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Table 3 List of Mushrooms species with their Ethno-mycological uses

From: Diversity and ethnomycological importance of mushrooms from Western Himalayas, Kashmir

No.

Name of Species

Family

Edibility Status

Ethno-mycological uses

Ecology

Voucher specimen Number

Region

Reference

1

Agaricus amicosus Kerrigan.

Agaricaceae

Edible

Not used

Saprobic, scattered in fir litter

TS-106

Neelum AJK

Present study

2

A. campestris L.

Agaricaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic, growing in a grassy area

TS-107

AJK

[49, 50]

3

A. silvicolae-similis Bohus & Locsmándi

Agaricaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Saprobic, growing on decomposed wood

TS-110

AJK

[49, 50]

4

A. subrutilescens (Kauffman) Hotson & D. E. Stuntz

Agaricaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobe, growing under coniferous forest

TS-109

AJK

Present study

5

Amanita fulva Fr

Amanitaceae

Inedible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with conifers or hardwoods

TS-110

AJK

Present study

6

A. hemibapha (Berk. &Broome) Sacc

Amanitaceae

Poisonous

Poisonous

Saprobic

TS-111

AJK

Present study

7

A. muscaria (L.) Lam

Amanitaceae

Poisonous

Poisonous

Mycorrhizal with pine and oak

TS-112

AJK

Present study

8

A. phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Link

Amanitaceae

Deadly poisonous

Poisonous

Mycorrhizeal with oaks

TS-113

AJK

[75]

9

A. vaginata (Bull.) Lam

Amanitaceae

Edible

Not consumed as food

Mycorrhizeal with pines and oaks

TS-114

AJK

Present study

10

Apioperdon pyriforme (Schaeff.) Vizzini

Agaricaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food

Saprobic on deadwood of hardwoods or conifers

TS-115

Pak

[51]

11

Armillaria gallica Marxm. & Romagn

Physalacriaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprophytic, on organic matter and soil

TS-120

AJK

Present study

12

A. mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm

Physalacriaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Parasitic on the hardwoods, on conifers produce white rot in the wood

TS-121

Neelum AJK

Present study

13

Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Quel

Auriculriaceae

Edible/medicinal

Used in weakness after childbirth, anti-hypertension

Grows in groves of trees, on logs and dead branches

TS-122

AJK/KPK

[52]

14

A. gentilis (Quél.) Pouzar

Boletaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with conifers

TS-123

AJK

Present study

15

Boletus aureissimus (Murrill) Singer

Boletaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with oaks

TS-124

AJK

Present study

16

B. chrysenteroides Snell

Boletaceae

Edible

Used as food

Mycorrhizal with oaks and conifers

TS-125

AJK

Present study

17

B. edulis Bull. Herb. Fr

Boletaceae

Edible

Used as food

Mycorrhizal with hardwoods

TS-126

AJK/KPK

[51, 52]

18

Bovista utriformis (Bull.) Fr

Agaricaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Sandy ground

TS-127

AJK

Present study

19

Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, Hopple & Jacq. Johnson

Psathyrellaceae

Medicinal

Used in traditional medicines

Saprobic grow on decaying wood

TS-10

AJK

Present study

20

Calvatia cyathiformis (Bosc) Morgan

Agaricaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic, grow in grass

SG-16

Kaghan Valley

Ahmed, 1950

21

C. gigantea (Batsch) Lloyd

Agaricaceae

Edible when young

Consumed as food

Saprobic, growing on grass, lawn, open places

SG-20

AJK

Present study

22

Cantharellus cibarius Fr

Cantharellaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food

Coniferous forest associated with moss

TS-003

Pakistan

[70]

23

C. ignicolor (R.H. Petersen) Dahlman

Cantharellaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food

Mycorrhizal with oaks, found in the cluster on mosses and grass

PC-132

AJK

Present study

24

Chlorophyllum rhacodes (Vittad.) Vellinga

Agaricaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic, found in roadside, lawns, etc.

PC-133

AJK

[75, 76]

25

C. olivieri (Barla) Vellinga

Agaricaceae

Potentially dangerous

Consumed as food

Found in open areas

SG-134

AJK

Present study

26

Clavaria fumosa Pers

Clavariaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic, found in a dense cluster in grass

TS-135

AJK

Present study

27

Clavariadelphus ligula (Schaeff.) Donk

Clavariaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic, associated with fir needles on the ground

TS-138

AJK

Present study

28

Desarmillaria tabescens (Scop.) R.A. Koch & Aime

Physalacriaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic on oaks

TS-139

AJK

Present study

29

Clavulinopsis fusiformis (Sowerby) Corner

Clavariaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic, under hardwoods or conifers

TS-140

Neelum AJK

Present study

30

Clavulina alta Corner

Clavulinaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Mycorrhizal with conifers

TS-141

Neelum AJK

Present study

31

C. cinerea (Bull.) J. Schrot

Clavulinaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Mycorrhizal association with conifers

TS-142

Neelum AJK

Present study

32

C. coralloides (L.) J. Schröt

Clavulinaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Mycorrhizal with conifers and hardwoods

SG-027

Neelum AJK

Present study

33

Clitocybe acicula Singer

Tricholomataceae

Edible

Not consumed

On debris of conifers

TS-143

AJK

Present study

34

C. nebularis (Batsch) P. Kumm

Tricholomataceae

Edible/uncommon/medicinal

Not consumed

Found under conifers

TS-76

AJK

Present study

35

Clitopilus prunulus (Scop.) P. Kumm

Entolomataceae

Edible

Not consumed

Saprobic, under, or conifers

PC-88

AJK

Present study

36

Coprinus coffeicola Massee, Bull

Hymenochaetaceae

Inedible

Inedible

Saprobic, under hardwoods

TS-144

AKJK

Present study

37

C. commatus (O. F. Mull.) Pers

Coprinaceae

Edible when young

Not consumed

Widely in grassland

TS-145

AJK

Present study

38

Crepidotus applanatus (Pres.) P. Kumm

Cortinareaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Under forest

TS-146

AJK

Present study

39

Desarmillaria tabescens (Scop.) R.A. Koch & Aime

Physalacriaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprophytic on oaks

TS-150

AJK

Present study

40

Exidia recisa (Ditmar) Fr

Auriculareaceae

Inedible

Not consumed

Underwood and conifers

PC-89

Neelum AJK

Present study

41

Floccularia luteovirens (Alb. & Schwein.) Pouzar

Russulaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Ecto-Mycorrhizal, grow on the ground with pines

SG-19

AJK

Present study

42

F. straminea (P. Kumm.) Pouzar

Agaricaceae

Inedible

Not clear

Under confers

TS-151

AJK

Present study

43

Flammulina fennae Bas

Physalacriaceae

Edible

Not consumed

On older tree trunks and under conifers

TS-152

AJK

Present study

44

F. ononidis Arnolds

Physalacriaceae

Edible

Not consumed

On the ground and rotten trees

TS-153

AJK

Present study

45

Fistulina sp

Agaricomycetes

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food

At the tree trunk of Prunus padis

TS-154

Neelum AJK

Present study

46

Gyromitra bubakii (Velen.) J. Moravec

Discinaceae

Edible on choice

Not consumed

Under forest

TS-155

AJK

Present study

47

G. intermedia (Benedix) Harmaja

Discinaceae

Edible on choice

Not consumed

Under forest

TS-156

AJK

Present study

48

G. esculenta (Pers.) Ex. Fr

Discinaceae

Conditionally edible /medicinal

Conditionally edible

Under Quercus trees

TS-157

AJK

[27]

49

Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer) Donk

Ganodermataceae

Inedible/med

Not consumed

On the ground and rotten trees

TS-158

AJK

Present study

50

G. lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst

Ganodermataceae

Inedible/med

Medicinal

On the ground and rotten trees

TS-159

AJK

[45]

51

G. applanatum (Pers.) Pat

Ganodermataceae

Medicinal

Medicinal

Under Quercus trees

TS-160

AJK

[68]

52

Geastrum saccatum Fr

Geastraceae

Inedible

Not consumed

Under Quercus trees

TS-161

Pakistan

[69]

53

G. pedicellatum (Batsch) Dörfelt & Müll. Uri

Agaricaceae

Unknown

Not confirm

On grassy ground

TS-162

AJK

[50]

54

G. triplex Jungh

Geastraceae

Inedible

Not consumed

Under Quercus trees

SG-173

Pakistan

[50, 51]

55

Helvella sulcata Afzel

Helvellaceae

Edible

Consumed s food

On decaying hardwoods stumps

SG-174

AJK

Present study

56

H. elastica Bull

Helvellaceae

Inedible

Inedible

On the ground, on decaying wood

SG-175

AJK

Present study

57

H. crispa (Scop.) Fr

Helvellaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Mycorrhizal. Growing under conifers or hardwoods

SG-176

Kaghan Valley

[69]

58

H. lacunosa Afzel

Helvellaceae

Conditionally edible/medicinal

Consumed as food

Not consumed

SG-177

Kaghan Valley

[69]

59

H. fibrosa (Wallr.) Korf

Helvellaceae

Edible

Not consumed

On confers or wood of hardwoods

SG-178

Pakistan

[69]

60

Hohenbuehelia sp. T-62 (LAH, 1193)

Pleurotaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food

Saprobic grows on decaying sticks and branches in damp spots on the forest floor

SG-179

Neelum AJK

Present study

61

Hydnum repandum L

Hydaneceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed s food

Under Quercus trees

SG-180

AJK

Present study

62

Hygrocybe acutoconica (Clem.) Singer

Hygrophoraceae

Edible

Consumed s food

On confers or wood of hardwoods

SG-181

AJK

Present study

63

H. flavescens (Kauffman) Singer

Tricholomataceae

Inedible

Not consumed

On confers or wood of hardwoods

SG-182

AJK

Present study

64

Hygrophorus piceae Kuhner

Hygrophoraceae

Edible

Unknown

On confers or wood of hardwoods

SG-183

AJK

Present study

65

H. persooni Arnolds

Hygrophoraceae

Edible /medicinal

Unknown

On confers or wood of hardwoods

SG-184

AJK

Present study

66

Imleria pallida (Frost) A. Farid, A.R. Franck, & J. Bolin

Boletaceae

Unknown

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with oaks

TS-185

AJK

Present study

67

Laccaria amethystina Cooke

Hydnangiaceae

Edible on choice/medicinal

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with oaks

TS-186

AJK

Present study

68

L. bicolor Maire

Hydnangiaceae

Conditionally edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with conifers, found in mosses

TS-187

AJK

Present study

69

Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray

Russulaceae

Edible/medicinal

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with conifers

TS-188

Pak

[51]

70

Lactarius sp

Russulaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

grows under conifers on acidic soils

TS-189

AJK

Present study

71

L. helvus (Fr.) Fr

Russulaceae

Poisonous

Poisonous

Mycorrhizal with conifers

TS-190

AJK

Present study

72

L. quieticolor Romagn

Russulaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal

TS-200

AJK

Present study

73

L. torminosus (Schaeff.) Pers

Russulaceae

Inedible

Inedible

Mycorrhizal, mixed forest

HP-007

AJK

Present study

75

Lactifluus piperatus (L.) Roussel

Russulaceae

Edible/medicinal

Inedible

On oak

SG-192

AJK

[50]

76

Lepista ovispora (J.E. Lange). Gulden

Tricholomataceae

Conditionally edible/med

Not consumed

Open grassland

SG-193

AJK

Present study

77

Laetiporus sulphureus Bull. Murrill

Fomitopsidaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food

On oak, prunus, Salix, etc.

TS-201

AJK

[51]

78

Lepiota cristata. (Bolton) P. kumm

Agaricaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic, on forest, lawns, etc.

TS-202

Sohawa Shareef AJK

Present study

79

L. magnispora Murill

Agaricaceae

Inedible

Inedible

Saprobic, Found under hardwoods and conifers

TS-203

Neelum AJK

Present study

80

Lepista luscina (Fr.) Singer

Tricholomataceae

Edible

Not consumed

In mixed forest

TS-204

AJK

Present study

81

L. irina (Fr.) H.E. Bigelow

Tricholomataceae

Unknown

Not consumed

In mixed forest

TS-205

AJK

Present study

82

Lycoperdon perlatum Pers

Agaricaceae

Edible when young/medicinal

Consumed as food and wound healing

Open areas, grassy ground

TS-210

Pak

[69]

83

Leucopaxillus giganteus Calonge & M

Stereaceae

Inedible

Inedible

Saprobic on deadwood of oaks

TS-002

AJK

Present study

84

Morchella tridentina Bres

Morchallaceae

Edible/medicinal

Used in cough and cold, highly medicinal

Saprobic on deadwood or conifers

T-05 & T-06

AJK

Present study

85

M. deliciosa Fr

Morchellaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food and medicinal

On humus-rich soil

T-02

AJK

Present study

86

M. costata Pers

Morchellaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food and medicinal

On leaf litter

T-04

Pak

[72]

87

M. conica Pers

Morchallaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food and medicine

under grass and conifers

T-07

Pak

[72]

88

M. esculenta Pers

Morchallaceae

Edible/medicinal

Used in cough and cold, highly medicinal

Saprobic on deadwood of hardwoods or conifer

T-08

AJK

[69]

89

M. elata Fr

Morchallaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food and medicinal

On grasses

T-09

Pak

[72]

90

Marasmius abrubtipes Corner

Marasmiaceae

Inedible

Not used

On humus-rich soil

TS-65

AJK

Present study

91

M. abundans Corner

Marasmiaceae

Inedible

Not used

On leaf litter

TS-66

AJK

Present study

92

M. rotula (Scop.) Fr

Marasmiaceae

Inedible

Not used

Saprobic on deadwood, hardwoods of conifer

TS-68

AJK

Present study

93

M. strictipes (Peck.) Singer

Marasmiaceae

Inedible

Not confirmed

Saprobic on deadwood of hardwoods or conifer

TS-69

AJK

Present study

94

M. acerinus Peck

Marasmiaceae

Inedible

Not confirmed

On grasses

TS-70

AJK

Present study

95

Pleurotus dryinus (Pers.) P. Kumm

Pleurotaceae

Edible when young

Consumed as food and medicinal

Saprobic, growing on oaks

TS-72

AJK

present study

96

P. ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm

Pleurotaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic on wood

TS-65

AJK

[75]

97

Pholiota brunnescens A.H. Sm. & Hesler

Strophariaceae

Inedible

Not consumed

Saprobic on wood

TS-212

AJK

Present study

98

Polyporus septosporous P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden

Polyporaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food

Saprobic on decaying hardwood logs, etc.

TS-213

AJK

Present study

99

Ramaria fennica (P. karst.) Ricken

Gomphaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Mycorrhizal with hardwoods

TS-214

AJK

Present study

100

R. barenthalensis Franchi & M

Russulaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with trees and shrubs

TS-215

AJK

Present study

101

R. stricta (Pers.) Quel

Gomphaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Mycorrhizal and Saprobic

TS-216

AJK

Present study

102

Rhodocollybia butyracea (Bull.) Lennox

Omphalotaceae

Inedible

Not consumed

Saprobic, decomposing the litter of conifers

TS-217

AJK

Present study

103

Russula amoenolens Romagn

Russulaceae

Conditionally edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with hardwoods and conifers

TS-218

AJK

Present study

104

R. brevipes Peck

Russulaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with conifers

TS-219

Pakistan

[71]

105

R.cinereovinosa Fatto

Russulaceae

Inedible

Inedible

Mycorrhizal with conifers, fir

TS-220

AJK

Present study

106

R. collina Velen Frost

Russulaceae

Inedible

Inedible

Mycorrhizal with hardwoods and conifers

T-46

AJK

Present study

107

R. cremoricolor Earle

Russulaceae

Unknown

Not clear

Mycorrhizal, mixed forests

T-47

AJK

Present study

108

R. cystidiosa Murrill

Russulaceae

Unknown

Not clear

Mycorrhizal with oaks

T-48

AJK

Present study

109

R. delica Fr

Russulaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Found under broadleaved and coniferous wood

T-49

AJK

Present study

110

R. densifolia Secr. ex Gillet

Russulaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with conifers

PS-34

AJK

Present study

111

R. fragrantissima Romagn

Russulaceae

Inedible

Inedible

Mycorrhizal with hardwoods and conifers

PS-35

AJK

Present study

112

R. integra (L). Fr

Russulaceae

Conditionally edible

Inedible

Mycorrhizal with hardwoods and conifers

ND-09

AJK

Present study

113

R. acriuscula Buyck

Russulaceae

Edible/med

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with hardwoods and conifers

ND-10

AJK

Present study

114

R. tenuiceps Kauffman

Russulaceae

Inedible

Inedible

Mycorrhizal with oaks

ND-11

AJK

Present study

115

R. violacea Quel

Russulaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with hardwoods and conifers

ND-12

AJK

Present study

116

Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda)Th. Fr

Rhizopogonaceae

Medicinal

Consumed as food

Ectomycorrhizal fungus

ND-16

Bagh AJK

Present study

117

Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel,

Boletaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with pines

ND-17

AJK

Present study

118

S. luteus (L.) Roussel

Suillaceae

Edible

Not consumed

Mycorrhizal with pines

ND-19

Pakistan

[68]

119

Suillellus luridus (Schaeff.) Murrill

Boletaceae

Conditionally Edible

Consumed as food

Mycorrhizal with pines and other hardwoods

ND-20

AJK

Present study

120

Scleroderma bovista, Fr

Sclerodermataceae

Inedible

Inedible

Saprobic on the ground, mycorrhizal with hardwoods

PHM-07

Kaghan Valley

[72]

121

S. citrinum Pers

Sclerodermataceae

medicinal/poisonous

Consumed as food

Attached to soil my mycelial cords

PHM-08

Bagh AJK

Present study

122

Stromatinia rapulum (Bull.) Boud

Pezizaceae

Conditionally edible

Not consumed

Saprobic on well-decayed logs

PHM-12

AJK

Present study

123

Sparassis spathulata (Schwein.) Fr

Sparassidaceae

Edible when young

Used as stomach tonic and food

Pathogenic and Saprobic

PHM-13

AJK

Present study

124

S. crispa (Wulfen) Fr

Sparassidaceae

Edible/medicinal

Consumed as food/medicinal

Pathogenic and saprobic

PHM-14

Pakistan

[70]

125

Tricholoma portentosum (Fr.) Quel

Tricholomataceae

Edible and medicinal

Consumed as food

On Coniferous woods and oaks

ND22

AJK

Present study

126

Volvopluteus gloiocephalus (DC.) Vizzini, Contu & Justo

Pleurotaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic, growing aggregates in gardens, lawns, woodchips, etc.

ND-27

AJK/KPK

[72]

127

Volvariella volvaceae (Bull.) Singer

Pleurotaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic, growing in woodchips

SG-07

AJK/KPK

[72]

128

V. bombycina (Schaeff.) Singer

Pleurotaceae

Edible

Consumed as food

Saprobic, growing in woodchips

CHK-02

AJK/KPK

[72]

129

Verpa bohemica (Krombh.) J. Schroet

Helvellaceae

Conditionally edible

Consumed as food

Mycorrhizal. Found under hardwoods and conifers in early spring

PC-01

Neelum AJK

Present study

130

V. conica (O.F. Müll.) Sw

Helvellaceae

Conditionally edible

Consumed as food

Mycorrhizal. Found under hardwoods and conifers in early spring

CHK-02

Neelum AJK

Present study

131

Xerocomellus chrysenteron (Bull.) Å utara

Boletaceae

Edible

Food

Mycorrhizal with oaks and conifers

CHK-03

AJK

Present study