Traditional knowledge of plants used in hunting and fishing practices among Baka hunter-gatherers of eastern Cameroon

Fongnzossie, Evariste Fedoung; Ngansop, Marlène Tounkam; Oishi, Takanori; Biwole, Achille Bernard; Biye, Elvire Hortense; Ichikawa, Mitsuo

doi:10.1186/s13002-022-00571-3

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 List of recorded plant species used by Baka hunter-gatherers in hunting practices

From: Traditional knowledge of plants used in hunting and fishing practices among Baka hunter-gatherers of eastern Cameroon

Scientific name	Familly	Vernacular name (in Baka)	Voucher number	Part used	Usage	Frequency of citation
Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman	Rutaceae	Bolongo, Ntawolo, Apouo'o, Njo'o	Nana P. 36	Stem, leaves	Stems are used as fish poison and leaves are used to bring luck	7.85
Greenwayodendron suaveolens (Engl. & Diels) Verdc	Annonaceae	Botounga	de Wilde J.J.F.E. 7940	Stem, bark	Barks are used to bring luck and to attract animals, stems are used as trap lever, to attract animals and to bring luck	7.74
Microcos coriacea (Mast.) Burret	Malvaceae	Bokou	Webb J. 05	Fruit, bark	Fruits and barks are used as fish poison	6.14
Rattan	Arecaceae	kpongo	Raynal J. 10,548	Stem	Stems are used to make baskets to carry catches and to make lobster pot	4.89
Drypetes sp.	Putranjivaceae	Kpwasso'o	Letouzey R. 12,210	Leaves, stem	Leaves are used to increase dog’s hunting performance or to bring luck, stems are used as trap lever	3.75
Microdesmis puberula Hook.f. ex Planch	Pandaceae	Pipi/Fifi	Lejoly J. 899	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	3.64
Desbordesia glaucescens (Engl.) Tiegh	Irvingiaceae	Solia	Nkongmeneck B.-A. 392	Bark, stem	Barks used to bring luck, attract animals or get courage, stems used as trap lever	2.84
Ataenidia conferta (Benth.) Milne-Redh	Marantaceae	Boboko	Breteler F.J. 789	Leaves	Use in chasing water during dam fishing	2.73
Diospyros hoyleana F.White	Ebenaceae	Bokembé	Letouzey R.573	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever, Barks use to have courage and to become invisible, stem used to make spear	2.62
Massularia acuminata (G.Don) Bullock ex Hoyle	Rubiaceae	Mindo	Thomas D.W. 6939	Stem, leaves	Stems used as trap lever; leaves used to increase dog’s hunting performance	2.05
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson	Acanthaceae	Apouo'o	Thomas D.W. 6769	Leaves	Leaves are used as fish poison	1.82
Haumania danckelmaniana (J.Braun & K.Schum.) Milne-Redh	Marantaceae	Kpwasele	Letouzey R. 3652	Leaves, stem	Leaves and stems are used to bring luck, stems are also used as trap lever and to attract animals, leaves are used in chasing water during dam fishing and to give drug to dog's	1.71
Heisteria zimmereri Engl	Olacaceae	Molomba, Modobalomba		Stem, bark	Stems are use as trap lever; bark are used to bring luck	1.59
Landolphia heudelotii A.DC	Apocynaceae	Mokendjo	Breteler F.J. 2158	Leaves, stem, fruit	Leaves are used to get courage, Stems are used to make spear, fruits are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	1.59
Sloetiopsis usambarensis Engl	Moraceae	Ndoundoun	Cheek M. 8846	Stem, root, bark and leaves	Stems and roots are used as trap lever, barks are used to bring luck, leave are used to get courage	1.48
Anonidium mannii (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels	Annonaceae	Gbwé	Thomas D.W. 7641	Bark, leaves	Barks are used to be invisible; leave are used to attract animals	1.37
Brenania brieyi (De Wild.) E.M.A.Petit	Rubiaceae	Molondjo	Thomas D.W. 8743	Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	1.37
Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan	Fabaceae	Mbanda	Sonké B. 999	Stem, bark	Stems and barks are used to bring luck, to increase dog's hunting performance, to avoid to meet ferocious animals and as fish poison	1.37
Tabernaemontana crassa Benth	Apocynaceae	Pandor	Thomas D.W. 7575	Stem, bark, leaves	Stems are used to attract animals, Barks and leaves are used to bring luck	1.37
Alchornea floribunda Müll.Arg	Euphorbiaceae	Yando	Nemba 104	Root, leaves, stem	Root and stem are used to bring luck, leaves are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	1.02
Baillonella toxisperma Pierre	Sapotaceae	Mabé	Letouzey R. 2805	Stem, fruit pulp, bark	Stems are used to make gun and to become invisible, fruit pulps are used as fish poison and barks are used to attract animals	1.02
Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill	Apocynaceae	Nea	Onana J.-M. 115	Bark, sap	Barks and saps are used as spear poison	0.91
Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels	Combretaceae	Ngoulou	Thomas D.W. 6065	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.91
Xylopia sp.	Annonaceae	Koulou, Mpoulou	Thomas D.W. 4878	Stem	Stems are used to become invisible, to bring chance and protection and as fish poison	0.91
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd	Fabaceae	Mpala	Letouzey R. 10,603	Leaves	Leaves are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.8
Annickia chlorantha (Oliv.) Setten & Maas	Annonaceae	Efoué	Endengle E. 87	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.8
Cylicodiscus gabunensis Harms	Fabaceae	bolouma	Letouzey R. 10,063	Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.8
Barteria nigritiana Hook.f	Passifloraceae	Fambo	Letouzey R. 12,458	Bark	Barks are used to have luck and to attract animals	0.68
Manniophyton fulvum Müll.Arg	Euphorbiaceae	Coussa		Leaves, stem	Leaves are used to have luck; stems are used to make baskets to carry catches	0.68
Rourea obliquifoliolata Gilg	Connaraceae	Mongassa	Koufani A. 32	Stem, bark	Stems are used to make spear and as trap lever, barks are used to get courage	0.68
Scleria boivinii Steud	Cyperaceae	Tiyéyé	Kaji M. 254	Stem, leaves, root	Stems, leaves and roots are used to bring luck	0.68
Alstonia boonei De Wild	Apocynaceae	Gouga	Nana P. 398	Sap,bark, stem	Saps are used to bring luck, barks are used to attract animals, young stems are used to make shaft	0.57
Cleistopholis glauca Pierre ex Engl. & Diels	Annonaceae	Molombo	Tamaki 79	Bark	Barks used as fish poison	0.57
Geophila cordifolia Miq	Rubiaceae	Djakelem	Letouzey R. 13,922	Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck	0.57
Klainedoxa gabonensis Pierre ex Engl	Irvingiaceae	Mongasa	Thomas D.W. 6761	Stem, bark	Stems are used to make spear; barks are used to have power	0.57
Leptactina congolana (Robbr.) De Block	Rubiaceae	Nyambanou	Manning S.D. 1044	Leaves	Leaves are used to become invisible	0.57
Triplochiton scleroxylon K.Schum	Malvaceae	Gwado	Mpom B. 245	Bark, leaves	Barks are used as spear poison and to bring luck, leaves are used to bring luck	0.57
Turraeanthus africanus (Welw. ex C.DC.) Pellegr	Meliaceae	Assama	Cheek M. 9048	Bark, leaves	Barks and leaves are used as fish poison	0.57
Albizia sp.		Esa'a	Villiers J.-F. 4750	Bark	Barks are used to attract animals	0.46
Capsicum frutescens L	Solanaceae	Alamba	Westphal 10,028	Root, fruit, stem	Roots are used to bring luck, stems are used to attract animals, fruits are used to take the animal out of the hole	0.46
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth	Rutaceae	Toukoussa	Letouzey R. 4350	Stem	Stems are used to bring luck/leaves are used to avoid to meet ferocious animals	0.46
Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & Diels	Annonaceae	Kiyo afane	Letouzey R. 10,523	Bark	Barks are used to get courage	0.46
Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill	Irvingiaceae	Péké	Letouzey R. 11,401	Bark, stem	Barks are used to attract animal; stems are used to make fishing rod	0.46
Myrianthus arboreus P.Beauv	Urticaceae	Ngata	Nana P. 368	Leaves	Leaves are used to attract animals	0.46
Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth	Fabaceae	Balaka	Leeuwenberg A.J.M. 9870	Stem, bark, fruit	Stems are used as trap lever; barks are use as fish poison and fruits are used to attract animals	0.46
Piptadeniastrum africanum (Hook.f.) Brenan	Fabaceae	Koungou	Nemba 122	Bark	Barks are used to bring luck and to increase dog's hunting performance	0.46
Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub	Fabaceae	Nguèlè	Bos 3272	Stem, bark	Barks are used to bring luck; stems are used as trap lever	0.46
Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Heckel	Euphorbiaceae	Gobo	Leeuwenberg A.J.M. 5970	Bark	Barks are used to attract animals and to bring luck in fishing	0.46
Strombosia pustulata Oliv	Olacaceae	Bobongo	de Wilde J.J.F.E. 8218	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.46
Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub	Fabaceae	Djaga	Mpom B.15	Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.46
Anopyxis klaineana (Pierre) Engl	Rhizophoraceae	Eboma		Bark	Barks are used to attract animals and to have luck	0.45
Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr	Huaceae	Nguimba	Letouzey R. 18,387	Bark	Barks are used like hunt poison	0.34
Bombax buonopozense P.Beauv	Malvaceae	Ntombi	Villiers J.-F. 703		Used to bring luck	0.34
Diospyros sp.	Ebenaceae	Bokembé	Thomas D.W. 7209	Stem	Stems used as trap lever, Barks use to have courage and to become invisible, stem used to make spear	0.34
Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sprague) Sprague	Meliaceae	Boyo	Breteler F.J. 2697	Stem	Stems are used to make gun	0.34
Lepidobotrys staudtii Engl	Lepidobotryaceae	Wassassa	Letouzey R. 3900	Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.34
Leptaspis zeylanica Nees ex Steud.//Leptaspis coclheata	Poaceae	Dingwélingwé	Jacques-Félix H. _&27	Leaves	Leaves are used to get courage,	0.34
Panda oleosa Pierre	Pandaceae	Kana	Letouzey R. 43,237	Bark, stem	Barks are used to attract animals; stems are used as trap lever	0.34
Psychotria cyanopharynx K.Schum	Rubiaceae	Mbongo	Letouzey R. 10,554	Leaves, fruit	Leaves are used to increase dog's hunting performance; fruits are used as fish poison	0.34
Strombosiopsis tetrandra Engl	Olacaceae	Bossiko	de Wilde J.J.F.E. 8250	Fruit, stem	Fruits are used to increase dog's hunting performance; stems are used as trap lever	0.34
Ficus platyphylla Delile	Moraceae	Ekom	Villiers J.-F. 1398	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.33
Bikinia letestui (Pellegr.) Wieringa	Fabaceae	Ngassa	Cheek M. 8823	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.23
Campylospermum elongatum (Oliv.) Tiegh	Ochnaceae	Kpwadjelé	Asonganyi J.N. 229	Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck and to attract animals	0.23
Celtis zenkeri Engl	Cannabaceae	Ngombé	Amshoff G.J.H. 6227	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.23
Diospyros crassiflora Hiern	Ebenaceae	Lémbé	Letouzey R. 4785	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.23
Entandrophragma utile (Dawe & Sprague) Sprague	Meliaceae	Gbwokoulou	Letouzey R. 12,017	Stem	Stems are used to make gun	0.23
Eremospatha wendlandiana Dammer ex Becc	Arecaceae	Nkao'o	Letouzey R. 4151	Stem	Stems are used to make lobster pot	0.23
Fire		Wa'a			Fires are used to take the animal out of the hole	0.23
Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild.) J.Léonard	Fabaceae	Bokou	Letouzey R. 1736	Fruit, bark	Fruits and barks are used as fish poison	0.23
Hylodendron gabunense Taub	Fabaceae	Lando'o	de Wilde J.J.F.E. 8214	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.23
Irvingia sp.	Irvingiaceae	Nto'o	Bullock S.H. 520	Bark	Barks are used to become invisible	0.23
Manihot esculenta Crantz	Euphorbiaceae	Boma	Westphal 8933	Tuber	Tubers are used to increase dog's hunting performance	0.23
Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla	Fabaceae	Nkenkeguili	Westphal 9836	Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck	0.23
Musanga cecropioides R.Br. ex Tedlie	Urticaceae	Kombo	Leeuwenberg A.J.M. 6713	Bark	Barks are used to bring luck	0.23
Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen	Fabaceae	Mobaye	Letouzey R. 12,099	Bark	Barks are used to get courage	0.23
Pollia condensata C.B.Clarke	Commelinaceae	Salabimbi	Kengué 11	Leaves, stem	Leaves and stems are used to bring luck	0.23
Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb	Myristicaceae	Etingue	Letouzey R. 178	Bark	Barks are used to attract animals	0.23
Terminalia sp.	Combretaceae	Ngindi	Nana P. 400	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.23
Triplophyllum protensum (Sw.) Holttum	Tectariaceae	Ndélé, Edélé		Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck	0.23
Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms	Passifloraceae	Poulou	Letouzey R. 9250	Stem	Stems are used to bring luck	0.11
Aframomum sp.	Zingiberaceae	Nji'i	Thomas D.W. 3054	Leaves	Leaves are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.11
Anthocleista schweinfurthii Gilg	Gentianaceae	Eba	Bos 5686	Bark	Barks are used to bring luck	0.11
Capsicum sp.	Solanaceae	Alamba	Westphal 9884	Root, fruit, stem	Roots are used to bring luck, stems are used to attract animals, fruits are used to take the animal out of the hole	0.11
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn	Malvaceae	Baoba	Bamps P.R.J. 1448	Bark	Barks are used to bring luck	0.11
Celtis adolfi-friderici Engl	Cannabaceae	Kakala	Breteler F.J. 2456	Bark	Barks are used to bring luck	0.11
Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl	Malvaceae	Bolouga	Nkongmeneck B.-A. 106	Fruit	Fruits are used to get courage	0.11
Cordia africana Lam	Boraginaceae	Mbabi	Satabié B. 173	Bark	Barks are used to become invisible	0.11
Coula edulis Baill	Olacaceae	Npkombo	de Wilde J.J.F.E. 8218	Stem, bark	Stems are used to stop water during dam fishing, barks are used to bring luck and to get courage	0.11
Detarium macrocarpum Harms	Fabaceae	Mili	Biholong M. 50	Fruit	Fruits are used as fish poison	0.11
Distemonanthus benthamianus		Sele	de Wilde J.J.F.E. 7969		Used to become invisible	0.11
Drypetes gossweileri S.Moore	Putranjivaceae	Ebomaka	Letouzey R. 4423	Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck	0.11
Elaeis guineensis Jacq	Arecaceae	Bila		Fruit	Fruits are used to bring luck	0.11
Entandrophra sp.	Meliaceae	Eboyo	Nemba 481	Leaves	Leaves are used to increase dog's hunting performance	0.11
Gambeya africana (A.DC.) Pierre	Sapotaceae	Sasagoulou	Letouzey R. 9282	Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck	0.11
Hunteria umbellata (K.Schum.) Hallier f	Apocynaceae	Mototoko	de Wilde J.J.F.E. 8371	Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.11
Hypselodelphys zenkeriana (K.Schum.) Milne-Redh	Marantaceae	Ligombe	Breteler F.J. 1043	Root	Roots are used to bring luck	0.11
Leplaea cedrata (A.Chev.) E.J.M.Koenen & J.J.de Wilde	Meliaceae	Mbegna	Mpom B. 24	Bark	Barks are used to get courage	0.11
Lonchitis hirsuta L	Lonchitidaceae	Gobouma		Bark	Barks are used to attract animals	0.11
Maesopsis eminii Engl	Rhamnaceae	Kanga		Bark	Barks are used to bring luck	0.11
Mangifera indica L	Anacardiaceae	Manguier	Mpom B. 22	Root	Roots are used to increase dog's hunting performance	0.11
Maranthes glabra (Oliv.) Prance	Chrysobalanaceae	Mbokandja	de Wilde W.J.J.O. 2652	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever and to make spear	0.11
Meiocarpidium oliverianum (Baill.) D.M.Johnson & N.A.Murray	Annonaceae	Mabelengue	Letouzey R. 10,153	Stem	Stems are used to make spear	0.11
Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg	Moraceae	Bangui	Thomas D.W. 6869	Bark	Barks are used to bring luck	0.11
Morelia senegalensis A.Rich. ex DC	Rubiaceae	Edjé	Letouzey R. 2886	Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.11
Musa sp.	Musaceae	Moundédé	Raynal J. 10,776	Fruit	Fruits are used to attract animals	0.11
Nicotiana tabacum L	Solanaceae	Ndako	Swarbrick 213	Leaves	Leaves are used to attract animals	0.11
Omphalocarpum sp.	Sapotaceae	Ngwadjala	Thomas D.W. 7917	Leaves	Leaves are used to get courage	0.11
Pauridiantha pyramidata (K.Krause) Bremek	Rubiaceae	Ngwa'a	Letouzey R. 1696	Leaves	Leaves are used as fish poison	0.11
Persea americana Mill	Lauraceae	Avocatier	Ekema 09	Leaves	Leaves are used to have luck	0.11
Piper umbellatum L	Piperaceae	Mbebelembe	Nkongmeneck B.-A. 877	Stem	Stems are used to make fire	0.11
Raphia sp.	Arecaceae		Letouzey R. 15,260	Stem	Stems are used to make baskets to carry catches and to make lobster pot	0.11
Santiria trimera (Oliv.) Aubrév	Burseraceae	Ebaba, Libaba	Letouzey R. 4684	Bark	Barks are used to bring luck and to increase dog's hunting performance	0.11
Scottellia klaineana Pierre	Achariaceae	Kpwomboseko	Letouzey R. 5057	Bark	Barks are used to have luck	0.11
Sida rhombifolia L	Malvaceae	Ntadanda	Breteler F.J. 278	Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck	0.11
Sterculia oblonga Mast	Malvaceae	Mboyo	Thomas D.W. 4945	Bark	Barks are used to bring luck	0.11
Trichosypha sp.	Anacardiaceae	Ngoyo'o	Nemba 15	Bark	Barks are used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Adama		Bark	Barks are used as fish poison	0.68
Not identified		Molombi		Root, bark, stem, leaves	Roots, barks, stems and leaves are used to become invisible	0.68
Not identified	Marantaceae	Gwasa'a	Lowe J. 3107	Leave	Leaves are used for chasing water during dam fishing and for packaging products	0.34
Not identified		Mentem		Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.34
Not identified		Gbwo		Fruit	Fruits are used to increase dog's performance	0.23
Not identified		Meningoumbe		Stem	Stems are used to make lobster pot	0.23
Not identified		Alokou		Bark, leave	Barks and leaves are used as fish poison	0.23
Not identified		Moloundou		Bark	Barks are used to increase dog' hunting performance and to get courage	0.23
Not identified		Ngalé		Bark	Barks are used as fish poison	0.23
Not identified		Mindoundoun		Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.23
Not identified		Djouendjel		Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.11
Not identified		Etoa		Stem	Stems are used as fish poison	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 1			Used to get courage	0.11
Not identified		Mapembey		Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Npossa		Leave	Leaves are used as container	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 2			Used to make baskets to carry catches	0.11
Not identified		Bokobogwamé		Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 3		Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.11
Not identified		Kouma			Used to become invisible	0.11
Not identified		Gkouelo		Stem	Stems are used to make spear	0.11
Not identified		Gwandjaka		Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Gwi		Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.11
Not identified		Kouogouo		Stem	Stems are used to make lobster pot	0.11
Not identified		Kpobala		Leaves	Leaves are used to increase dog's hunting performance	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 4			Used to increase dog's hunting performance	0.11
Not identified		Adia		Leaves	Leaves are used to increase dog's hunting performance	0.11
Not identified		Lo'o		Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.11
Not identified		Ma'a		Stem	Stems are used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Messini		Bark	Barks are used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Metonga		Bark	Barks are used to become invisible	0.11
Not identified		Moboumso		Stem	Stems are used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Mokope		Bark	Barks are used to get courage	0.11
Not identified		Mongola		Stem	Stems are used to take animals out of the hole	0.11
Not identified		Mototombo		Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.11
Not identified		Nkenkeguili		Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Bekesso		Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.11
Not identified		Npoh		Bark	Barks are used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Nto'o		Bark	Barks are used to become invisible	0.11
Not identified		Simbo		Stem	Stems are used to become invisible	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 5		Stem	Stems are used as trap lever	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 6		Stem	Stems are used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 7			Used as fish poison	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 8			Used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 9			Used to get courage	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 10			Used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 11			Used to get courage	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 12			Used to make lobster pot	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 13			Used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Bolombi			Used to become invisible	0.11
Not identified		Eke		Stem	Stems are used to make baskets to carry catches	0.11
Not identified		Gwabotouga		Leaves	Leaves are used to bring luck	0.11
Not identified		Ngokele		Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.11
Not identified		Eloukou		Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.11
Not identified		Gomabolo		Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 14			Used to make baskets to carry catches	0.11
Not identified		Mbaté		Bark	Barks are used to attract animals	0.11
Not identified		Molondo		Bark	Barks are used to increase dog’s hunting performance	0.11
Not identified		Njombo		Bark	Barks are used to get courage	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 15			Used to increase dog's hunting performance	0.11
Not identified		Ethnospecies 16			Used to get courage	0.11

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