Table 1 Animal species with ethnozoological uses reported by Riffian Berbers of the Eastern Rif (N Morocco; name of the tribes included). Species are arranged in alphabetical order within taxonomic groups for the readers’ convenience. In the use column, numbers between brackets follow the ICD-11 ([62], Table S1). D = Dioscorides, IB = Ibn al-Baytar (coincident uses), M = Magico-religious use, V = Veterinary use, * = Use not currently practiced by at least one informant, UR = Use reports
From: Ethnozoology among the Berbers: pre-Islamic practices survive in the Rif (northwestern Africa)
| Scientific name (family) | Common name | Riffian name [phonetic transcription into English] | Arab name | Tribe | Use | Body part used | Application mode | UR | Total UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insecta | |||||||||
| Apis mellifera (Apidae) | Bee |
|
|
Beni Waryager Bokoya Targuist | Stomach pain (13) | Honey | Ingestion | 1 | 4 |
| Against the cold (23) D IB | Entire | Sting in affected area or in the body | 2 | ||||||
| Reumatism (15)a | Entire | Sting in affected area or in the body. | 1 | ||||||
| Lampyridae | Firefly |
|
| Beni Tuzin | Antivenom (22) | Entire | Ingestion (dry, pulverized). | 2 | 2 |
| Amphibia | |||||||||
|
Sclerophrys mauritanica (Bufonidae) | Moroccan toad |
|
| Ketama | Rough sole (14) Ma D IB | Entire | Topical | 1 | 1 |
| Reptilia | |||||||||
|
Chamaeleo chamaeleon (Chamaeleonidae) | Common chameleon |
|
|
Targuist Beni Waryager | Stomach pain, diarrhea (13) | Blood | Drink | 1 | 3 |
| Calmative (21)a | Blood | Drink | 1 | ||||||
| Against evil eye (26) Ma | Entire | Inhale smoke when burning | 1 | ||||||
|
Psammodromus algirus (Lacertidae) | Large psammodromus |
|
| Temsaman | Reumathism (15) Ma | Entire | Amulet | 1 | 1 |
| Ophidia | snake |
|
|
Bokoya Beni Waryager | Cancer (2)a | Meat | Stewed | 4 | 7 |
| To kill someone (22)a | Venom | Venom Ingestion | 2 | ||||||
| Rough skin (14)a | skin | Rubbing | 1 | ||||||
|
Testudo graeca (Testudinidae) | Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise |
|
|
Bokoya, Beni Waryager Temsaman Targuist Beni Tuzin | Lactation cessation (5)a | Meat | Stewed | 4 | 22 |
| Entire | Ashes ingestion | 6 | |||||||
| General healing (26)a | Meat | Stewed | 3 | ||||||
| Entire | Ashes ingestion | 1 | |||||||
| Stomach pain (13)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Hypothermia (23)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Leucodermia (14)a | Meat | Mixed with henna | 1 | ||||||
| Start walking delay (20) Ma | Entire | Wash over | 1 | ||||||
| Against evil eye (26) Ma | Entire | Wash over | 1 | ||||||
| Reumathism (15)a | Entire | Wash over | 1 | ||||||
| Pneumonia, bronchitis (12) M | Entire | Keep in courtyard | 2 | ||||||
| Aves | |||||||||
|
Athene noctua (Strigidae) | Litle owl |
|
| Beni Waryager | Sorcery (bad omen) (26) M | Entire | 1 | 1 | |
|
Alectoris barbara (Phasianidae) | Moroccan partridge |
|
| Beni Waryager | Measles (1) | Entire | Stewed | 2 | 2 |
|
Bubulcus ibis (Ardeidae) | Cattle egret |
|
| Beni Waryager | General healing (26)a | Entire | Stewed | 1 | 1 |
|
Columba livia (Columbinae) | Rock pigeon |
|
|
Bokoya Beni Waryager | General healing (26)a | Entire | Stewed | 2 | 3 |
| General stimulant (21)a | Entire | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
|
Corvus corax (Corvidae) | Raven |
|
|
Targuist Bokoya | Generate insomnia (7) Ma | Entire | Stewed | 2 | 4 |
| Improve sight (9)a | Entire | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Asthma (12)a | Blood | Drink | 1 | ||||||
|
Gallus gallus (Phasianidae) | Hen |
|
|
Beni Waryager Bokoya | General healing (26) D IB | Meat | Stewed | 1 | 3 |
| Be cold (23) | Entire | Stewed | 2 | ||||||
|
Upupa epops (Upupidae) | Hoopoe |
|
|
Beni Waryager Targuist Beni Tuzin | General healing (26)a | Blood | Drink | 3 | 13 |
| Meat | Stewed | 2 | |||||||
| Lack of concentration (6) Ma IB | Blood | Drink | 2 | ||||||
| Generate insomnia (7) Ma | Blood | Drink | 1 | ||||||
| Meat | Stewed | 1 | |||||||
| Against bad luck (26) Ma | Bone | Mixed with henna | 1 | ||||||
| Sorcery (26) Ma IB | Entire | No information | 1 | ||||||
| Bone | No information | 1 | |||||||
| Feather | No information | 1 | |||||||
| Mammalia | |||||||||
|
Atelerix algirus (Erinaceidae) | Algerian hedgehog |
|
|
Beni Waryager Targuist Temsamán Bokoya Beni Tuzin | Against evil eye (26) Ma | Spines | Smoke in contact with eyes when burning | 2 | 18 |
| Weakness, tiredness (21) | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| General healing (26)a | Meat | Stewed | 2 | ||||||
| Blood | Drink | 3 | |||||||
| Stomach disorder, diarrhea (13)a | Blood | Drink | 2 | ||||||
| Entire | Ashes ingestion | 4 | |||||||
| Asthma (12)a | Blood | Drink | 1 | ||||||
| Hypothermia (23)a | Entire | Ashes ingestion | 2 | ||||||
| Livestock general healing Va | Gut | Inhale the smoke when burning | 1 | ||||||
|
Bos taurus (Bovidae) | Cow |
|
| Bokoya | External hemorrhage (23)a | Fat | Topical | 1 | 4 |
| Hyperglycemia (5)a | Fat | Topical | 1 | ||||||
| Bronchitis, pneumonia (12)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Renal disturb (16)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
|
Bos taurus (Bovidae) | Bull |
|
| Bokoya | Snake repellent (26) Ma | Horn | Inhale vapor when boiled | 1 | 4 |
| Hair strengthening (14)a | Urine | Rubbing | 1 | ||||||
| Vomit (13)a | Liver | Drink | 2 | ||||||
|
Camelus dromedarius (Camelidae) | Camel |
|
|
Temsamán Beni Waryager Bokoya | Fever (21) | Meat | Stewed | 1 | 26 |
| Join pain (15)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Fat | Topical | 1 | |||||||
| Aging (21) | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Painful urination (16) | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| General healing (26) | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Meat | Topical | 1 | |||||||
| Urine | Topical | 1 | |||||||
| Milk | As a drink | 1 | |||||||
| Herpes (1) | Meat | Topical | 1 | ||||||
| Sight improving (9) M | Meat | Boiled. Eyes in contact with steam | 1 | ||||||
| Hemorrhois (20) | Fat | Topical | 1 | ||||||
| Diabetes (7) | Fat | Topical | 4 | ||||||
| Milk | Drink | 4 | |||||||
| Snake repellent (26) | Fat | Topical | 1 | ||||||
| Lices (1) | Urine | Rubbing | 1 | ||||||
| Dandruff (20) | Urine | Rubbing | 1 | ||||||
| Hair color loss (14) | Urine | Rubbing | 1 | ||||||
| Nose mucus excess (12) | Urine | Topical | 1 | ||||||
| Nose-bleed (12) | Urine | Topical | 1 | ||||||
|
Canis lupaster (Canidae) | African wolf |
|
|
Bokoya Beni Waryager Targuist Temsaman | Against fear (26) Ma | Meat | Stewed | 1 | 10 |
| General healing (26) | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Entire | Ashes ingestion | 1 | |||||||
| Stay awake (7) Ma | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| General weakness (21) M | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Baldness prevention (14) Ma | Fat | Topical | 1 | ||||||
| Against coldness (23)a | Fat | Topical | 1 | ||||||
| Entire | Ashes ingestion | 2 | |||||||
| Stomach pain (13)a | Gut | Oil ingestion after frying | 1 | ||||||
|
Canis lupus familiaris v(Canidae) | Dog |
|
|
Targuist Temsamán | Anti-envenomation (22) Ma | Blood | Drink | 1 | 2 |
| Stomach cancer (2) Ma | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
|
Capra aegagrus (Bovidae) | Domestic goat |
|
|
Bokoya Beni Waryager | Anti-envenomation (22) Ma | Meat | Stewed | 1 | 3 |
| Recovery after fall (15) Ma | Skin | Sleep on the leather | 1 | ||||||
| Against fear (26) Ma | Dung | Heated by charcoal above the patient | 1 | ||||||
|
Equus asinus (Equidae) | Donkey |
|
|
Bokoya Targuist Beni Waryager | Lactation cessation (5)a | Milk | Drink | 3 | 9 |
| Make a person acquire an idiot behavior (26) Ma | Ear | Stewed | 6 | ||||||
|
Equus caballus (Equidae) | Horse |
|
| Beni Waryager | Migraine (8)a | Hoof | Inhale smoke when burning | 1 | 1 |
|
Felis lybica (Felidae) | Domestic cat |
|
| Beni Waryager | Nail troubles (20) Ma | Ear | Nails inside cat ears | 4 | 4 |
|
Gazella cuvieri (Bovidae) | Cuvier’s gazelle |
|
| Beni Waryager | Diuretic (16)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | 1 |
|
Hyaena hyaena (Hyaenidae) | Striped hyena |
|
| Beni Tuzin | Sorcery (26) Ma | Unknown | No information | 2 | 2 |
|
Mustela nivalis (Mustelidae) | Weasel |
|
| Beni Tuzin | Sorcery (26) Ma | Entire | No information | 1 | 3 |
| Asthma (12)a | Blood | Drink | 1 | ||||||
| General healing (26) | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
|
Oryctolagus cuniculus (Leporidae) | Rabbit |
|
| Bokoya | Epilepsy (8) Ma | Meat | Stewed | 1 | 3 |
| Lower body paralysis (8) Ma | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Urinary retention (16)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
|
Ovis aries (Bovidae) | Sheep |
|
|
Beni Waryager Bokoya | Cough (12)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | 4 |
| Chest pain (12)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Painful urination (16)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Against fear (26) Ma | Dung | Heated by charcoal above the patient | 1 | ||||||
|
Ovis aries (Bovidae) | Lamb |
|
|
Beni Waryager Bokoya | Oral inflammation, dental problems (20) | Jaw | Heated and topical | 2 | 2 |
|
Panthera leo (Felidae) | Lion |
|
| Beni Waryager | Back pain (15)a | Fat | Heated and topical | 1 | 3 |
| Reumathism (15)a | Fat | Heated and topical | 1 | ||||||
| Heart weakness (11)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
|
Sus scrofa (Suidae) | Wild boar |
|
| Bokoya and Beni Waryager | Stomach pain (13)a | Gut | Stewed | 1 | 5 |
| Gut troubles (13)a | Gut | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Against evil eye (26) Ma | Tusks | Amulet | 3 | ||||||
|
Vulpes vulpes (Canidae) | Fox |
|
|
Beni Waryager Bokoya Targuist Ketama Temsamán Beni Tuzin | Join pain (15)a IB | Meat | Stewed | 1 | 26 |
| Asthma (12)a | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Entire | Ashes ingestion | 6 | |||||||
| Blood | Drink | 6 | |||||||
| Livestock general healing Va | Meat | Stewed | 1 | ||||||
| Children weakness (21)a | Entire | Ashes ingestion | 1 | ||||||
| General healing (26)a | Entire | Ashes ingestion | 7 | ||||||
| Tuberculosis (12)a | Entire | Ashes ingestion | 1 | ||||||
| Cancer (2)a | Blood | Drink | 2 | ||||||