Element of landscape | Meaning | Traditional use | No. of toponyms/village | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV/V | VI | VII | |||
biele | All wet meadows in general | Various uses | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
biele, biele wytrzebowe (VII) | White meadows | Mown 1/y and grazed by cattle (I, II, VII); mown 1/y + grazed by cattle and horses (III, IV); mown 1/y or seldom 2/y + grazed by cattle and horses (V) | 11 | 20 | 5 | 14 | 9 | 13 |
dołek (VII) | Small depression near mineral islands; generally hollow in wetlands (VII) | Cattle waded there (I); cows were milked here (III); mown 2/y + grazed by cattle (VII) | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
droga, grobel, drożyna (VI) | Road, causeway; generally unpaved, piled up roads in wetlands | Used for transporting logs to the river (I); used to get to distant meadows (I, II, IV, VI, VII); river crossing for livestock (III); used to get to the distant village (IV/V); | 6 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
grądziki | Mineral islands; woody patches in wetlands with deciduous trees like Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Pyrus spp. etc | For drying of żaki (fyke nets) (I); grazed by cattle (I, II, V, VII) and horses (I); grazed in spring by cattle (II, VII); grazed smugi (III); mown 1/y (I, II, III); source of wooden material for faming tools and structures (all); source of wood for burning (II, VII) | 13 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 8 |
jeziora, bajora | Lakes (oxbow lakes), swampy ponds | Fishing with niewód (seine) (VII), brodnia (type of drag net) (I, VI, VII), żaki (fyke nets), kozak (a type of a fyke net with ‘hearts’ on two sides [I]), kłomla (wooden landing net) (I, IV); soaking freshly cropped hemp (II); cleared with a scythe (I, II, III, IV, V, VII) | 11 | 7 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 11 |
krzewina | Shrubs on wet meadows; usually applied to shrubby Salix spp. (e.g. Salix cinerea) | Source of material for farming tools and haystack structures (all); used for basket weaving (IV) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
kultury | Cultivated forest fragments; freshly planted fragments of Alnus or Pinus sylvestris or Picea abies forest | A state property; they used to be fenced for some periods to prevent grazing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
las, grąd | Forest, deciduous forest on hills and hollows (II,III,V) | Source of wood for burning (II, III, V); source of material for farming tools and structures (all); mown for hay (II); grazed by cattle (II, V) | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
las iglasty | Pinus sylvestris or Picea abies forest (I,V) | Source of material for farming tools and haystack structures (all); source of wood for burning (I, V, VI, VII); | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
łąki uprawne | Cultivated meadows | Generally not present during the time of traditional management but now present in the areas and in the narration of people | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
łąki torfowe (VI) | Peat meadows | Mown 1/y + grazed by cattle and horses | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
ogrody | Gardens | Growing of vegetables (I, III, IV, V, VI); grazed by sheep (I, VI); growing of vegetables and hemp (II); growing of flax (III) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
olsyna; las olszynowy | Alnus glutinosa forest | Source of material for farming tools and haystack structures (all); grazed by cattle (II) + horses (III) + pigs (VI) + sheep (VII); source of wood for burning (VI, VII) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
parowy, błota | Muddy meadow, muds | Used as a pasture for cattle (I); mown 1/y + freely grazed (II) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
pola | Crop fields | Arable land used to grow cereals and potatoes (all); mixed in landscape with smugi (I) | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
rów, rowek | Ditch, small ditch | Local melioration (I, II); cattle would drink water here (II); general melioration in the 19th c. (IV/V, VI); fishing with brodnia (type of drag net [VI]); cleared with a scythe (I, II, IV, V, VI) | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
rzeka | Main river course | For fishing (II, III, IV, VII) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
siedlisko | Settlements | Farm buildings | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
smugi | Typical pastures on wet meadows or between crop fields | Used for hay making + grazed by sheep and pigs (I); grazed by horses and cattle (II, V), grazed by geese, ducks, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs (III); grazed by cattle (IV) | 1 | 19 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
torfy | Place with peat excavation | Peat was excavated for burning (I, II) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trawy rzeczne, łąki rzeczne, równe łąki (IV) | River grasses, river meadows, flat meadows; generally wet meadows directly by the river | Mown twice a year (I) + grazed by cattle (VII) + horses, sheep (IV); mown 1/y or 2/y + grazed by cattle (II); used as pasture or mown 1/y + grazed by cattle, horses (III) | 3 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
In total | 69 | 87 | 27 | 55 | 30 | 46 |