TY - STD TI - Ai Rulue 艾儒略 (Giulio Aleni S. J.), Xie Fang 謝方. Zhifang waiji jiaoshi 職方外紀校釋 [Zhongwai jiaotong shiji congkan 中外交通史籍叢刊]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. 2000;1-237, here 122-123 (https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=520749&searchu=故金銀最多); De Troia P. (tr., ed.). Geografia dei paesi stranieri alla Cina. Zhifang waiji; vol. 1 of Opera omnia v. Aleni. Brescia: Fondazione Civiltà Bresciana. 2009. UR - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=520749&searchu=%E6%95%85%E9%87%91%E9%8A%80%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%9A ID - ref1 ER - TY - STD TI - Xie Fang. Zhifang waiji jiaoshi; 129-130. ID - ref2 ER - TY - STD TI - Xie Fang. Zhifang waiji jiaoshi; 26. The name is placed vertically approximately at the location of modern Bolivia. ID - ref3 ER - TY - STD TI - See also Minshu 閩書, by He Qiaoyuan 何喬遠 [jinshi 1568]. Fuzhou: Fujian renmin chubanshe. 1994–1995;5 vols.; 39.977; Zhao Shiqing 趙世卿. “Jiuqing Jiyishan kaicai shu” 九卿機易山開採疏 (請罷福建開採), in Huang Ming jingshi wenbian 皇明經世文編. Taibei: Guolian tushu chuban gongsi. 1964:25;411.338-341. https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=259380. UR - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=259380 ID - ref4 ER - TY - STD TI - Shenzong, 374.9b-11a, in Ming shilu 明實錄: vol. 112.7036/39, in Geoff Wade, translator, Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/wan-li/year-30-month-7-day-27. Accessed 10 July 2019. UR - http://www.epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/reign/wan-li/year-30-month-7-day-27 ID - ref5 ER - TY - STD TI - Dongxiyang kao 東西洋考 (ca. 1617), by Zhang Xie 張燮 (1574–1640), 5.7b, in Xie Fang 謝方. Xiyang chaogong dianlu jiaozhu. Dongxi yangkao 西洋朝貢典錄校注. 東西洋考 [Zhongwai jiaotong shiji congkan 中外交通史籍叢刊]. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. 2000;91. https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=87006. UR - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=87006 ID - ref6 ER - TY - STD TI - Chen Ming 陳明. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’ – Zhongwai yaowu jiaoliu de chang shiduan kaocha lichen” 「阿勃參」與「拔爾撒摩」–中外藥物交流的長時段考察例證, Hanxue yanjiu 漢學研究 2016;34.3:161-203. http://lawdata.com.tw/tw/detail.aspx?no=279620. Sun Lingzhi 孙灵芝. Bilu xiangjiao mingcheng de lishi yuanliu kao 秘鲁香胶名称的历史源流考. 2016;4:40-5, Chinese Medical Culture 中医药文化 https://doi.org/10.16307/j.1673-6281.2016.04.009. UR - http://lawdata.com.tw/tw/detail.aspx?no=279620 ID - ref7 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Amar, Z. AU - Iluz, D. ED - Ferziger, A. S. PY - 2017 DA - 2017// TI - Balsam: The Most Expensive Perfume Plant in the Ancient World BT - Paths of Daniel: Studies in Judaism and Jewish Culture in Honor of Rabbi Professor Daniel Sperber PB - Bar-Ilan University Press CY - Ramat-Gan ID - Amar2017 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Amar, Z. AU - Iluz, D. PY - 1989 DA - 1989// TI - “Balsam”, with reference to Pliny Gaius, Naturalis Historia, edited by W.H.S. Jones PB - Harvard University Press CY - Cambridge ID - Amar1989 ER - TY - STD TI - Amar Z. and Iluz D. “Balsam”;16. ID - ref10 ER - TY - STD TI - Pliny, Naturalis Historia, 12.115-119, Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah21264. ID - ref11 ER - TY - STD TI - Amar Z. and Iluz D. “Balsam”;17. ID - ref12 ER - TY - STD TI - Laufer B. Sino-Iranica. Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the History of cultivated Plants and Products [Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 201, Anthropological Series, vol. 15, no. 3]. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. 1919;429-434, here 430 and 431. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3538. ID - ref13 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Amar, Z. AU - Iluz, D. PY - 1959 DA - 1959// TI - “Balsam”, with reference to Dioscorides, The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides, trans. R.T. Gunther PB - Hafner Publishing Company CY - New York ID - Amar1959 ER - TY - STD TI - Dioscorides (ca. 40–90), Greek Herbal of Dioscorides;1.18. ID - ref15 ER - TY - STD TI - Amar Z. and Iluz D. “Balsam”; 26, with reference to Pliny, Historia Naturalis;12.123. ID - ref16 ER - TY - STD TI - Laufer B. explains that the element “阿” at the beginning would admit no other option than the Aramaic, hence also Syriac āpūrsamā and Armenian aprsam or aprasam as origin for this transcription. Laufer B. Sino-Iranica;429. ID - ref17 ER - TY - STD TI - See, for example, the detailed discussion in Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”; the author profited a lot from Chen Ming’s excellent article. See also Milwright M. “Balsam in the Medieval Mediterranean: A Case Study of Commodity and Information Exchange”, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology. 2001;14.1:3-23. https://doi.org/10.1558/jmea.v14i1.3; and Sun Lingzhi 孙灵芝. Bilu xiangjiao mingcheng de lishi yuanliu kao 秘鲁香胶名称的历史源流考. 2016;4:40-5, Chinese Medical Culture 中医药文化. https://doi.org/10.16307/j.1673-6281.2016.04.009. ID - ref18 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schottenhammer, A. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - China’s gate to the Indian ocean – Iranian and Arab long-distance traders JO - Harv J Asiatic Stud VL - 76 UR - https://doi.org/10.1353/jas.2016.0006 DO - 10.1353/jas.2016.0006 ID - Schottenhammer2016 ER - TY - STD TI - Tang Duan shaoqing Youyang zazu 唐段少卿酉陽雜俎 (863), by Duan Chengshi 段成式 (801 or 802–863), 017-20a, in http://skqs.guoxuedashi.com/wen_3132q/72173.html. Accessed on 17 Mar 2020. UR - http://skqs.guoxuedashi.com/wen_3132q/72173.html ID - ref20 ER - TY - STD TI - Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”;175. ID - ref21 ER - TY - STD TI - Schottenhammer A. “The transfer of Xiangyao 香藥 from Iran and Arabia to China – A Reinvestigation of Entries in the Youyang zazu 酉陽雜俎 (863)”, in Kauz R., ed., Interaction on the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea [East Asian Maritime History, 10]. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 2010;117-149. https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/dzo/artikel/201/003/3771_201.pdf?t=1272014903; Schottenhammer A. “Huihui Medicine and Medicinal Drugs in Yuan China”, in Rossabi M., ed., Eurasian Influences on Yuan China: Cross-cultural transmissions in the 13th and 14th centuries. Singapore: NUS Press. 2013;chpt. 4;75-102. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/eurasian-influences-on-yuan-china/huihui-medicine-and-medicinal-drugs-in-yuan-china/0228AC104916F0D94A707BE11759C947. UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/eurasian-influences-on-yuan-china/huihui-medicine-and-medicinal-drugs-in-yuan-china/0228AC104916F0D94A707BE11759C947 ID - ref22 ER - TY - STD TI - See the annotated edition by Buell P. D. and Anderson E. N. Arabic Medicine in China: Tradition, Innovation and Change [Crossroads – History of Interactions across the Silk Routes]. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 2020; passim, forthcoming https://brill.com/view/serial/CROS; a modern edition of the Huihui yaofang is Song Xian 宋峴. transl. and ed., Huihui yaofang kaoshi 回回藥方考釋. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. 2000. The Chinese original is provided in the second part of the book with pagination from the rear. According to Song Xian. Huihui yaofang is an early Ming text from the Hongwu reign period (1368–1402), as it refers to early Ming Beijing as Beiping 北平. UR - https://brill.com/view/serial/CROS ID - ref23 ER - TY - STD TI - Buell P. D. and Anderson E. N. Arabic Medicine in China, part C, 362, 367, 382 (manuscript). ID - ref24 ER - TY - STD TI - Hale A.. Balsam of Peru: A Central American contribution to the Pharmacopeia. Bull Pan Am Union. 1911;32.5:880-891, 880. Access through https://heinonline.org/HOL/Welcome (https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008296820). UR - https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008296820 ID - ref25 ER - TY - STD TI - Hale A. “Balsam of Peru”; 881-882. In Guatemala the trees are known to exist but are not used. ID - ref26 ER - TY - STD TI - Hale A. “Balsam of Peru”;884-885. ID - ref27 ER - TY - STD TI - Hale A. “Balsam of Peru”;885-889. ID - ref28 ER - TY - STD TI - Hale A. “Balsam of Peru”;891. ID - ref29 ER - TY - STD TI - Also Balsamum peruvianum, a Caesalpiniacee belonging to the family of Leguminosae. ID - ref30 ER - TY - STD TI - de Groot A. C. “Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru) – A critical review of the literature and assessment of the significance of positive patch test reactions and the usefulness of restrictive diets”, Contact Dermatitis. 2019:80:335-353, here 336, in Wiley Online Library, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cod.13263. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13263. UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cod.13263 ID - ref31 ER - TY - STD TI - Its modern use and application, its chemical composition and allergic reactions are discussed in Anton C. de Groot. “Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru)”. ID - ref32 ER - TY - STD TI - It has also offered allergens such as cinnamic acid, Benzyl alcohol and Vanillic acid. See the entry in the Drugbank https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB11482. Accessed on 27 Apr 2020. UR - https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB11482 ID - ref33 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Maehle, A. -. H. ED - Maehle, A. -. H. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - Peruvian Bark: From Specific Febrifuge to Universal Remedy BT - Drugs on Trial: Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation in the Eighteenth-Century [Clio Medica Online, 53] PB - E. J. Brill CY - Leiden UR - https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004333291_004 DO - 10.1163/9789004333291_004 ID - Maehle1999 ER - TY - STD TI - Pacheco Olivera R. M. Análisis del intercambio de plantas entre México y Asia de los siglos XVI al XIX. Master thesis, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 2006;112. http://www.historicas.unam.mx/publicaciones/publicadigital/libros/caminosymercados/cm029.pdf. UR - http://www.historicas.unam.mx/publicaciones/publicadigital/libros/caminosymercados/cm029.pdf ID - ref35 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gänger, S. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - World trade in medicinal plants from Spanish America, 1717–1815 JO - Med Hist VL - 59 UR - https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2014.70 DO - 10.1017/mdh.2014.70 ID - Gänger2015 ER - TY - STD TI - Another example is “copaiba balsam” or Copaifera officinalis L. (“bálsamo de copaiba”). Pacheco Olivera R. M. Análisis del intercambio de plantas entre México y Asia;108, speak of eight registered galleons with balsams on board, partly the same galleons that also transported the balsam of Peru, namely the San Joseph in 1772 with balsams and herbs (hierbas y bálsamos/espíritus), the Nuestra Señora de la Luz (1775) with balsams (bálsamos/espíritus), the San Carlos in 1785, the San Andrés, San Felipe 1782, and two unidentified ships. Among the kinds and names of balsams mentioned in the sources, one finds “balsam de tolú”, “bálsamo”, “bálsamo católico”, “bálsamo de cachorros”, “bálsamo de calabaza”, “bálsamo de folú”, “bálsamo liquido”, “bálsamo negro”, “bálsamo negro de Perú” (peruviano negro), see Pacheco Olivera R. M. Análisis del intercambio de plantas entre México y Asia;173. In 1779, a Spanish ship coming from Lima carried a cargo consisting mainly of red Peruvian bark. See Maehle A.-H. “Peruvian Bark”;277-278. ID - ref37 ER - TY - STD TI - Gänger S. “World Trade in Medicinal Plants”;48, with reference to “Expediente y cartas de José García de Leon y Pizarro” [Proceedings and Letters from José García de Leon y Pizarro], AGI, Indiferente, 1554 (1782-08-18). ID - ref38 ER - TY - STD TI - It belongs to the family of Rubiaceae. The application of this bark against Malarian fevers also met with great interest in Europe. See, for example, Andreas Ottomar Goelicke (1671–1744), praeses; Johann Christoph Möller, respondent. Disputatio inauguralis medica de impostura corticis Peruviani ... Subjicit Joh. Christophorus Möller. Frankfurt an der Oder: Tobias Schwarz. 1727 (https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.98775). The bark, which was, as a rule, dried and powdered, contains various alkaloids, particularly quinine and quinidine, that are closely related to the anti-malarial compound quinine. Up to 70–80% of the total alkaloids contained in the bark are quinine. The bark is a bitter, astringent, tonic herb that lowers fevers, relaxes spasms, is antimalarial (the alkaloid quinine) and slows the heart (the alkaloid quinidine). ID - ref39 ER - TY - STD TI - See Crawford M. J. The Andean Wonder Drug: Cinchona Bark and Imperial Science in the Spanish Atlantic, 1630–1800. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 2016. Before the identification of cinchona in Peru in the 1630s, bloodletting was the accepted treatment. See also Müller-Jahncke W.-D. “Exotische Arzneidrogen aus Übersee: Die Chinarinde aus Peru als Paradigma”, in Schott H., ed., Meilensteine der Medizin. Dortmund: Harenberg Verlag, 1996;214-218; Maehle A.-H. “Peruvian Bark”. ID - ref40 ER - TY - STD TI - According to José Acosta sarsaparilla could be found in Peru. See de Acosta J. and Markham C. R., The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, Volume I: ‘The natural history’ (books I, II, III and IV). Farnham: Ashgate. 2010;156. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.19118. ID - ref41 ER - TY - STD TI - For its trade across the Indian Ocean world, see Winterbottom A. “Of the China Root: A Case Study of the Early Modern Circulation of Materia Medica”, Social History of Medicine. 2015;28.1:22-44. https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-abstract/28/1/22/1653726. Within China, “tu fu ling was quickly transformed from an emergency foodstuff of the poor into a novel and valuable source of revenue for those able to gather and market it.” (p. 26). Sarsaparilla seems to have been used as a substitute for China root, but its humoral classification was problematic, as it was characterized for hot diseases. UR - https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-abstract/28/1/22/1653726 ID - ref42 ER - TY - STD TI - Guaiacum obtained a great reputation in the sixteenth century. It was, for example, applied as a cure for syphilis, skin diseases and scrofula. Resin bark and wood were used; the resin obtained from the wood was introduced later and then greatly preferred for medicinal uses. ID - ref43 ER - TY - STD TI - Powdered Carapichea ipecacuanha was also used to induce sweating to cure a beginning influenza; small amounts of the extract were incorporated into cough syrups as expectorants. Emetine, derived from the root, has been used to treat dysentery. ID - ref44 ER - TY - STD TI - Gänger S. “World Trade in Medicinal Plants”; 49. ID - ref45 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Valverde, J. L. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Evaluation of latin american materia medica and its influence on therapeutics PB - International Academy of History of Pharmacy CY - Granada ID - Valverde2010 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Bruijn, I. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Surgeons of the Dutch East India Company: Commerce and the progress of medicine in the eighteenth century PB - Leiden University Press CY - Leiden ID - Bruijn2009 ER - TY - STD TI - I. Bruijn. Surgeons of the Dutch East India Company; 350, no. 101; Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”;167-168. ID - ref48 ER - TY - STD TI - Gänger S. “World Trade in Medicinal Plants”;52, with reference to the “Carta al Marqués de Sonora” AGI, Indiferente 1554 (Santa Fé, 1786-10-19). ID - ref49 ER - TY - STD TI - See also Walker T. “The Early Modern Globalization of Indian Medicine: Portuguese Dissemination of Drugs and Healing Techniques from South Asia on Four Continents, 1670–1830”, Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies. 2010;17/18:77-97. https://ojs.lib.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/article/view/PLCS17_18_Walker_page77. UR - https://ojs.lib.umassd.edu/index.php/plcs/article/view/PLCS17_18_Walker_page77 ID - ref50 ER - TY - STD TI - Gänger S. “World Trade in Medicinal Plants”;52. ID - ref51 ER - TY - STD TI - Bernabé Cobo. Historia del Nuevo Mundo (1653), MSS (http://bibliotecadigital.aecid.es/bibliodig/es/consulta/registro.cmd?id=579). English translation from the original Spanish manuscript following Haggis A. W., “Fundamental Errors in the Early History of Chinchona: Part I”, Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1941;10.3:417-459, 435 (https://wellcomecollection.org/works/uxa7cnzk). UR - https://wellcomecollection.org/works/uxa7cnzk ID - ref52 ER - TY - STD TI - Haggis A. W. “Fundamental Errors in the Early History of Chinchona”;439. ID - ref53 ER - TY - STD TI - Antonio de la Calancha. Cronica Moralizada del orden de San Augustin en el Perú, con sucesos ejemplares en esta Monarquia, dedicada a Nuestra Señora de Gracia, singular Patrona i Abogada de la Dicha Orden. Compuesta por el MVY Reverendo Padre Maestro Fray Antonio de la Calancha de la misma Orden i Difinidor actual (Barcelona 1638); chapt. IX;59, in https://ia800608.us.archive.org/32/items/A050111/A050111.pdf. Accessed on 30 Mar 2020. UR - https://ia800608.us.archive.org/32/items/A050111/A050111.pdf ID - ref54 ER - TY - STD TI - Haggis, thus, continues: “As both were claimed to have been introduced into Europe by the Jesuits, the name Jesuit’s bark, which was given to Cinchona, did nothing to clarify the confusion. Owing to the fact that Cinchona bark was so much more readily obtainable in Peru than the rarer Myroxylon, it gradually supplanted Peruvian Balsam bark as a febrifuge, and still retained the old name Quina-Quina which had been common to both during the illicit process of mixing the two barks. That Cinchona was the superior febrifuge was not established for some time.” Op. cit.;441. ID - ref55 ER - TY - STD TI - Johann Adrian Slevogt (1653–1726), praeses; Johann Friedrich Weissmann (1678–1760), respondent. Balsamum verum quod vulgo opobalsamum dicitur. Jena: Gollner Press. 1705. John Carter Brown Library. https://archive.org/details/balsamumverumquo00slev. UR - https://archive.org/details/balsamumverumquo00slev ID - ref56 ER - TY - STD TI - Friedrich Hoffmann, the younger (1660–1742), praeses; Johann Wilhelmi, respondent. Disputatio inauguralis medica de terebinthina. Halle: Christian Henckel. 1699 (https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/drugs/pages/first.html). UR - https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/drugs/pages/first.html ID - ref57 ER - TY - STD TI - “Expediente sobre la solicitud de una renta para la catedral de Nueva Segovia”, 1756-06-20, Manila, ES.41091.AGI/23//FILIPINAS, 293, N.70; and “Consulta sobre limosna a la catedral de Nueva Segovia”, 1758-05-26, Madrid, ES.41091.AGI/23//FILIPINAS, 98;N.36 (el vino, cera, aceite y bálsamo). ID - ref58 ER - TY - STD TI - Peru entry on Matteo Ricci’s map. ID - ref59 ER - TY - STD TI - Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”;176, with reference to Luo Maodeng 羅懋登 (author), Lu Shulun 陸樹崙, Zhu Shaohua 竺少華, annot. Sanbao taijian Xiyangji tongsu yanyi 三寶太監西洋記通俗演義. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe. 1985;1106 and 1283. ID - ref60 ER - TY - STD TI - Xianbin lu 咸賓錄, by Luo Yuejiong 羅曰褧 (Juren 1585), 3.16 (306), entry “Fulin” 佛菻 (https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=929696). UR - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=929696 ID - ref61 ER - TY - STD TI - See Yingyai shenglan [瀛涯勝蘭], by Ma Huan 馬歡 (ca. 1380–1460), Mills J. V. G., ed., Ying-yai sheng-lan [瀛涯勝蘭]: The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, transl. from the Chinese text by Feng Ch’eng-chün, with introduction, notes and appendices by J. V. G. Mills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society. 1970; and Fei Xin 費信. Hsing-ch’a sheng-lan 星槎勝覽 – The Overall Survey of the Star Raft, transl. by J. V. G. Mills, ed. by Ptak R. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 1996. For the Chinese texts, see https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=566144 and https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=99548. UR - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=99548 ID - ref62 ER - TY - STD TI - Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”;175, with reference to Zhou Jiashou’s 周嘉胄 (1582–1658) Xiangcheng 香乘, juan 4. Much of Zhou Jiashou’s information goes back to Ye Tinggui’s 葉廷珪 (jinshi 1115) Nanfan xianglu 南蕃香錄 (Record of Aromatic Substances of Foreign Countries in the South) from 1151. ID - ref63 ER - TY - STD TI - Huayi huamu niaoshou zhenwan kao華夷花木鳥獸珍玩考, by Shen Maoguan 慎懋官 (1581, blockprint edition), reprint in Xuxiu Siku quanshu (hereafter Xuxiu). According to Bencao gangmu shiyi, the Chengfu tonghui 程賦統會 (originally published 1717), by Liu Sishu 劉斯樞 (Qing), just states that 阿勃參 is produced in Fulin. https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=3650. UR - https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=3650 ID - ref64 ER - TY - STD TI - Huayi huamu niaoshou zhenwan kao;1.16b. ID - ref65 ER - TY - STD TI - Xie Fang. Zhifang waiji jiaoshi;123. ID - ref66 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Elman, B. PY - 2005 DA - 2005// TI - On their own terms. Science in China, 1550–1900 PB - Harvard University Press CY - Cambridge UR - https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674036475 DO - 10.4159/9780674036475 ID - Elman2005 ER - TY - STD TI - Wuli xiaoshi 物理小識, by Fang Yizhi 方以智 (1611–1671);3.155 and 9.362, in Siku quanshu 四庫全書, https://www.kanripo.org/ed/KR3j0160/WYG/003#1a, 003-29a and https://www.kanripo.org/text/KR3j0160/009, 009-5b; also https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=160695#p31. UR - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=160695#p31 ID - ref68 ER - TY - STD TI - Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”;178. ID - ref69 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Heirman, A. AU - Troia, P. AU - Parmentier, J. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Francesco Sambiasi, a Missing Link in European Map Making in China? JO - Imago Mundi. VL - 61 UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/03085690802024158 DO - 10.1080/03085690802024158 ID - Heirman2009 ER - TY - STD TI - In China, he met the missionary Antonio Francesco Giuseppe Provana (1662–1720), who converted him to Roman Catholicism and baptized him as “Luigi”. ID - ref71 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Piastra, S. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - The Shenjianlu by Fan Shou-yi reconsidered: new geo-historical notes JO - Fudan J Humanit Soc Sci VL - 5.4 UR - https://doi.org/10.14746/amp.2017.22.2 DO - 10.14746/amp.2017.22.2 ID - Piastra2012 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2007 DA - 2007// TI - Zhongxi jiaotong shi 中西交通史 PB - Guangxi Shifan daxue chubanshe CY - Guilin ID - ref73 ER - TY - STD TI - Gujin tushu jicheng 古今圖書集成 (between 1700 and 1725);108.4940-1. https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=81155. UR - https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=81155 ID - ref74 ER - TY - STD TI - Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”;178, with reference to Zhao Xuemin 趙學敏 (1719–1805). Bencao gangmu shiyi 本草綱目拾遺;6.695 (https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=303463); see also Xuxiu;6.303. UR - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=303463 ID - ref75 ER - TY - STD TI - Section of an untitled map dated 1743, based on Matteo Ricci’s Kunyu Wanguo quantu 坤輿萬國全圖. Southwest of this island another yet smaller island is portrayed saying “Ganshu” 乾庶 country (Concho). There are mountains that produce lots of silver treasures. ID - ref76 ER - TY - STD TI - Da Qing huidian shili 大清會典事例, compiled by Tojin 托津 (d. 1835), Cao Zhenyong 曹振镛 (1755–1835);503.12b (禮部二百十四/朝貢/貢物一) and 393.12b, https://sou-yun.cn/eBookIndex.aspx?kanripoId=KR2m0013_097&id=278, 97.23a. UR - https://sou-yun.cn/eBookIndex.aspx?kanripoId=KR2m0013_097&id=278 ID - ref77 ER - TY - STD TI - DaQing yitongzhi 大清一统志 (1790), by Heshen 和珅 (1750–1799), initiated 1686 under the guidance of Xu Qianxue 徐乾學 (1631–1694);199.54a, Sibu congkan 四部叢刊, https://www.kanripo.org/text/KR2k0009/199, 199-54a. UR - https://www.kanripo.org/text/KR2k0009/199 ID - ref78 ER - TY - STD TI - Zhang Peiren 張培仁 (Jinshi 1847). Jingyuting biji 靜娱亭筆記;2.88, in Xuxiu, fasc. 1181-1182 (https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=3276). UR - https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=3276 ID - ref79 ER - TY - STD TI - Haiguo sishuo 海國四説 (1846), by Liang Tingnan 梁廷楠 (1796–1861). Yuedao gongguo shuo 粤道貢國說;4.30 (西洋諸國), online under https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=443948&remap=gb. Accessed 30 Apr 2020. UR - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=443948&remap=gb ID - ref80 ER - TY - STD TI - Gaohou mengqiu chuji erji sanji 高厚蒙求初集二集三集, by Xu Chaojun 徐朝俊, erji, 40a-42a. For the original text, see https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-48294144/view?partId=nla.obj-48294350#page/n2/mode/1up. UR - https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-48294144/view?partId=nla.obj-48294350#page/n2/mode/1up ID - ref81 ER - TY - STD TI - On the same page, he mentions that the liver of alpacas produces a thing resembling eggs, which can be used to cure various diseases and is highly valued by countries overseas. Or, that “what foreign ships nowadays purchase as ‘dragon eggs’” are the eggs of local emus, they can be used to make cups. Reference is also made to earthquakes (p. 41a). ID - ref82 ER - TY - STD TI - Haiguo tuzhi 海國圖志 (1844), by Wei Yüan 魏源 (1794–1857);67.1782, in Xuxiu, fasc. 743. https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=7. UR - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=7 ID - ref83 ER - TY - STD TI - Shangke huizuan 傷科彙纂 (1815), by Hu Tingguang 胡廷光 (fl. 18th cent.);12.629, in Xuxiu, fasc. 1017. On his treating of traumatic injuries see also Wu Yi-li, “Between the Living and the Dead: Trauma Medicine and Forensic Medicine in the Mid-Qing”, Frontiers of History in China 2015;10.1:38-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.3868/s020-004-015-0002-0. Accessed on 22 Mar 2020. ID - ref84 ER - TY - BOOK PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - Xingshen zhi jian — zaoqi Xiyang yixue ru Hua shigao 形神之間—早期西洋醫學入華史稿 PB - Shanghai guji chubanshe CY - Shanghai ID - ref85 ER - TY - STD TI - Yongxian lu 永憲錄, by Xiao Shi 蕭奭, Zhu Nanxian 朱南銑, annot. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. 1997;18. https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=371623. UR - https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=371623 ID - ref86 ER - TY - STD TI - Gugong bowuyuan 故宮博物院, Xianggang Zhongwen daxue wenwuguan 香港中文大學文物館, eds. Qingdai Guangdong gongpin 清代廣東貢品. Hongkong: Xianggang Zhongwen daxue wenwuguan. 1987;10-11. ID - ref87 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Furth, C. AU - Hanson, M. E. PY - 2007 DA - 2007// TI - Medicine and Culture Chinese-Western Medical Exchange (1644–ca.1950) JO - Pac Rim Rep VL - 43 ID - Furth2007 ER - TY - STD TI - Furth Ch. and Hanson M. E. “Medicine and Culture Chinese-Western Medical Exchange”;4. ID - ref89 ER - TY - STD TI - See also Puente-Ballesteros B. “Antoine Thomas, SI as a ‘Patient’ of the Kangxi Emperor (R. 1662–1722): A Case Study on the Appropriation of Theriac at the Imperial Court”, Asclepio: Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia. 2012;64.1:213-250, doi: https://doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.2012.v64.i1.519. ID - ref90 ER - TY - STD TI - Quoted according to Furth Ch. and Hanson M. E. “Medicine and Culture Chinese-Western Medical Exchange”;5. ID - ref91 ER - TY - STD TI - The handbook is introduced by Nappi C. “Translating Recipes 1: Narrating Qing Bodies”: “The book itself was smaller than a modern passport. It begins with a series of thirty-six recipes for treating myriad illnesses, many of which were broken down into varieties on a common theme. After this, the text opens out into almost forty further discussions of drugs and illnesses, many roughly translated from European-language texts about health and the body.” See https://recipes.hypotheses.org/3107. Accessed on 29 Mar 2020. UR - https://recipes.hypotheses.org/3107 ID - ref92 ER - TY - STD TI - Hanson M. E. “On Manchu Medical Manuscripts and Blockprints: An Essay and Bibliographic Survey”, Saksaha. A Review of Manchu Studies. 2003;8:1-33 (https://doi.org/10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0008.001); Liu Shixun 劉世珣. “Xiyang yaoshu” jiedu fang yi shi “西洋藥書”解毒方譯釋 = Annotation of Antidotes in the “Si Yang ni Okto i Bithe” [Printed document], Gugong xueshu jikan 故宫学术季刊. 2017;35.2:115-140. ID - ref93 ER - TY - STD TI - Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”;181-182, with reference to Haiguo sishuo;225-229. ID - ref94 ER - TY - STD TI - Standaert N. “Late Ming – Mid Qing: Themes. 4.2.7. Medicine”, in Standaert N., ed. Handbook of Christianity in China Volume One: 635–1800 [Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 4, China]. Leiden, Boston, Köln: E. J. Brill. 2001;786-802, 794. ID - ref95 ER - TY - STD TI - Guan Xueling 關雪玲. Qingdai gongting yixue yu yixue wenwu 清代宮廷醫學與醫學文物. Beijing: Gugong chubanshe. 2008;96-97. ID - ref96 ER - TY - STD TI - As the text speaks of him as “the emperor’s son-in-law”, this must be a reference to Tsereng 策棱, who, in 1706, was married to the emperor’s tenth daughter, Princess Chunke 純愨 (1685–1710), and not to the Zunghar general Cering Dondub, the brother of Tsewang Rabdan (1643–1727). Tsereng was an important Mongol general of the Borjigid clan. ID - ref97 ER - TY - STD TI - Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”;1181-182, with reference to Zhu Jiajin 朱家溍, Zhu Furong 朱傳榮, eds. Yangxin dian zaobanchu shiliao jilan 養心殿造辦處史料輯覽. Beijing: Gugong chubanshe. 2013: vol. 1;265. ID - ref98 ER - TY - STD TI - Lin Hua 林華 et al., eds. Lishi yihen — Li Madao ji MingQing xifang chuanjiaoshi mudi 歷史遺痕—利瑪竇及明清西方傳教士墓地. Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe. 1994;88. ID - ref99 ER - TY - STD TI - Guan Xueling. Qingdai gongting yixue yu yuxue wenwu;100, map no. 30 (巴爾撒末油). ID - ref100 ER - TY - STD TI - Yao Yuanzhi 姚元之 (1766–1834), Li Jiemin 李解民, annot. Zhuyeting zaji 竹葉亭雜記. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. 1997;21. ID - ref101 ER - TY - STD TI - Hanxiucao tang biji 寒秀草堂筆記, by Yao Heng 姚衡 (Qing), 58-70, in Congshu jicheng chubian, quoted by Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”;187. ID - ref102 ER - TY - STD TI - Cui Weixiao 崔維孝. MingQing zhiji Xibanya Fanjihui zai Hua chuanjiao yanjiu (1579–1732) 明清之際西班牙方濟會在華傳教研究 (1579–1732). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. 2006;221. ID - ref103 ER - TY - STD TI - This man was a general of the Northern or Tuoba Wei 拓跋魏 Dynasty (386–535). ID - ref104 ER - TY - STD TI - A story about Li Yu ingesting jade crumbs is included in the Taiping yulan 太平御覽, by Li Fang 李昉 (983), quoting Hou Weishu 後魏書, and in Li Shizhen’s Bencao gangmu. See Zheng Jinsheng, Kirk N., Buell P. D., and Unschuld P., eds. Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, vol. 3: Persons and Literary Sources [Ben Cao Gang Mu Dictionary Project, 3]. Oakland: University of California Press. 2018;277. ID - ref105 ER - TY - STD TI - This would mean that the master would ultimately turn into a bodhisattva, whereas normally in Buddhist ritual the corpses of the deceased are cremated. ID - ref106 ER - TY - STD TI - Shin DH, Bianucci R, Fujita H, Hong JH “Mummification in Korea and China: Mawangdui, Song, Ming and Joseon Dynasty Mummies”, Biomed Res Int. 2018:1-12, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6215025, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6158963/ (Accessed 2 April 2020): “Interestingly, Chinese archaeologists reported that some graves dating to the Song and Ming dynasties were completely sealed by a mixture of lime, yellow clay soil, sand, and sticky rice water“. UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6158963/ ID - ref107 ER - TY - STD TI - Heaney Ch. “How to Make an Inca Mummy”, in https://recipes.hypotheses.org/8092 (accessed on March 29, 2020). See also his dissertation, Heaney Ch. The Pre-Columbian Exchange: The Circulation of the Ancient Peruvian Dead in the Americas and Atlantic World, Ph.D. Diss, University of Texas at Austin. 2016; Chapter Four. ID - ref108 ER - TY - STD TI - “Cuadernos de autos sobre expolios al arzobispo de Filipinas”, AGI, ES.41091, Contaduria, 1283. ID - ref109 ER - TY - STD TI - AGI, Filipinas, 390;N.84;fol. 3. ID - ref110 ER - TY - STD TI - Wuli xiaoshi;2.111. ID - ref111 ER - TY - STD TI - Keiyō kibun 西洋紀聞, by Arai Hakuseki 新井白石 (1657–1725), juan zhong 卷中;18b, in https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/761232. Accessed on 31 Mar 2020. UR - https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/761232 ID - ref112 ER - TY - STD TI - Sairan igen 采覽異言, by Arai Hakuseki 新井白石 (1657–1725);4.3a-b, in https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/761119. Accessed on 31 Mar 2020. UR - https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/761119 ID - ref113 ER - TY - STD TI - The translation can be downloaded from the archive of Waseda University https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ru02/ru02_03390/ru02_03390_0004/ru02_03390_0004.pdf. UR - https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ru02/ru02_03390/ru02_03390_0004/ru02_03390_0004.pdf ID - ref114 ER - TY - STD TI - This information was taken from Aleni (Zhifang waiji;2.68) who has a separate entry on the olive: “Olive: Its oil has a very nice taste and is used for many things. What is called ‘olive’ are the fruits at the head of the a tree; after being ripe, they are entirely used to produce olive oil, which has a very rich taste” (阿利袜:其膏油之類, 味美而用多者, 曰阿利袜, 是樹頭之果, 熟後即全為阿利袜油, 最饒風味). Some scholars are of the opinion that Aleni first invented this Chinese term, as it phonetically resembles the pronunciation “olive”. See Masini F. “Aleni’s Contribution to the Chinese Language”, in Lippiello T., Malek R., eds. “Scholar from the West”. Giulio Aleni S. J. (1582–1649) and the Dialogue between Christianity and China [Monumenta Serica Monograph Series XLII]. Nettetal: Steyler Verlag. 1997;539-554, 545. The information on the olive is also quoted by Chinese scholars of the Qing period, for example, by Wei Yuan in his Haiguo tuzhi (juan 37). ID - ref115 ER - TY - STD TI - Hon’yaku Chikyū zenzu ryakusetsu;4.16 https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ru02/ru02_03390/ru02_03390_0004/ru02_03390_0004.pdf (Accessed 31 Mar 2020). UR - https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ru02/ru02_03390/ru02_03390_0004/ru02_03390_0004.pdf ID - ref116 ER - TY - STD TI - Oranda ihō san’yō和蘭醫方纂要, by Ema Shōsai 江馬松斎 (1779–1820). Ōgaki(nōshū) 大垣(濃州): Matsuura zenbei 松浦善兵衛 [1817 = 文化14], to be downloaded from archive of Waseda University, https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ya04/ya04_01433/ya04_01433_0005/ya04_01433_0005.pdf. UR - https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ya04/ya04_01433/ya04_01433_0005/ya04_01433_0005.pdf ID - ref117 ER - TY - STD TI - Oranda ihō san’yō, juan 4, fulu 附錄;10a. ID - ref118 ER - TY - STD TI - Shinyaku Oranda neikai yōhō 新譯和蘭內外要方, by Yoshio Shunzō 吉雄俊藏 (1787–1843), juan 3, quoted by Chen M. “‘Aboshen’ yu ‘ba’ersamo’”;190. ID - ref119 ER - TY - STD TI - He later also published an introduction to chemistry, a compilation of scientific books in Dutch describing a wide range of scientific knowledge from the West. ID - ref120 ER - TY - STD TI - Ensei ihō meibutsukō 遠西醫方名物考, by Udagawa Genshin 宇田川玄真 (1769–1834) and Udagawa Yōan 宇田川榕菴 (1798–1846);3.4a-b, in Waseda Library Archive, https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ya09/ya09_00857/ya09_00857_0003/ya09_00857_0003.html. Accessed on 1 Apr 2020. UR - https://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ya09/ya09_00857/ya09_00857_0003/ya09_00857_0003.html ID - ref121 ER - TY - STD TI - Chaxiang shi congchao 茶香室叢鈔, by Yu Yue 俞樾 (1821–1907), in Zhen Fan 貞凡, Gu Sheng 顧馨 and Xu Minxia 徐敏霞, annot. Chaxiang shi congchao 茶香室叢鈔. Beijing Zhonghua shuju. 2006: vol. 4;1819, https://archive.org/stream/02097536.cn#page/n60/mode/2up. UR - https://archive.org/stream/02097536.cn#page/n60/mode/2up ID - ref122 ER - TY - STD TI - Standaert N. “Late Ming – Mid Qing: Themes. 4.2.7. Medicine”;794. Accordingly, they used the Pharmacopeia regia galenica et chymica (1684), by Moses Charas. An online version of this dissertation can be downloaded from https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5329198652&view=1up&seq=5. For Kangxi’s sponsorship of Western medicine in Qing China, see also Beatriz Puente-Ballesteros. “Jesuit Medicine in the Kangxi Court (1662–1722): Imperial Networks and Patronage”, East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine (EASTM). 2011;34:86-162. UR - https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5329198652&view=1up&seq=5 ID - ref123 ER - TY - STD TI - In Aleni’s words, “used to treat all kinds of injuries, within one night, the muscles and flesh are totally recuperated as before. Applied on smallpox, they do not leave scars”. Xie Fang. Zhifang waiji jiaoshi;123. ID - ref124 ER -