Table 2 IPPP in Tripura

A

Usage of home-utilized products or waste materials and appliances

1

Ash application

[Vernacular language: (Bangla—Chai/Chali, Kokborok—Thapla)]

-Amaranthus, vegetable crops, kitchen garden

-Legume crop storage

-Application of wood ashes on crops and around the crop

- Ashes mixed with pulse seeds

-Chewing pests like beetles (e.g., blister beetle Mylabris phalerata), termites (Odonotermes spp.)

-Bruchids

Abrasion of mouth parts, particularly mandibles, repels insects due to irritation [40]

-Physical barrier in oviposition [41]

2

Tin boxes like oil cane, amul cane or any food supplement box (Fig. 4)

Coconut

Banding the cut open tin on stem near ground region

Rats: coconut rat: Bandicota indica

(Burrowing rat)

Squirrels: (Funambulus spp.)

Slippery surface of the substrate reduce the frictional force resulting barrier for climbing [64]

3

Tying ribbons, cassette reels or plastic bags (Fig. 3a)

Maize, rice

Colored ribbon or cassette reels or plastic bags, particularly during grain filling stage

Grain feeding bird, viz. common pigeon or blue rock pigeon (Columba livia)

Acts as bird scarrer [65]

4

Placing fish nets

Nursery seed beds or main field

Immediately after sowing the fish nets are covered over it and fixing with bamboo pegs

Birds like sparrow (Passer domesticus), pigeon (Columba livia)

Physical barrier check the lifting and feeding of sowing seeds [66]

5

Dhup/Dhoya (coconut husk or paddy husk or maize cobs)

Citrus orchard

Smokes produced by burning coconut husk or paddy husk

Fruit sucking moth (Eudocima fullonia)

Acts as repellent [67]

6

Soap and detergent

Vegetables

Foams of the products applied on plant

Sucking pests, viz. whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), leaf hopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida) etc.

Creates slippery surface acts as non-host plant, i.e., antixenosis [48]

6

7

Hookah water (Fig. e,f)

Kitchen garden vegetable

After consumption, the left-out water is used

Pod borers (Bhendi pod borer, Earias vitella Fab., sucking bugs (Riptorus spp., Clavigralla spp.) of vegetables etc

Repellent mechanism [37]

B

Food Products

8

Shaft of jackfruit

Cucurbits, fruit crops

Placing the middle portion of jackfruit (shaft) in gourd types crops and also in mango, guava orchard

Fruit fly (Bactrocera spp.)

Sweet smell lure and attract the pest for oviposition and the sticky surface glued with ovipositor of fruit fly leads to killing of insects (act as trap)

9

Placement of pomelo/citrus

Rice

Cut open piece of citrus/pomelo placed in rice field

Stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)

Repellent action [51]

10

Jackfruit latex

Paddy field

Putting bamboo sticks with jackfruit latex around the rice field

Rat (Bandicota indica)

Rat used to stuck in sticky late [50]

C

Use of organisms/birds

11

Erection of bird perches

Brinjal, rice, maize, cruciferous crops, sorgum, pearl millet

Putting bamboo stem on field having many lateral branches

Brinjal fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee), rice stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (particularly vegetative stage), different lepidopterous larvae infesting in cruciferous crops, stem borer in millets and maize (Chilo spp.)

Attract carnivorous birds for rest and promote prey searching;

Larvicidal properties and hydrocyanic acid content of bamboo boost the pest management strategy [68]

12

Duck rearing

Rice

Duck rearing near rice field encourage predation

Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Olivier)

Biological control agent [69]

D

Animal products and wastages

13

Cow dung slurry

Moringa

Putting the cow dung slurry on top surface of the rejuvenated moringa tree

Borer and subsequently check pathogen attack

Creates barrier and check secondary infection [53]

14

Putting rotten crabs or snails or dead frogs

Rice

Placement of crushed and fermented crabs or snails or dead frogs in rice field, particularly during milking stage

Gundhi bug (Leptocorisa spp.)

Acts as repellent, foul smell deter the insects [54]

15

Cow dung with water or cow urine

Rice

Suspended slurry application in open field during nursery stage

Thrips, Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall)

Odor of cow dung and cow urine acts as repellent [70]

16

Chicken egg shell

Rice, sugarcane and maize

Placement of crushed eggshell as powder

Snails, molluscs, lice, beetles, rats, and ants

Eggshell powder (contain calcium carbonate) acts as repellant [71]

E

Synthetic products

17

Petrol/ kerosene application

Mango, citrus

Injecting kerosene or petrol in stem bore hole and plastered with cement or soil slurry

Mango stem borer; Batocera rufomaculata DeGeer, citrus trunk borer: Anoplophora spp.

Burning sensation, respiration choking, and killing of insect due to asphyxiation (deficiency in oxygen) [56]

18

Tire burning

Rice

Synthetic tire burning near rice field just before panicle initiation or milking stage

Gundhi bug (Leptocorisa spp.)

Strong smell repels the pests [72]

F

Natural resources

i

Pesticidal plant

19

Tobacco leaf (Nicotiana tabacum L.) extract application

Brinjal, okra, maize and pulses

Direct application of water extracts of tobacco leaves after boiling

Chewing insects (blister beetle: Mylabris phalerata, hadda beetle: Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius)), sucking pests (aphid: Aphis gossypi Glover, Rhopalosiphum maidisi (Fitch), leaf hopper: Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida, thrips: Thrips tabaci Lindeman, and borer, viz. brinjal fruit and shoot borer: Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, early shoot borer Earias vitella Fab

Secondary plant metabolite, i.e., nicotine acts as insecticide [37]

20

Neem leaf (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) extract application

Cereals, pulses, vegetables (almost all crops)

Steam decoction of neem leaves and the water extracts is sprinkled on

plants after filteration with normal white cloths

All types of insects (chewing, sucking, borer, miners etc.)

Broad spectrum insecticidal activities having insect growth disruption; oviposition suppressant and sterilant and antifeedant action [37]

21

Neem leaf (A. indica A. Juss.)

Stored products

Dried neem leaf placed with stored commodities

Stored grain pest, viz. rice weevil: Sitophilus oryzae L., pulse beetle: Callosobruchus spp., Angoumois grain moth: Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver), rice moth: Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton)

Antifeedant and repellent action keeps the pest away [37]

22

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch-Ham) Wall. (Apocynaceae), [Vernacular language: (Bangla- Kurcha gachha/kuchima gachha, Kokborok- kuchimavompang)] (Fig. 2b)

Rice

Placement of twigs in rice field, particularly during vegetative stage

Leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee), stem borer: Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)

Conessine, the steroidal alkaloid has repellant action [46]

23

Placing of turmeric leaf (Curcuma longa L.) (Fig. 2c)

Rice

Keeping leaf in submerged rice field during vegetative stage

Leaf folder: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee)

Active principles, viz. alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, terpenoids present in turmeric leaf has repellent action [73]

24

Dried chilli: Capsicum annum L., calotropis leaf: Calotropis gigantea (L.), tobacco leaf, curry leaf: Murraya koenigii Spreng

Stored commodities

Placing with stored grain products during packaging time for long term storage

Stored grain pests

-Chilli, containing capsaicin component having insecticidal activity [35]

-calotropis, having active toxic principle, viz. alkaloids repels the insects [36]

-tobacco, nicotine as insecticide [37]

-curry leaves, repellant and antifeedant action [38]

25

Use of fresh branch of crofton weed, Eupatorium adhenophorusm

[Vernacular language: (Bangla- pisach)]

Paddy

Branch is cut about 1 m height and placed in rice field @100/ha

Brown plant hopper [Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)]

alkaloid compounds, terpenoids etc. [74]

ii

Miscellaneous

26

Bamboo beating or empty drum beating

Brinjal, chilli, maize rice, til, water melon, pumpkin particularly in jhum cultivation

Beating of bamboo sticks nearby field

Grain feeding birds like parrot: Psittacula spp., pigeon: Columba livia

Noisy sound threatens the bird acts as bird scarrer [75]

27

Dried colocasia leaves: Colocasia esculenta L., grease/castor oil or any sticky substance

Vegetable crops

Yellow dried leaves of colocasia smeared with any sticky material placed in field

White fly: Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, aphid: Aphis gossypi Glover

Yellow color attracts the sucking pests [58]

and the glued to the sticky surface and killed

28

Use of catapault [Vernacular language: (Bangla- guloil/gulti/gulari)]

Fruit crops or cereals crops during grain ripening stage

Throwing stones or any hard material by using catapault

Birds or animals

Scare the target organism [76]

29

Soil application

Maize crop

Dried soil or slurry directly applied on whorl region of maize

Fall armyworm: spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)

Unavailability of free space for movement, lack of oxygen leads to death by asphyxiation

30

Drying of seeds

Grains used for seed and consumption purpose

Post-harvest drying of grains by exposing to sunlight

Stored grain pests

Proper drying helps in cure of field infested commodities by killing hidden stages of insect life cycle and also reduce the moisture level to optimum level which prevents the infestation due to unfavorable state to pest [34]

31

Weed removal

Rice

Removal grassy weeds from rice bunds, viz. Imperita cylindrica

Brown plant hopper: Nilparvata lugens (Stal)

Destruction of alternate hosts abolish the microhabitat of insects during off season [77]

32

Rotation of crops

Solanaceae/cruciferaceae-pulses-cereals

Avoid monocropping and follow crop rotation procedures like pulses after rice and vegetables after pulses

Monophagous (brinjal fruit and shoot borer: Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, rice stem borer: Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) and oligophagous pest (pulse pod borer: Maruca vitrata Fab., Cruciferous head borer: Hellula undalis (Fabricius), diamond back moth: Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) etc.

Avoiding continuous supply of food subsequently break the life cycle of particular insect [78]

33

Bird scarer

[Vernacular language:(Bangla: Kaktarua)]

Rice, maize, chilli, etc.

Placement of a statue like human, i.e., human effigies (with stick, straw and clothes) in middle of the field or pseudo-human/ghost structure of different kinds using earthen painted pots are used

Grain feeder Birds

Structure threatens the birds as resemblance with human [55]

34

Ploughing

Potato

Deep ploughing with country plough

Potato tuber moth: Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

Expose pupae to sunlight, dried and killed [79]

35

Sand over potato

Potato

Sand cover of one to two inches over potato in storage condition

Potato tuber moth: Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

Prevents oviposition [80]

G

Mixed application

36

Lantana camara and cow dung

Vegetable cropping system

Stem decoction of L. camara mixed with cow dung is applied on plants

Aphid: A. gossypi Glover, leaf hopper: A. biguttula biguttula Ishida, thrips: T. tabaci Lindeman

Bioactive principle of secondary metabolites repels insects [80]

(synergized by cow dung) [53]

37

Rope pulling and kerosinized water

Rice

In water logged rice kerosene is mixed with water and rope is pulled across the field

Rice case worm: Nymphula depunctalis (Guenee)

Dislodging the pupae through rope pulling in kerosinized water killed insects

H

Local traps

38

Traditional bamboo trap with bait (Fig. 5)

Rice

Bait is placed inside the trap (made in bamboo or woods, dimension: length, 18 inches × width 4 inches)

Rodents

Luring and killing (as rats unable to move backward) [45]

I

Storage structures

39

Granary: Storage structure

(Fig. 3d,g)

Rice

Bamboo plastered with cow dung or mud slurry using in storage purpose (man height structure in varying dimension) and on the top of which branches with leaves of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium or Calotropis spp were placed

Rice weevil: Sitophilus oryzae L., rice grain moth: Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver)

Well-plastered bamboo prevents entry of insect pests and maintain proper aeration, and the leaves having repellant activities [81]