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Table 2 Raw data from the interviews

From: Socialising over fruits and vegetables: the biocultural importance of an open-air market in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam

Characteristics

Total respondents

%

Visit the Tamu leisurely (n = 51)

%

Do not visit the Tamu leisurely (n = 109)

%

p value^

Indigenous (n = 87)

%

Non-indigenous (n = 73)

%

p value^

Gender

Male

83

51.9

29

56.9

54

49.5

0.488

47

46

36

49.3

0.664

Female

77

48.1

22

43.1

55

50.5

 

40

54

37

50.7

 

Age

20–39

49

30.6

20

39.2

29

26.6

 

22

25.3

27

37

 

40–64

97

60.6

25

49

72

66.1

0.122

54

62.1

43

58.9

0.073

65 above

14

8.8

6

11.8

8

7.3

 

11

12.6

3

41.1

 

Marital status

Married

129

80.6

39

76.5

90

82.6

0.487

75

86.2

54

74

0.08

Single

31

19.4

12

23.5

19

17.4

 

12

13.8

19

26

 

Residential status

Local

110

68.8

37

72.5

73

67

0.599

84

96.6

26

35.6

< 0.001*

Foreigner

50

31.2

14

27.5

36

33

 

3

3.4

47

64.4

 

Period of Stay

Tourist

2

4.0

1

7.2

1

2.8

      

< 1 year

1

2.0

0

0

1

2.8

0.12

     

1–5 years

9

18.0

5

35.7

4

11.1

      

> 5 years

38

76.0

8

57.1

30

83.3

      

Frequency of market visit in native country

Regularly

34

68.0

7

50

27

75

      

Sometimes

13

26.0

6

42.9

7

19.4

0.154

     

No

3

6.0

1

7.1

2

5.6

      

Frequency of Tamu visit

Regularly

101

63.1

29

56.9

72

66.1

 

49

56.3

52

71.2

 

Sometimes

56

35.0

20

39.2

36

33

0.224

38

43.7

18

24.7

0.008*

Only during festival

0

0.0

0

0

0

0

 

0

0

0

0

 

Others

3

1.9

2

3.9

1

0.9

 

0

0

3

4.1

 

Are you from an indigenous community?

No

73

45.6

22

43.1

51

46.8

0.793

     

Yes

87

54.4

29

56.9

58

53.2

      

If yes, which group are you from?

Malay

58

66.7

18

62

40

69

      

Kedayan

17

19.5

7

24.1

10

17.2

      

Dusun

3

3.5

1

3.5

2

3.5

0.211

     

Iban

5

5.7

0

0

5

8.6

      

Melayu Tutong

3

3.5

2

6.9

1

1.7

      

Serawak Kuching

1

1.1

1

3.5

0

0

      

Monthly Income

< BND1000

90

56.2

28

54.9

62

56.9

 

48

55.2

42

57.5

 

BND1000–1999

35

21.9

11

21.6

24

22

0.592

22

25.3

13

17.8

0.492

BND2000–2999

18

11.3

8

15.7

10

9.2

 

10

11.5

8

11

 

> BND3000

12

7.5

2

3.9

10

9.2

 

6

6.9

6

8.2

 

Not available

5

3.1

2

3.9

3

2.7

 

1

1.1

4

5.5

 

Education level

None

0

0.0

0

0

0

0

 

0

0

0

0

 

Primary

13

8.1

6

11.8

7

6.4

 

6

6.9

7

9.6

 

Secondary

95

59.4

26

51

69

63.3

0.395

57

65.5

38

52

0.005*

Vocational/diploma

25

15.6

11

21.5

14

12.8

 

17

19.5

8

11

 

BA

21

13.1

6

11.8

15

13.8

 

7

8.1

14

19.2

 

MA and above

6

3.8

2

3.9

4

3.7

 

0

0

6

8.2

 

Main reason for visiting Tamu

Cheap prices

16

10.0

5

9.8

11

10.1

 

8

9.2

8

10.9

 

Lots of vegetables/fruits

90

56.3

31

60.8

59

54.1

 

45

51.7

45

61.6

 

Local fruits and vegetables

18

11.3

5

9.8

13

11.9

0.729

13

14.9

5

6.9

0.508

Meeting familiar people

0

0.0

0

0

0

0

 

0

0

0

0

 

Can bargain

1

0.6

0

0

1

0.9

 

1

1.2

0

0

 

Fresh

11

6.9

2

3.9

9

8.3

 

6

6.9

5

6.9

 

Convenient

4

2.5

0

0

4

3.7

 

1

1.2

3

4.1

 

Medicinal plants

0

0.0

0

0

0

0

 

0

0

0

0

 

Snacks

10

6.2

5

9.8

5

4.6

 

7

8

3

4.1

 

Others

10

6.2

3

5.9

7

6.4

 

6

6.9

4

5.5

 

Other reasons for visiting Tamu#

Cheap prices

91

56.9

28

54.9

63

57.8

 

51

58.6

40

54.8

 

Lots of vegetables/fruits

112

70.0

40

78.4

72

66.1

 

57

65.5

55

75.3

 

Local fruits and vegetables

79

49.4

24

47.1

55

50.5

 

35

40.2

44

60.3

 

Meeting familiar people

40

25.0

15

29.4

25

22.9

 

21

24.3

19

26

 

Can bargain

38

23.8

12

23.5

26

23.9

 

15

17.2

23

31.5

 

Fresh

78

48.8

25

49

53

48.6

 

32

36.8

46

63

 

Convenient

73

45.6

23

45.1

50

45.9

 

26

29.9

47

64.4

 

Medicinal plants

20

12.5

8

15.7

12

11

 

11

12.6

9

12.3

 

Snacks

75

46.9

25

49

50

45.9

 

26

41.4

39

53.4

 

Others

7

4.4

3

5.9

4

3.7

 

5

5.7

2

2.7

 

Whom did you purchase from?

Regular vendor

65

40.6

14

27.5

51

46.8

 

33

37.9

32

43.8

 

Whoever offers cheap prices

27

16.9

11

21.5

16

14.7

0.066

16

18.4

11

15.1

0.718

Any vendor offering clean and healthy product

68

42.5

26

51

42

38.5

 

38

43.7

30

41.1

 

Do you visit Tamu with friends?

Yes

22

13.8

8

15.7

14

12.9

 

9

10.3

13

17.8

 

Sometimes

41

25.6

17

33.3

24

22

0.214

20

23

21

28.8

0.195

No

97

60.6

26

51

71

65.1

 

58

66.7

39

53.4

 

Have you made friends at the Tamu?

Yes

97

60.6

28

54.9

69

63.3

0.401

61

70.1

36

49.3

0.012*

No

63

39.4

23

45.1

40

36.7

 

26

29.9

37

50.7

 

If yes, with whom did you make friends with?

Vendors

84

86.6

28

100

56

81.2

 

53

86.9

31

86.1

 

Visitors

32

33.0

10

35.7

22

31.9

 

17

27.9

15

41.7

 

Others

4

4.1

0

0

4

5.8

 

3

4.9

1

2.8

 

Do you purchase groceries as a favour for your neighbour?

Yes, often

23

14.4

8

15.7

15

13.8

 

15

17.2

8

11

 

Yes, sometimes

48

30.0

17

33.3

31

28.4

0.72

28

32.2

20

27.4

0.322

No

89

55.6

26

51

63

57.8

 

44

50.6

45

61.6

 

Would you visit the Tamu even if you don't have a purchase to make?

Yes

51

31.9

     

29

33.3

22

30.1

0.793

No

109

68.1

     

58

66.7

51

69.9

 

How often do you purchase from supermarket?

Regularly

64

40.0

20

39.2

44

40.4

 

38

43.7

26

35.6

 

Yes, only if it is not available in Tamu

28

17.5

6

11.8

22

20.2

0.457

15

17.2

13

17.8

0.573

Rarely

67

41.9

25

49

42

38.5

 

34

39.1

33

45.2

 

Never

1

0.6

0

0

1

0.9

 

0

0

1

1.4

 

Should every city have local markets?

Yes

153

95.6

49

96

104

95.4

 

86

98.8

67

91.8

 

No

4

2.5

1

2

3

2.8

1

1

1.2

3

4.1

0.081

Do not know

3

1.9

1

2

2

1.8

 

0

0

3

4.1

 

Do you think there are groceries only in local market?

Yes

81

50.6

26

51

55

50.5

1

53

60.9

28

38.4

0.007*

No

79

49.4

25

49

54

49.5

 

34

39.1

45

61.6

 

If yes, name some of these groceries

Local goods

54

81.1

16

69.6

38

88.4

 

37

86

17

73.9

 

Traditional goods

13

19.7

6

26.1

7

16.3

 

8

18.6

5

21.7

 

Traditional medicines

6

9.1

4

17.4

2

4.7

 

3

7

3

13

 

Fish/seafood

11

16.7

7

30.4

4

9.3

 

5

11.6

6

26.1

 

Live poultry

3

4.5

2

8.7

1

2.3

 

2

4.7

1

4.3

 

Beverage

2

3.0

1

4.3

1

2.3

 

1

2.3

1

4.3

 

Nuts and legumes

1

1.5

0

0

1

2.3

 

1

2.3

0

0

 

Do you think there are groceries only in supermarket?

Yes

86

53.8

23

45.1

63

57.8

0.183

53

60.9

33

45.2

0.068

No

74

46.2

28

54.9

46

42.2

 

34

39.1

40

54.8

 

If yes, name some of these groceries

Imported goods

33

47.1

9

50

24

46.2

 

20

48.8

13

44.8

 

Processed goods

33

47.1

7

38.9

26

50

 

19

46.3

14

48.3

 

Poultry

15

21.4

3

16.7

12

23.1

 

9

22.2

6

20.7

 

Local products

2

2.9

0

0

2

3.8

 

2

4.9

0

0

 

Grain products

3

4.3

1

5.6

2

3.8

 

2

4.9

1

3.4

 

Meat

9

12.9

2

11.1

7

13.5

 

6

14.6

3

10.3

 

Eggs

1

1.4

1

5.6

0

0

 

1

2.4

0

0

 

Condiments/seasoning/spices

2

2.9

2

11.1

0

0

 

2

4.9

0

0

 

Dairy products

2

2.9

0

0

2

3.8

 

1

2.5

1

3.4

 

Fish

2

2.9

0

0

2

3.8

 

1

2.5

1

3.4

 

Nuts/legumes/by-product

1

1.4

0

0

1

1.9

 

1

2.5

0

0

 

Gate where interview took place

West

80

50.0

23

45.1

57

52.3

0.497

46

52.9

34

46.6

0.526

East

80

50.0

28

54.9

52

47.7

 

41

47.1

39

53.4

 
  1. #Multiple responses were allowed
  2. ^Derived from independent chi-square or Fisher's exact test (whichever is appropriate)
  3. *p value is statistically significant (< 0.05)