Fig. 1

Study area. a Political division of the study area in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley and surrounding regions showing indigenous localities with use or management of fauna records and the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve. b Study area in the states of Puebla and Oaxaca, in central Mexico. c Distribution of indigenous languages in the localities within the study area following Ávila-Blomberg et al. [36]. d Elevation gradient in the study area. e Main physiographic regions within the study area following Cervantes-Zamora et al. [37] f Hydrological basins within the study area. The figures were elaborated in Qgis 3.8 [38] with data available from the website Geoportal CONABIO [36, 37, 39,40,41]