Ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by Baka people in southeastern Cameroon

Billong Fils, Pascal Eric; Afiong Nana, Natacha; Betti, Jean Lagarde; Farick Njimbam, Oumar; Tientcheu Womeni, Stéphanie; Ávila Martin, Eva; Ros Brull, Guillermo; Okale, Robert; Fa, Julia E.; Funk, Stephan M.

doi:10.1186/s13002-020-00413-0

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 3 List of plant species, voucher number at the National Herbarium of Cameroon (YA)

From: Ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by Baka people in southeastern Cameroon

Vernacular name	Species	Family	Voucher #	Season	Distance	Citations (n)	Plant part	Type of usage	Literature
Bitantan	Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench	Malvaceae	Bil73	d + r	c	1	Leaf	Vegetable	Cameroon [47]
Pouloue	Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms	Passifloraceae	Bil230	r	c	6	Fruit	Fruit	Congo [22]
Ndiyi na gbeugbeu	Aframomum daniellii (Hook. f.) K. Schum.	Zingiberaceae	Bil2	?	f	3	Leaf	Ingredient
Ndiyi na gbeugbeu	Aframomum daniellii (Hook. f.) K. Schum.	Zingiberaceae	Bil2	?	f	3	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [20, 21, 48, 49], Congo [22]
Ndiyi na gdi	Aframomum sulcatum (Oliv. & Hanb. ex Bak.) K. Schum.	Zingiberaceae	Bet 15	?	c	3	Leaf	Ingredient
Ndiyi na gdi	Aframomum sulcatum (Oliv. & Hanb. ex Bak.) K. Schum.	Zingiberaceae	Bet 15	?	c	3	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [20]
Nguimba	Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr.	Huaceae	Nat 70	d + r	Both	108	Bark	Ingredient	Cameroon [20, 21, 50,51,52], Congo [22]
							Flower	Ingredient
							Fruit	Ingredient
							Leaf	Ingredient
							Root	Ingredient
							Root	Vegetable
							Seed	Ingredient	Cameroon [10, 20, 51,52,53], Congo [22]
							Wood	Ingredient
Pwa kata	Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill. (syn: A. obliqua)	Connaraceae	Bet314	d + r	c	8	Leaf	Vegetable
Pwa Yando	Alchornea floribunda Müll. Arg.	Euphorbiaceae	Bil35	d + r	c	11	Leaf	Vegetable
Ngongou	Anonidium mannii (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels	Annonaceae	Bil115	?	f	16	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [20]
Mgbé	Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre	Anacardiaceae	Bil287	r	Both	7	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [54], Congo [22]
Mabé	Baillonella toxisperma Pierre	Sapotaceae	Bil75	r	Both	112	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [20], Congo [22]
Mabé	Baillonella toxisperma Pierre	Sapotaceae	Bil75	r	Both	112	Seed	Ingredient	Cameroon [10, 20, 47, 48, 51, 52], Congo [22]
Fhandako	Calpocalyx dinklagei Harms	Mimosaceae	Bil146	d + r	Both	5	Fruit	Fruit
Alamba na bélé	Capsicum frutescens L.	Solanaceae	Bil18	d + r	Both	15	Fruit	Ingredient	Cameroon [47], Congo [22]
Motoubéloubé	Carapa procera DC.	Meliaceae	Bil136	r	Both	7	Seed	Fruit	Congo [22]
Monono	Carpolobia alba G. Don	Loganiaceae	Bil155	r	c	2	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [20, 48], Congo [22]
Ligo	Cola acuminata (P. Bwaterv.) Schott & Endl.	Sterculiaceae	Bil161	r	Both	3	Seed	Fruit	Cameroon [20, 21, 48, 49, 53], Congo [22]
Mécor	Cola rostrata K. Schum.	Sterculiaceae	Bil137	r	Both	6	Seed	Fruit	Congo [22]
Mengoumé	Coula edulis Baill.	Olacaceae	Bil 322	d + r	Both	6	Seed	Fruit	Cameroon [20, 47, 48]
Fawouaboka	Desbordesia glaucescens (Engl.) Tiegh.	Combretaceae	Bil130	?	f	2	Seed	Fruit
Mgbii	Dicranolepis disticha Planch.	Thymeleaceae	Bil323	d + r	Both	14	Fruit	Fruit
							Leaf	Ingredient
							Tuber	Main
							Y-leaf	Ingredient
Kèkè	Dioscorea burkilliana Miège	Dioscoreaceae	Bil324	d + r	Both	35	Tuber	Main yam	Cameroon [10, 17, 51], Congo [22]
Esssendé	Dioscorea hirtiflora Benth	Dioscoreaceae	Bil325	d + r	f	13	Tuber	Main yam
Ba’a	Dioscorea mangenotiana Miège	Dioscoreaceae	Bil39	d + r	f	56	Tuber	Main yam	Cameroon [17, 51], Congo [22]
Koukou	Dioscorea munutiflora Engl.	Dioscoreaceae	Bil295	d + r	Both	42	Tuber	Main yam	Congo [22]
Saba	Dioscorea praehensilis Benth	Dioscoreaceae	Bil31	d + r	Both	61	Tuber	Main yam	Cameroon [10, 17, 51], Congo [22]
Essouma	Dioscorea semperflorens Uline	Dioscoreaceae	Bil 326	d + r	Both	58	Leaf	Vegetable
							Tuber	Main yam	Congo [22]
							Y-leaf	Vegetable
Baloko	Dioscorea smilacifolia De Wild.	Dioscoreaceae	Bil94	d + r	f	25	Tuber	Main yam	Cameroon [17], Congo [22]
Ndondo	Dioscorea sp1	Dioscoreaceae	Bil309	d + r	f	32	Tuber	Main yam
Booli	Dioscorea sp2	Dioscoreaceae	Bil327	d	f	9	Tuber	Main yam
Boto	Dioscorea sp3	Dioscoreaceae	Bil328	d	f	2	Tuber	Main yam
Koubé	Dioscorea sp4	Dioscoreaceae	Bil329	r	f	8	Tuber	Main yam
Djakaka	Dioscorea sp5	Dioscoreaceae	Bil330	d	f	43	Tuber	Main yam
Efhanguè	Dioscorea sp6	Dioscoreaceae	Bil331	d	f	34	Tuber	Main yam
Ekorra	Dioscorea sp7	Dioscoreaceae	Bil264	d	Both	1	Tuber	Main yam
Esopo	Dioscorea sp8	Dioscoreaceae	Bil332	d + r	f	6	Tuber	Main yam
Fhafhè	Dioscorea sp9	Dioscoreaceae	Bil333	d + r	f	2	Tuber	Main yam
Mbooto	Dioscorea sp10	Dioscoreaceae	Bil334	d + r	f	2	Tuber	Main yam
Moussokofandè	Dioscorea sp11	Dioscoreaceae	Bil335	d + r	Both	1	Tuber	Main yam
Paper	Dioscorea sp12	Dioscoreaceae	Bil336	d	f	2	Tuber	Main yam
Scèndè	Dioscorea sp13	Dioscoreaceae	Bil337	d	c	1	Tuber	Main yam
Diya	Dioscorea sp14	Dioscoreaceae	Bil30	d	f	3	Tuber	Main yam
Bii	Dioscoresphyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels.	Menispermaceae	Bil338	d + r	f	23	Tuber	Main	Congo [22]
Manjoubou	Diplazium welwitschii (Hooker) Diels	Athyriaceae	Bil163	d + r	Both	28	Teaf	Vegetable	Congo [22]
Manjoubou	Diplazium welwitschii (Hooker) Diels	Athyriaceae	Bil163	d + r	Both	28	Y-leaf	Vegetable
Vin de palme (Gobila)	Elaeis guineensis Jacq.	Arecaceae	Bil339	?	?	4	Exu-date	Drink	Congo [22]
Tokomboli	Eriocoelum macrocarpum Gilg ex Radlk.	Sapindaceae	Bil271	r	Both	38	Fruit	Main	Congo [22]
							Fruit	Fruit
							Seed	Main
							Seed	Fruit
Bambou	Gambeya africana (G. Don. ex Bak.) Pierre	Sapotaceae	Bil256	r	Both	27	Fruit	Fruit
Bambou	Gambeya africana (G. Don. ex Bak.) Pierre	Sapotaceae	Bil256	r	Both	27	Seed	Fruit	Congo [22]
Mpkom	Garcinia kola Heckel	Clusiaceae	Bil340	?	f	1	Seed	Fruit	Cameroon [20, 21, 48, 49, 53], Congo [22]
Bemba	Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild.) Léonard	Caesalpiniaceae	Bil341	r	c	1	Fruit	Fruit	Congo [22]
Koko	Gnetum africanum Welw.	Gnetaceae	Bil147	d + r	Both	57	Leaf	Vegetable	Cameroon [10, 20, 21, 47, 48, 50, 53,54,55,56], Congo [22], Democratic Republic of Congo [57]
Yoloyolo	Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip. ex Walp.	Asteraceae	Bil29	?	c	1	Leaf	Vegetable
Essang	Hibiscus sabdarifa L	Malvaceae	Bil342	?	c	1	Leaf	Ingredient
Mingaignai	Hua gaboni Pierre ex De Wild.	Huaceae	Bil343	?	f	4	Bark	Ingredient
Mingaignai	Hua gaboni Pierre ex De Wild.	Huaceae	Bil343	?	f	4	Seed	Ingredient
Payo	Irvingia excelsa Mildbr.	Irvingiaceae	Bil160	d + r	Both	48	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [10], Congo [22]
Payo	Irvingia excelsa Mildbr.	Irvingiaceae	Bil160	d + r	Both	48	Seed	Ingredient
Pféké	Irvingia gabonensis (Aub. Lec. Ex O’R.) Baill.	Irvingiaceae	Bil65	r	Both	89	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [20], Congo [22]
Pféké	Irvingia gabonensis (Aub. Lec. Ex O’R.) Baill.	Irvingiaceae	Bil65	r	Both	89	Seed	Ingredient	Cameroon [10, 20, 21, 47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54, 56, 58], Congo [22]
Bokoko	Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre	Irvingiaceae	Bil344	?	f	3	Seed	Fruit	Congo [22]
Mapkwa	Landolphia foretiana (Pierre ex Jumelle) Pichon	Apocynaceae	Bil141	d + r	oth	13	Fruit	Fruit	Congo [22]
Kwakata	Lasiodiscus sp.	Rhamnaceae	Bil345	?	f	12	Leaf	Vegetable
Ngoka	Lophira alata Banks ex Gaertn.	Ochnaceae	Bil346	?	f	1	Fruit	Fruit
Ngongo	Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Benth.) Milne-Redh.	Maranthaceae	Bil347	?	f	1	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [21], Congo [22]
Mbée	Momordica charantia L	Cucurbitaceae	Bil348	r	c	2	Fruit	Fruit
Djingo	Monodora tenuifolia Benth	Annonaceae	Bil191	?	f	18	Seed	Ingredient	Cameroon [20, 47, 49, 53]
Kombo	Musanga cecropioides R. Br.	Moraceae	Bil55	r	Both	8	Exu-date	Drink
Kombo	Musanga cecropioides R. Br.	Moraceae	Bil55	r	Both	8	Fruit	Fruit	Congo [22]
Ngatta	Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv.	Moraceae	Bil49	r	Both	12	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [20], Congo [22]
Mossé	Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild. & T. Durand) Merr.	Rubiaceae	Bil134	r	Both	8	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [20, 48]
Nganako	Occimum gratissimum L	Lamiaceae	Bil349	d + r	c	3	Leaf	Ingredient	Cameroon [47, 53]
Koungou	Pachypodanthium barteri (Benth.) Hutch. & Dalz.	Annonaceae	Bil350	r	Both	2	Fruit	Fruit	Congo [22]
Kana	Panda oleosa Pierre	Pandaceae	Bil149	d + r	Both	40	Seed	Ingredient	Cameroon [10, 20, 48, 51, 52], Congo [22]
Léca-mgbi	Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth	Leguminoseae-Caesalpinioidaea	Bil66	r	c	1	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [20]
Mbalaka	Pentadiplandra brazzeana Bail.	Pentadiplandraceae	Bil80	r	c	14	Seed	Ingredient	Cameroon [20, 51, 52, 58], Congo [22]
Poivre	Piper guineense Schum. & Thonn.	Piperaceae	Bil19	d + r	f	9	Fruit	Ingredient	Cameroon [20, 21, 48, 49, 51,52,53,54,55], Congo [22]
Po’o	Poga oleosa Pierre	Anisophylleaceae	Bil57	d + r	Both	63	Fruit	Ingredient	Cameroon [20, 54]
							Fruit	Main
							Fruit	Fruit
							Seed	Ingredient
							Seed	Main
							Seed	Fruit
Botounga	Polyalthia suaveolens Engl. & Diels	Annonaceae	Bil114	d + r	c	1	Leaf	Vegetable
Ndémbélembé	Potomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq. (syn : Piper umbellatum)	Piperaceae	Bil154	d + r	c	9	Y-leaf	Vegetable	Cameroon [55]
Péké	Raphia mombuttorum Drude	Arecaceae	Bil103	d + r	c	6	Exu-date	Drink	Cameroon [20]
Gobo	Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) P. ex Heck.	Euphorbiaceae	Bil69	d + r	Both	19	Fruit	Ingredient
Gobo	Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) P. ex Heck.	Euphorbiaceae	Bil69	d + r	Both	19	Seed	Ingredient	Cameroon [10, 20, 21, 47,48,49,50,51,52,53, 56, 58], Congo [22]
Moudongué	Salacia sp	Hypocrataceae	Bil351	?	Both	20	Fruit	Fruit
Libaba	Santiria trimera (Oliv.) Aubreville	Burseraceae	Bil121	d + r	Both	14	Fruit	Fruit	Congo [22]
Ekoungou	Smilax anceps Wild.	Smilacaceae	Bil352	d	f	5	Tuber	Main
Kasso	Tetracarpidium conophorum (Müll. Arg.) Hutch. Et Dalz.	Euphorbiaceae	Bil 353	?	f	7	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [20], Congo [22]
Kasso	Tetracarpidium conophorum (Müll. Arg.) Hutch. Et Dalz.	Euphorbiaceae	Bil 353	?	f	7	Seed	Fruit
Kpwo-ngo	Tetracera alnifolia Willd. Subsp. Alnifolia	Dilleniaceae	Bil105	?	f	13	Exu-date	Drink	Congo [22]
Basapa	Tetracera sp	Dilleniaceae	Bil354	?	f	4	Exu-date	Drink
Gwassafhè	Tetracera sp2	Dilleniaceae	Bil355	?	f	1	Exu-date	Drink
Djaga	Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taub.	Mimosaceae	Bil356	?	f	11	Seed	Ingredient	Cameroon [20, 21, 47,48,49, 51,52,53], Congo [22]
Poussa	Treculia africana Desc.	Moraceae	Bil297	?	f	1	Seed	Main	Cameroon [20], Congo [22]
Ngoyo	Trichoscypha acuminata Engl.	Anacardiaceae	Bil249	r	Both	51	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [10, 20], Congo [22]
Ngoyo	Trichoscypha acuminata Engl.	Anacardiaceae	Bil249	r	Both	51	Seed	Fruit
Mongolla	Trichoscypha arborea (A. Chev.) A. Chev.	Anacardiaceae	Bil274	r	Both	28	Fruit	Fruit	Cameroon [10, 20], Congo [22]
Séngui1	Uapaca paludosa Aubrév. & Léandri	Euphorbiaceae	Bil357	r	Both	14	Fruit	Fruit
Séngui2	Uapaca guineensis	Euphorbiaceae	Bil50	?	f	5	Fruit	Fruit
Moundiyè	Xylopia hypolampra Mildbr.	Annonaceae	Bil79	?	f	7	Flower	Ingredient
							Leaf	Ingredient
							Seed	Ingredient	Cameroon [20, 48, 49, 53]

Collection season (d dry season, r rainy season, d + r all year round, ? unknown), distance (n near, i.e. less than 1 km from village, f far, both, ? unknown), number of citations, plant parts, usage, and occurrence in other sites as cited in the literature [10, 17, 20,21,22, 47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60]

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