Fig. 1

Location of study sites in Jiangcheng Couty, Pu’er City, Southwest, China. Different shapes and colors represented different ethnic villages. Villages no. 1-3 and 19-20 are Dai people’s village named Chenzisanzhai, Mankuan, Mantan, Zhongping, and Shuicheng respectively. Villages no. 4-6 are Yao people’s village named Xiamanqing, Xicaotang, and Xiaomangong respectively. Villages no. 7-18 are Hani people’s village named Huibaohe, Maliqing, Shibajia, Xinjiang, Luoqiya, Nabanhe, Medeng, Gejie, Baga, Basan, Nuna, and Mengkang respectively