Socialising over fruits and vegetables: the biocultural importance of an open-air market in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam

F. Merlin Franco; Li Ling Chaw; Nurzahidah Bakar; Siti Noraqilah Haji Abas

doi:10.1186/s13002-020-0356-6

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 Raw data from the interviews

From: Socialising over fruits and vegetables: the biocultural importance of an open-air market in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam

Characteristics		Total respondents	%	Visit the Tamu leisurely (n = 51)	%	Do not visit the Tamu leisurely (n = 109)	%	p value^{^}	Indigenous (n = 87)	%	Non-indigenous (n = 73)	%	p value^{^}
Gender	Male	83	51.9	29	56.9	54	49.5	0.488	47	46	36	49.3	0.664
Gender	Female	77	48.1	22	43.1	55	50.5		40	54	37	50.7
Age	20–39	49	30.6	20	39.2	29	26.6		22	25.3	27	37
	40–64	97	60.6	25	49	72	66.1	0.122	54	62.1	43	58.9	0.073
	65 above	14	8.8	6	11.8	8	7.3		11	12.6	3	41.1
Marital status	Married	129	80.6	39	76.5	90	82.6	0.487	75	86.2	54	74	0.08
Marital status	Single	31	19.4	12	23.5	19	17.4		12	13.8	19	26
Residential status	Local	110	68.8	37	72.5	73	67	0.599	84	96.6	26	35.6	< 0.001*
Residential status	Foreigner	50	31.2	14	27.5	36	33		3	3.4	47	64.4
Period of Stay	Tourist	2	4.0	1	7.2	1	2.8
	< 1 year	1	2.0	0	0	1	2.8	0.12
	1–5 years	9	18.0	5	35.7	4	11.1
	> 5 years	38	76.0	8	57.1	30	83.3
Frequency of market visit in native country	Regularly	34	68.0	7	50	27	75
	Sometimes	13	26.0	6	42.9	7	19.4	0.154
	No	3	6.0	1	7.1	2	5.6
Frequency of Tamu visit	Regularly	101	63.1	29	56.9	72	66.1		49	56.3	52	71.2
	Sometimes	56	35.0	20	39.2	36	33	0.224	38	43.7	18	24.7	0.008*
	Only during festival	0	0.0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0
	Others	3	1.9	2	3.9	1	0.9		0	0	3	4.1
Are you from an indigenous community?	No	73	45.6	22	43.1	51	46.8	0.793
Are you from an indigenous community?	Yes	87	54.4	29	56.9	58	53.2
If yes, which group are you from?	Malay	58	66.7	18	62	40	69
	Kedayan	17	19.5	7	24.1	10	17.2
	Dusun	3	3.5	1	3.5	2	3.5	0.211
	Iban	5	5.7	0	0	5	8.6
	Melayu Tutong	3	3.5	2	6.9	1	1.7
	Serawak Kuching	1	1.1	1	3.5	0	0
Monthly Income	< BND1000	90	56.2	28	54.9	62	56.9		48	55.2	42	57.5
	BND1000–1999	35	21.9	11	21.6	24	22	0.592	22	25.3	13	17.8	0.492
	BND2000–2999	18	11.3	8	15.7	10	9.2		10	11.5	8	11
	> BND3000	12	7.5	2	3.9	10	9.2		6	6.9	6	8.2
	Not available	5	3.1	2	3.9	3	2.7		1	1.1	4	5.5
Education level	None	0	0.0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0
	Primary	13	8.1	6	11.8	7	6.4		6	6.9	7	9.6
	Secondary	95	59.4	26	51	69	63.3	0.395	57	65.5	38	52	0.005*
	Vocational/diploma	25	15.6	11	21.5	14	12.8		17	19.5	8	11
	BA	21	13.1	6	11.8	15	13.8		7	8.1	14	19.2
	MA and above	6	3.8	2	3.9	4	3.7		0	0	6	8.2
Main reason for visiting Tamu	Cheap prices	16	10.0	5	9.8	11	10.1		8	9.2	8	10.9
	Lots of vegetables/fruits	90	56.3	31	60.8	59	54.1		45	51.7	45	61.6
	Local fruits and vegetables	18	11.3	5	9.8	13	11.9	0.729	13	14.9	5	6.9	0.508
	Meeting familiar people	0	0.0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0
	Can bargain	1	0.6	0	0	1	0.9		1	1.2	0	0
	Fresh	11	6.9	2	3.9	9	8.3		6	6.9	5	6.9
	Convenient	4	2.5	0	0	4	3.7		1	1.2	3	4.1
	Medicinal plants	0	0.0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	0
	Snacks	10	6.2	5	9.8	5	4.6		7	8	3	4.1
	Others	10	6.2	3	5.9	7	6.4		6	6.9	4	5.5
Other reasons for visiting Tamu^#	Cheap prices	91	56.9	28	54.9	63	57.8		51	58.6	40	54.8
	Lots of vegetables/fruits	112	70.0	40	78.4	72	66.1		57	65.5	55	75.3
	Local fruits and vegetables	79	49.4	24	47.1	55	50.5		35	40.2	44	60.3
	Meeting familiar people	40	25.0	15	29.4	25	22.9		21	24.3	19	26
	Can bargain	38	23.8	12	23.5	26	23.9		15	17.2	23	31.5
	Fresh	78	48.8	25	49	53	48.6		32	36.8	46	63
	Convenient	73	45.6	23	45.1	50	45.9		26	29.9	47	64.4
	Medicinal plants	20	12.5	8	15.7	12	11		11	12.6	9	12.3
	Snacks	75	46.9	25	49	50	45.9		26	41.4	39	53.4
	Others	7	4.4	3	5.9	4	3.7		5	5.7	2	2.7
Whom did you purchase from?	Regular vendor	65	40.6	14	27.5	51	46.8		33	37.9	32	43.8
	Whoever offers cheap prices	27	16.9	11	21.5	16	14.7	0.066	16	18.4	11	15.1	0.718
	Any vendor offering clean and healthy product	68	42.5	26	51	42	38.5		38	43.7	30	41.1
Do you visit Tamu with friends?	Yes	22	13.8	8	15.7	14	12.9		9	10.3	13	17.8
	Sometimes	41	25.6	17	33.3	24	22	0.214	20	23	21	28.8	0.195
	No	97	60.6	26	51	71	65.1		58	66.7	39	53.4
Have you made friends at the Tamu?	Yes	97	60.6	28	54.9	69	63.3	0.401	61	70.1	36	49.3	0.012*
Have you made friends at the Tamu?	No	63	39.4	23	45.1	40	36.7		26	29.9	37	50.7
If yes, with whom did you make friends with?	Vendors	84	86.6	28	100	56	81.2		53	86.9	31	86.1
	Visitors	32	33.0	10	35.7	22	31.9		17	27.9	15	41.7
	Others	4	4.1	0	0	4	5.8		3	4.9	1	2.8
Do you purchase groceries as a favour for your neighbour?	Yes, often	23	14.4	8	15.7	15	13.8		15	17.2	8	11
	Yes, sometimes	48	30.0	17	33.3	31	28.4	0.72	28	32.2	20	27.4	0.322
	No	89	55.6	26	51	63	57.8		44	50.6	45	61.6
Would you visit the Tamu even if you don't have a purchase to make?	Yes	51	31.9						29	33.3	22	30.1	0.793
	No	109	68.1						58	66.7	51	69.9
How often do you purchase from supermarket?	Regularly	64	40.0	20	39.2	44	40.4		38	43.7	26	35.6
	Yes, only if it is not available in Tamu	28	17.5	6	11.8	22	20.2	0.457	15	17.2	13	17.8	0.573
	Rarely	67	41.9	25	49	42	38.5		34	39.1	33	45.2
	Never	1	0.6	0	0	1	0.9		0	0	1	1.4
Should every city have local markets?	Yes	153	95.6	49	96	104	95.4		86	98.8	67	91.8
	No	4	2.5	1	2	3	2.8	1	1	1.2	3	4.1	0.081
	Do not know	3	1.9	1	2	2	1.8		0	0	3	4.1
Do you think there are groceries only in local market?	Yes	81	50.6	26	51	55	50.5	1	53	60.9	28	38.4	0.007*
Do you think there are groceries only in local market?	No	79	49.4	25	49	54	49.5		34	39.1	45	61.6
If yes, name some of these groceries	Local goods	54	81.1	16	69.6	38	88.4		37	86	17	73.9
	Traditional goods	13	19.7	6	26.1	7	16.3		8	18.6	5	21.7
	Traditional medicines	6	9.1	4	17.4	2	4.7		3	7	3	13
	Fish/seafood	11	16.7	7	30.4	4	9.3		5	11.6	6	26.1
	Live poultry	3	4.5	2	8.7	1	2.3		2	4.7	1	4.3
	Beverage	2	3.0	1	4.3	1	2.3		1	2.3	1	4.3
	Nuts and legumes	1	1.5	0	0	1	2.3		1	2.3	0	0
Do you think there are groceries only in supermarket?	Yes	86	53.8	23	45.1	63	57.8	0.183	53	60.9	33	45.2	0.068
Do you think there are groceries only in supermarket?	No	74	46.2	28	54.9	46	42.2		34	39.1	40	54.8
If yes, name some of these groceries	Imported goods	33	47.1	9	50	24	46.2		20	48.8	13	44.8
	Processed goods	33	47.1	7	38.9	26	50		19	46.3	14	48.3
	Poultry	15	21.4	3	16.7	12	23.1		9	22.2	6	20.7
	Local products	2	2.9	0	0	2	3.8		2	4.9	0	0
	Grain products	3	4.3	1	5.6	2	3.8		2	4.9	1	3.4
	Meat	9	12.9	2	11.1	7	13.5		6	14.6	3	10.3
	Eggs	1	1.4	1	5.6	0	0		1	2.4	0	0
	Condiments/seasoning/spices	2	2.9	2	11.1	0	0		2	4.9	0	0
	Dairy products	2	2.9	0	0	2	3.8		1	2.5	1	3.4
	Fish	2	2.9	0	0	2	3.8		1	2.5	1	3.4
	Nuts/legumes/by-product	1	1.4	0	0	1	1.9		1	2.5	0	0
Gate where interview took place	West	80	50.0	23	45.1	57	52.3	0.497	46	52.9	34	46.6	0.526
Gate where interview took place	East	80	50.0	28	54.9	52	47.7		41	47.1	39	53.4

^#Multiple responses were allowed
^{^}Derived from independent chi-square or Fisher's exact test (whichever is appropriate)
*p value is statistically significant (< 0.05)

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