An ethnobotanical study on the Chuanqing People of China based on an herbal market survey at the Dragon Boat Festival

Background: The Chuanqing ( (cid:0)(cid:0)(cid:0) ) are an ethnic group native to the Guizhou Province of China, with a unique culture and rich knowledge of traditional medicinal plants. The herbal market at the Dragon Boat Festival (DBF) plays an important role in the inheritance of traditional medicinal knowledge among the Chuanqing. This study aims to record the prole of medicinal plants of the Chuanqing, discuss the dilemmas faced by its inheritance and propose strategies. Such information is important for the inheritance and protection of the Chuanqing’s traditional medical knowledge. Methods: Data were collected through key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews and free listing. The collected voucher specimens were identied and deposited in the herbarium. The medicinal plants were compared with the Information System of Chinese Rare and Endangered Plants of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results were compared with those of the pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China (ChP) and the Quality Standard of TCM, and National Medicine in Guizhou Province (QSG) and traditional medicines of Southeast Asian countries. Data were analyzed with use-value (UV) and cultural importance index (CI) values. Results: A total of 102 species from 53 families and 92 genera were recorded, with Orchidaceae and Asparagaceae (6 species each), Berberidaceae and Asteraceae (5 species each) as the predominant families. Whole plant (36%) was the most common medicinal part. Decoction (44%) was the most common preparation method. Seventy-one investigated human ailments were grouped into 12 categories. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system (34 mentions) were the most frequently mentioned in this study. Moreover, the most frequently used taxon was Hedera sinensis (Tobler) Hand.-Mazz. (UV and CI=0.29). A total of 9 medicinal plants were recorded in the Information System of Chinese Rare and Endangered Plants of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Chuanqing’s medicine had high similarity with ChP and QSG. While it had a high similarity in preparation method, and low similarity in medicinal parts, plant families and disease treatments with traditional medicines in Southeast Asian countries. Conclusions: The traditional herbal market at the DBF is an important platform for communicating traditional medicinal plant knowledge of the Chuanqing. There are some differences and connections between the Chuanqing's medicine, Chinese traditional medicines, and traditional medicines in Southeast Asian countries. The Chuanqing's traditional medicine is facing many diculties in the inheritance and development. More scientic research and policies planning are needed to solve it. This study highlights the traditional medicinal knowledge of the Chuanqing, providing basic data for further research on and protection of minority medicine.


Background
In most developing countries, medicinal plants constitute the main materia medica for 70 to 95% of citizens [1][2][3]. Due to outdated medical facilities and unaffordable medical expenses, traditional medicinal plants have become the rst choice or supplement for medical alternatives in most developing countries [4,5]. And in developed countries, there are more and more people utilized them to treat diseases. With today's globalized development, traditional medicine keeps pace with the times, which is of great value in the protection of human health; for example, in 2015, Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for the discovery of artemisinin which was an extract from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Artemisia annua L.. In 2018, China's Tibetan medicinal bathing was listed as Intangible Cultural Heritage. To prevent COVID-19, the National Health Protection Commission of China had written the proprietary Chinese medicine Lianhua Qingwen Capsule and Qingfei Paidu Decoction into the guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment. All of these cases have shown the important role played by traditional medicine in modern society. Therfore, Chinese ethnic medicines have also attracted the attention of researchers [6][7][8][9][10][11].
Moreover, due to the value of medicinal plants are getting higher, the traditional market has been an important source of income to the citizen, and the herbal market at the Dragon Boat Festival (DBF) is one of cases. The herbs collected at the DBF are considered to be of higher quality than those collected at other times [12]. Therefore, people will take advantage of DBF to collect herbs for use and for sale. Additionally, in Southwest China, the DBF has become a peculiar opportunity for local farmers to exhibit and sell local medical resources. Meanwhile, it is also a communication platform for local medical knowledge and experience. The herbal market at the DBF of the Chuanqing in Guizhou is just such a typical case. Many studies about the traditional herbal markets have been made, such as the herbal markets in Hunan Province [13,14], Yunnan Province [15,16], and even in Africa and Europe [17,18].
The Chuanqing are a native ethnic group with a large population in China. They live mainly in Nayong County and Zhijin County of Guizhou Province [19]. According to the genetic relationship and formation, the Chuanqing is similar to the south Han, Miao, She and Tujia [20,21], it is a community with multiple ethnic groups. On the fth day of the fth month of the Chinese lunar calendar every year, the Chuanqing in Nayong County prepares a grand herbal market at the DBF. People trade herbs, share the experience of using herbs and treating diseases at the herbal market of the DBF. Therefore, it has become an integral part of the medical culture of the Chuanqing. This spontaneous traditional activity plays an important role in the inheritance and protection of local traditional medicinal knowledge and sustainable development. The study was conducted in Nayong County of Guizhou Province, China (105 ° 38 ′ 04 ″ E and 27 ° 05 ′ 54 ″ N) (Fig. 1). The area has a wide karst landform, which is the transition zone from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the Wumeng Mountain area. The elevation ranges from 1050 to 2476 m, and the average elevation is 1685 m. The mean annual temperature is 13.7 ℃, the mean sunshine duration is 1346.3 h, and the mean annual precipitation is 1203.0 mm. It experiences synchronization of rain and heat, giving it a subtropical monsoon climate. The vegetation is luxuriant, and the forest coverage rate is 47.05%.
According to o cial data, Nayong County is a vegetation transition zone and has a northern subtropical humid monsoon climate. The vegetation of the karst area is composed of evergreen broad-leaved forest, evergreen deciduous mixed forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest [22]. A total of 1857 plant species from 277 families and 772 genera, as well as 174 species of wild vertebrates from 56 families and 26 orders, have been recorded in Nayong County. Nayong County is rich in biodiversity, as it is surrounded by the provincial dove tree nature reserve, which includes rare animals and plants, such as Tetracentron sinense Oliv., Prionodon pardicolor Hodgson, and Tylototriton kweichowensis Fang and Chang [23,24]. This diversity is conducive to the survey of medicinal ethnobotany and specimen collection. The county is a multi-ethnic place located in the core area of the distribution of the Chuanqing. The traditional customs and habits of the Chuanqing are well preserved. The ethnic characteristics of traditional culture and medical knowledge are distinct and representative. Nayong is one of the key poverty-stricken counties receiving national poverty alleviation work in China, with an incidence of poverty of 6.04% [25].
The location of the herbal market at the DBF is centered on the Qianwanjia Agriculture Trade Fairs and extends to two streets, Xinjie Road and Gongmao Road in Nayong County. This survey was conducted from June 2018 to June 2019 at the DBF. In this survey, 52 informants were investigated, of whom 33 were males and 19 were females, aged from 25 to 80 years old, with an average age of 56 years. The sold medicinal materials included 1 to 25 kinds per informant, 90% of which were wild medicinal materials, mainly obtained through self-collection. Key informant interviews, semistructured interviews, and free listing were used to obtain information about the ages of the vendors, the names of the medicinal materials, the medicinal parts, the preparation methods, and the functions, indications, sources and collection methods of the medicinal materials (Appendix 1). After collecting the basic information, the medicinal materials were bought from the vendors and regarded as plant vouchers. Each exsiccata was identi ed by the Flora of China [26] and Flora of Guizhou [27]. The taxonomic identi cation of plant families and species followed the World Flora Online (http://www.world oraonline.org.) and was used to provide a uniform nomenclature after identi cation. All the voucher specimens were identi ed by Hongxiang Yin, Associate Professor of the Chengdu University of TCM and Yuxiang Shen, Associate Professor of Anshun College. The voucher specimens were preserved at the Specimen Center of Chengdu University of TCM (CDCM). At the same time, the collected plant information was compared with the pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China (ChP) [28] and the Quality Standard of TCM, and National Medicine in Guizhou Province (QSG) [29]. The protection status of the collected medicinal plants was identi ed by the Information System of Chinese Rare and Endangered Plants [30] of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Data analysis
The quantitative statistical indexes of ethnobotany were calculated by Microsoft Excel 2010, including use-value (UV) and cultural importance index (CI). According to the International Classi cation of Primary Care (ICPC-2, http://www.who.int/classi cation/icd/adaptations/icpc2/en/), 71 diseases of the Chuanqing in Nayong County were classi ed into 12 categories. The UV of a medical plant species, a quantitative parameter that demonstrates the relative importance of species known by local people, was also calculated as follows: where UP refers to the number of mentions per species by each informant and n is the total number of informants [31].
The cultural importance index (CI) was used to indicate the spread of the use (number of informants) of each species as well as to determine the diversity of uses.
where N is the total number of informants and NC is the total number of use categories. CI is the sum of the proportion of informants that mentioned each of the use categories for a given species. A higher CI value indicates more uses of a species [32].

Results
Age and gender structure of the mastery of medical knowledge According to the survey, the number of medicinal materials that were mastered by men was much higher than that mastered by women (Fig. 2). The data showed that 299 herbs were provided by men, while only 128 herbs were provided by women. The number of herbs provided by women was less than half of that provided by men. In addition, men aged 61-80 years provided the most medicinal materials, while men aged 21-40 years provided the least (Fig. 2). The number of medicinal materials provided by women aged 41-60 years was the most, and the number of medicinal materials provided by women aged 21-40 years was the least (Fig. 2). The knowledge of medicinal plants of the Chuanqing was mainly mastered by middle-aged and older males (aged from 41 to 80 years).
Taxonomic characteristics of the medicinal plants A total of 102 medicinal plant species belonging to 92 genera and 53 families were provided by the Chuanqing (Fig. 3). The dominant families of the Chuanqing's medicinal plants were Orchidaceae and Asparagaceae (6 species each), including species such as Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f., Reineckea carnea (Andrews) Kunth, and Asparagus licinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, followed by Berberidaceae and Asteraceae (5 species each), including species such as Senecio analogus DC. and Dysosma delavayi (Franch.) Hu., and Apocynaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, and Polygonaceae (4 species each). The remaining families were represented by 3 or fewer entities.

Functions and indications
According to the International Classi cation of Primary Care (ICPC-2, (https://www.who.int/classi cations/icd/adaptations/icpc2/en/), the herbs sold by the herbal market were used to treat 71 human ailments, which divided into 12 categories (Table 1). Most medicinal materials were used to treat diseases of the musculoskeletal system (34 mentions). This was followed by diseases of the digestive system (18 mentions), certain infectious and parasitic diseases (17 mentions), diseases of the urinary and genital system (16 mentions), diseases of the respiratory system (15 mentions). The remaining number of categories of aliments were represented by 1 to 5 mentions.   (Table  3). It showed that Leguminosae was the dominant family in the four countries, while Asparagaceae and Orchidaceae were the most commonly used families in the Chuanqing. Leaves were the most common medicinal part in Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, and roots and rhizomes were the most common medicinal part in Laos, while the whole plants were the most common medicinal part of the Chuanqing. The decoction was the most common preparation method among the traditional medicines of four countries and the Chuanqing. In terms of disease treatment, digestive system diseases were the most common in Thailand, Laos and Myanmar, while eye diseases were the most common in Laos, and musculoskeletal system diseases were the most common in the Chuanqing.

Discussion
The knowledge of traditional medicinal plants of the Chuanqing The traditional medicinal knowledge in the Chuanqing was mastered mainly by men aged 61-80 years (Fig. 2). According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2010, the illiteracy rate of men in the rural areas was 29%, and that of women was 71 %. Men who received higher education might learn more medicinal plant knowledge. Moreover, the family collaboration model in the local Chuanqing's areas was " men work outside and women stay home " [45], so men had more opportunities to identify and collect medicinal plants in the eld.
The main families of medicinal plants in the Chuanqing were the Orchidaceae and Asparagaceae families. As one of the typical karst areas in the world, Guizhou's unique geographical location and complex natural environment provided suitable conditions for wild orchids [46]. Moreover, Orchidaceae plants were widely used in TCM. There are 1,240 species of orchids in 171 genera in China, of which 343 species of 82 genera were used for medicinal purposes [47,48]. In addition, most plants in Asparagaceae, such as Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl., and Asparagus licinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don were used frequently because their thick root tubers were attractive to herb collectors. Moreover, the two plants were traditional Chinese herbal medicine widely used by Chinese Han people. Therefore, a large amount of TCM was used in the Chuanqing due to the Chuanqing had been in uenced by the traditional Chinese medical system for a long time.
Roots, rhizomes and tubers were frequently used as medicinal parts in TCM, more than one-fourth of the medicinal plants added in over 400 preparations were derived from roots and/or rhizomes [49]. Underground parts (the sum of roots, rhizomes, and root tubers) of the Chuanqing medicine accounted for 46%. Therefore, underground parts were frequently used. The whole plant (accounted for 36%) was a commonly used medicinal part because of the whole plant was easy to obtain and convenient for them to use by local people. In addition, local people had no systematic knowledge of drug use, so they did not usually subdivide medicinal parts to treat diseases.
Decoction (44%) was the most common preparation method for the Chuanqing. The decoction was the most commonly used TCM compound dosage form by traditional Chinese doctors, and it was also the longest and most widely used preparation in the history of China [50]. Therefore, the Chuanqing's medicine was affected by TCM, the decoction was also the most commonly used preparation method for the Chuanqing. Alcohol maceration was the second commonly preparation method (accounting for 19%).
Alcohol maceration was also a traditional Chinese medicinal preparation in China, with unique curative effect, convenient preparation and wide application [51]. So it was widely used. In addition, the Chuanqing also had some other special usages, such as making a soup with glutinous rice wine and steaming with eggs.
Most medicinal materials were used to treat diseases of the musculoskeletal system (34 mentions). According to statistics, the diseases with the fastest increase in hospitalization and expenses in 2015 were musculoskeletal diseases in China [52]. Moreover, people lived in humid climates and engaged in agriculture, which led to a variety of musculoskeletal systems diseases, such as rheumatism [53], In the long-term struggle with the natural environment and diseases, the Chuanqing made use of rich plant resources to treat diseases. In addition, they utilized places such as the herbal market at the DBF to constantly exchange traditional medicinal knowledge among the surrounding ethnic groups, and gradually formed a unique traditional medicinal knowledge system for the Chuanqing.
Comparison with ChP, the QSG and Southeast Asian medicines The existing studies on the Chuanqing showed that it was closely related to the Han and the local ethnic groups in Guizhou such as the Miao in their social culture [20,21,54] or medical research [55]. Eleven medicinal plants were also recorded in the ChP, the QSG and the Chuanqing's medicine coinstantaneously. The result indicated the diseases treated with medicinal plants by the Chuanqing were similar to those found in ChP, the QSG. For example, Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux was used to treat noxious sore and had the function of restoring yang for resuscitation, Tinospora sagittata Gagnep. was used to treat neck pain, laryngitis, dysentery, abdominal pain, and Ligusticum striatum DC. was used to relieve pain in ChP, QSG and the Chuanqing's medicine. However, the diseases treated with some medicinal plants of the Chuanqing were different from both ChP and QSG. For example, Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) Kitag. ex H.Hara was used to relieve pain in ChP and QSG, but it was used to treat gynaecopathy in the Chuanqing's medicine and some researchers found it could treat gynecological in ammation disease because of anti-in ammatory effects [56]. Gleditsia sinensis Lam. was used to treat osteodynia, arthralgia rather than psychiatric disorders in ChP and QSG, and some studies found its analgesic effects [57]. Lysionotus pauci orus Maxim. was rstly found to treat rheumatism, Paris polyphylla Sm was rstly found to treat cardiopathy. Sanguisorba o cinalis L. was rstly found to treat diarrhoea in the Chuanqing, and this function had been proved in the reports of being used to treat diarrhea of humans and livestock [58][59][60].
In general, after thousands of years of development, TCM had formed a mature theoretical system, such as " the theory of Four Qi and Five Flavors, the theory of Visceral Manifestation, and the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements". According to our survey, the Chuanqing's medicine was still in the stage of summarizing speci c knowledge and experience, such as circulated in form of rhymes.
Some studies showed many cross-border ethnic groups in Southeast Asia, such as Han and Miao [61,62], and there were also a large number of the Han and the Miao lived in the Chuanqing's living area [63]. Therefore, the Chuanqing and Southeast Asian countries may have a similarity in medicinal plants to a certain extent. Leguminosae was widely used in traditional medicines of the Southeast Asian countries, and Asparagiaceae and Orchidaceae were widely used by the Chuanqing. The reason for this difference was that Leguminosae was widely distributed in tropical ora and provided many medicinal species in these countries [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. The living area of Chuanqing people was a typical karst landform, with the most plants distributed in Asparagaceae and Orchidaceae [46][47][48]. Leaves were frequently used in Southeast Asian countries, because Southeast Asia had a subtropical rainforest climate and many evergreen plants grew up there, the leaves were abundant and easy to obtain. The Chuanqing's residential areas in Guizhou Province had a northern subtropical monsoon climate, with high altitude (1050 to 2476 m) and distinct four seasons. In autumn and winter, the whole plant and underground parts could be used without leaves. In Southeast Asian countries, the most common diseases treated by traditional plants were digestive system diseases. Some studies pointed out that it was mainly related to living conditions, living habits and health facilities. For example, in Southeast Asian countries, people who worked in agriculture and lived in poverty were prone to the diseases of digestive system, such as gastritis and diarrhea [33,38]. Moreover, alcoholism was also the reason for digestive system diseases [42]. The reasons why the Chuanqing's medicine mainly treat musculoskeletal diseases had been discussed above. Although Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Myanmar in Southeast Asia were different from the Chuanqing in dominant family, medicinal part and treatment of diseases, but the most common preparation method among them was decoction. Because the decocting was the most convenient and easy way. Therefore, the similarity between the Chuanqing's medicine and traditional medicine of South Asian countries was low.
The  [64]. Pu'er City of Yunnan Province promoted the local herbal market at the DBF as a "Baicao Gen Food and Cultural Tourism Festival" [16]. These examples provided the reference for inheriting and promoting the traditional medical culture of the Chuanqing.

Conclusions
This is the rst study to document the traditional medicinal knowledge of the Chuanqing in China. A total of 102 species from 53 families and 92 genera were recorded to treat 71 human aliments; these ailments were divided into 12 categories. Most medicinal materials were used to treat diseases of the musculoskeletal system (34 mentions

Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate The authors asked for permission from the local authorities and the people interviewed to carry out the study.

Consent for publication
The people interviewed were informed about the study's objectives and the eventual publication of the information gathered, and they were assured that the informants' identities would remain undisclosed.