | 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Hyoscyamus albus L. | Eurasia | 4, 8, 11 | |||
Nicotiana sp. | California | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Nicotiana attenuata Torrey | California | 3, 4, 6 | |||
Nicotiana clevelandii A. Gray | California | 11 | |||
Nicotiana glauca Graham | South America | 7, 8, 10, 12 | |||
Nicotiana quadrivalis Pursh (N. bigelovii Torr.) | California | 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11 | |||
Nicotiana pusilla Blanco. (N. rustica L.) | Mexico | 7, 8, 10, 12 | |||
Nicotiana tabacum L. | Mexico | 4, 8, 10 | |||
Solanum sp. | California | 3 | |||
Solanum carolinense L. | USA | ||||
Solanum douglasii Dunal | California | 3, 9, 11 | |||
Solanum lycopersicum L. | Central and South America | 3 | |||
Solanum melongena L. | Asia | 4 | |||
Solanum nigrum L. | California | 3, 6, 9 | |||
Solanum tuberosum L. | South America | 3, 7 | 3 | ||
Waltheria americana L. | Mexico | 3, 10, 12 | |||
Tropaeolum majus L. | California | 11 | |||
Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult. | Southern Texas, Mexico, South America, Caribbean | 7, 8, 10, 11 | 7, 10 | ||
Typhaceae | Typha latifolia L. | California | 1 | ||
Urticaceae | Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. | Mexico | 4, 13 | ||
Parietaria judaica L. | Eurasia, Africa | 1, 3, 4, 12 | |||
Urtica sp. | California | 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 | |||
Urtica dioica L. | Eurasia, Africa | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14 | |||
Urtica dioica L. ssp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne | California | 7, 8, 10, 11 | 4, 6 | ||
Urtica urens L. | Eurasia | 1, 3, 7 | |||
Ustilaginaceae | Ustilago maydis (Persoon) Roussel | Mexico | 7 | ||
Verbenaceae | Aloysia citrodora Palau | South America introduced from Europe | 4, 8 | 1, 10 | |
Aloysia triphylla (L’Her.) Britton | South America introduced from Europe | 4, 8 | |||
Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. [Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt.] | Mexico | 10 | |||
Verbena lasiostachys Link var. lasiostachys | California | 3, 4, 6, 11 | |||
Verbena officinalis L. | Europe | 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14 | |||
Violaceae | Viola sp. | California | 3 | 6 | |
Viola riviniana Rchb. | Europe | 1 | |||
Vitaceae | Vitis sp. | California | 1 | ||
Vitis vinifera L. | Europe | 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11 | 7, 10 | ||
Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats. | California | 11 | |||
Guaiacum officinale L. | Caribbean | 3, 10 | |||
Guaiacum sanctum L. | Mexico | 4, 6, 10 | |||
Kallstroemia grandiflora A. Gray | Mexico and South West USA | 3, 7, 12 | |||
Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov. (L. californica DC.; L. mexicana Moric) | California, Mexico | 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13 |