Table 2 B. Morphological characteristics: B1. Root (anthropomorphism); B2. Leaves, fruits, and seeds; B3. Similarity to other plants

B1

Arabic

[šağarat aṣ-ṣanam]

شجرة الصنم

Lit. [“The image’s (idol) tree,” “a human (shaped) tree”]

[88:14]; [98, IV: 443]; [99]

Armenian

[marda-khot]

Literarily [“Human (-like) plant”]

[100: 106]; [101: 152]; [102: 251]

Czech

mužijk, mužicek

[“little man”]

[103: 43]; [104: 289]; [12: 166]

Czech

strýček

[“uncle”]

[104: 289]

Danish

dukkeurt

[“doll’s herb”]

[27: 344]

Dutch

aardmannetje

[“little earth man”]

[76, I:95]; [31: 45]; [105: 35]

Dutch

alruinmanntje

[“mandrake’s little man”]

[106:29]

Dutch

mandragora mannetje

[“mandrake’s man”]

[28: 71]; [31: 45]

Dutch

wortelmannetje

[“little root man”]

[107: 63]; [31: 45]

Dutch

wortelmensch

[“root man”]

[108: 541]; [31: 45]

English

ladylin

[“little lady”]

[29, II: 336]; [109: 70]

English

root of life

Due to the hallucinogenic effects?

[30: 334]

English

womandrake

[110: 343]; [56: 66]; [109:70]; [29, II: 336]

Farsi

[mardom-gīyāh]

مردم گیاه

[“plant of the people”]

[100: 106]; [111: 2]: [101: 152]

French

homme planté

[“planted man”]

[28: 71]; [31: 43]; [29: 336]

French

plante humaine

[“human Plant”]

[112: 225]; [28: 71]; [31: 44]; [113: 8]

German

alraunmännchen, alruyn manneken

[“alrun man”]

[31: 41]; [114: 15]

German

atzelmännchen

[“doll”]

[115:164]; [30:330]

German

atzmann

[“doll,” “puppet”]

[31]; [30]; [114: 15] [81: 23]

German

erdmännchen, erdmännlein

[“little earth man”]/[“earth mannekin”]

[116: 25]; [30: 331]; [31: 41]; [114: 15]; [81: 23]

German

erdweibchen

[“little earth woman”]

[117: 185]; [116: 25]

German

mandlwurz, mandelwurz

[“little root-man”]

[118: 355]; [119: 137]; [120: 113]; [2: 1138]

German

menschenwurzel

[“human’s root”]

[114: 15]; [81: 23]

Greek

[anthropómorphos]

ἀνθρωπόμορφος

[“human-shaped”] (due to its anthropomorphic roots)

[45: IV,75]

Greek

[paidí]

παιδί

[“child”] (may be because of its small, child-shaped root; less probable is because it may induce fertility)

[59: 442]

Greek

[arkánthropos]

ἀρκάνθρωπος

[“bear-man shaped”] (due to its fat/hairy roots)

[62: 600]; [58: 2509]; [121: 357]

Latin

antropophora

[“human-bearer”] (from Greek)

[45: IV,75])

Latin

semihomo

[“half human”]

[45: IV, 75]

Polish

męzyk

[“male”]

[12: 164]

Turkish

adamkökü

[“man root”]

[122: 268]; [73: 107]; [90: 232–234]; [41: 124]

Turkish

adamotu

[“man plant”]

[123: 21]; [124: 2]

Turkish

insan kökü

[“person root”]

[73: 107]; [28: 71]; [93: 232–234]; [41: 124]

Turkish

insan otu

[“person plant”]

[73: 107]; [123: 21]; [124: 2]

B2

Arabic

[fākihat al—gurāb]

فاكهة الغراب

[“raven’s fruit” [

(the birds like this fruit)

[125: 624–625] (Andalusia, 13th c.)

Arabic

[sābizāj, ṣābizāj]

صابيزاج,سابيزاج

[“a plant with black (dark) seeds”] from Farsi: “šā(h)” which means black (cf. šāh-tūt) and “bīzak” means seed, grain

[84: 351] (Andalusia 6–7th c.); [126: 219]; [100: 106] (Syria)

Arabic

[luffāh]

لفّاح

“The burning

(or emitting a good

odor) fruit” (name related only to the fruit of the plant)

[86: 107] (Arabia, 9th c.);

[85, II: 774] (Andalusia, 11th c.); [88: 592]; [41: 121]; [127: 285]; [128: 242] (Arabia, 9th c.);

[129: 250] (North Africa); [130: 36] (Turkey); AGK Pers. obs.(Palestine)

Armenian

[loshtak, loštak]

Loshtak means literally “ear” (due to the fact that “the leaf is large and with many ridges like an ear” (Garnik Asatrian, Pers. com. 30.10.19)

[63, I: 537]; [101:154]

Farsi

[šā(h)bīzak

Spelling variants: sābisaj / šbizak / sbysq, š’bysk]

شابیزک

[“plant with black seeds”] (see above, also A. belladonna)

[130: 36]; [95: 688];

[100: 106]

Greek

[avgoulátsa/ avgoudátsa]

αυγουλάτσα, αυγουδάτσα

[“bearing little egg-shaped fruits”]

[59: 430]

Greek

[chondrovotáni]

χοντροβοτάνι

[“fat herb”] (probably due to its large leaves or its fat taproot)]

[59: 439] (Lakonia)

Greek

[kourouniá]

κουρουνιά

[“crow nest-shaped”] (leaves)

[59: 433–434] (Nisyros and Leros islands)

Greek

[megalovotáni]

μεγαλοβοτάνι

[“large herb”] (due to its large leaves or fat taproot)

[59: 439] (Lakonia)

Greek

[papútsa]

παπούτσα

[“shoe-shaped”] (leaves)

[59: 440] (Cyprus)

Serbo-Croatian

[nadliška]

Haдлишкa

“Nad” means over, above; “liška” means leaf. Probably the word means something stronger or more important than leaf (which is close to the root in the mandrake) or could also emphasize the fruit (“above the leaf”)

[71: 20]

Serbo-Croatian

[veliko zelje]

beликo зeљe

“Veliko” means great, large, big; “zelje” means greens or herb. The word could implicate “a great herb” because of its relatively large (long) leaves

[71: 20]

Serbo-Croatian

[vodopić]

boдoпић

“Voda” means water, “piti” means to drink; literally “vodopić” is one who drinks water; could be linked to shiny intense green leaves (?)

[71: 20]

Serbo-Croatian

[veliko zelje

/ velje zelje]

beликo зeљe

“Veliko” means great, large, big; “zelje” means greens or herb. The word could implicate “a great herb” because of relatively large (long) leaves

[71: 20]

Spanish

lirios

[“lily flower”] (resemblance to lily flower)

[131: 175]

Turkish

beş damar otu

[“five-veined plant”]

[41: 124] (North Cyprus)

Turkish

lüffâh

Luffah: mandrake’s fruit in Arabic

[41:124]; [87: 293,340]

Turkish

lüffâh-ı berry

[“wild luffah”] (see Luffah)

[41: 124]

B3

Arabic

[tuffāḥ al-barr]

تفّاح البرّ

[“wild apple”]

[132]

Arabic

[tuffāḥ bittanžān]

تفّاح بطنجان

[“eggplant’s apple”]

A local name in the Galilee. Israel

(SAH Pers. Obs)

French

belladone sans

tige

[“belladonna without a stem”]

[31: 43]; [28: 71]; [29: 336]

French

pomme terrestre

[“earth’s apple”]

[112: 225]; [133: 184]; [113: 8]

German

borchart

Burcher: a popular name for Atropa belladonna (Hambel 2002:330)

[75: 229]; [134, III: 53]; [31: 41]; [30: 330]

German

erdapfel, ertapfel

[“Earth’s apple”]

[83; 258]; [118: 355]; [119: 137]; [75: 22]; [134, III: 53]; [31: 41]; [30: 331]

German

malzapfel,

maltzapfel,

melzlh apfel

Seems to be a corruption/translation of “pomum macianum”

[136, I:2021]; [135: 23];

[137: 84]; [134, III:53]; [81: 23]

Greek

[mala silvestria]

μάλα σιλβέστρια

[“wild apples”]

[45: IV,75] (Romans in Greece)

Greek

[mala terrestria]

μάλα τερρέστρια

[“Earth's apples”]

[45: IV,75]

Greek

[milopeponiá]

μηλοπηπονιά

[“apple-melon tasting”]

[62: 600]; [121: 357] (Cyprus); [59: 440]; [60: 408]

Greek

[miliákos]

μηλιάκος

[“apple-like”]

[60: 408] [58];

Greek

θριδακία (f.) / θριδακίας (m)

ɵριδακία (f.)/ɵριδακίας (m)

[“lettuce-looking plant”]

[45: IV,75]; [61: 9,8,8]

Latin

malum terrae,

malus terrae, mala terrestria

[“Earth’s apple” / “Earth’s apples”]

[84: 351] (Andalusia, 6-7^th c.); [79: 6] (Spain). [45: IV,75]

Latin

thridakía, thridaks

[“lettuce-looking plant”]

[45: IV,75]; [138: 419]

Serbo-Croatian

[divlja jabučica]

Дивљa

Jaбyчицa

[“wild small apples”] “divlja” means wild

and “jabučica” means

small apple

[71: 20]

Slovak

Pěkná jablečka

[“beautiful apple”]

[139: 359]

Spanish

manzana de tierra

[“Earth’s apple”]

[131: 192]

Spanish

acelgón, acelgones

[“chard”] (due to the leaves resembling this plant)

[66]

Spanish

berengenilla, berenjenilla

[“little eggplant”]

;[66] [72: 585]

Spanish

berenjena mora

[“Moorish eggplant”]

[66]

Spanish

lechuguilla

[“small lettuce”]

[66]

Spanish

tomatico

[“small tomato”]

[66]

Spanish

uva de moro

[“Moorish grape”]

;[66] [72: 585]

Turkish

lüffâh-ı berri

[“Earth loofah”]

[41: 124]

Turkish

toskafa kavunu

[“butting head melon”] (because it looks like a head that butts)

[73: 107]; [123]

Turkish

yer elması

[“Earth apple”]

[73: 73]; [123: 21]

Turkish

yer yenidünyası

[“Earth’s loquat”]

[41: 124]; [123: 21]