Table 1 The usages of tar in the study area and from literatures in Turkey
Kind of usages | Usages in the study area/application type* | Usages in Turkey/application type*/[Literature] |
|---|---|---|
Ethnomedicinal (for human and animal) usages | - To cure Osteomyelitis/Ext. | -Antiseptic in both the respiratory and urinary tracts, dermatological diseases/Int., Ext./ [6] |
-Ear infection (otalgia)/Ext. | ||
-Skin wounds/Ext. | -Treatments for skin conditions, asthma, wounds, bronchitis, the common cold and cough/Ext., Int., Inf./ [18] | |
-Ulcer/Int. | ||
-Eczema/Ext. | ||
-Acne/Ext. | -Eczema, acne, alopecia, fungus, mange and psoriasis/Ext./ [24] | |
-Alopecia/Ext. | ||
-Fungus/Ext. | -Common cold, diaphoretic, skin softener, pain reliever and muscle relaxant/Ext./ [26] | |
-To treat skin diseases such as mange on goats and sheep/Ext. | ||
-Foot-and-mouth disease of sheep and goats/Ext., Int. | -Antiseptic on dermatologic lesions and as a topical antifungal on the skin. Respiratory tract and urinary tract diseases/Ext., Int./ [27] | |
-Viral infections/Int., Ext. | -Oral antiseptic and for covering wounds/Int., Ext./ [28] | |
-To protect the digestive system from endoparasites/Int. | ||
-To cure wounds inflicted by wolves/Ext. | -To treat stomachaches in children and cracked hands and feet during the winter and for calluses/Int., Ext./ [29] | |
-Rolling into the feet to kill the bacteria Mycoplasma agalactiae causing a reduction in goat’s milk/Ext. | -To treat ulcers, ectodermal parasites, wounds, cuts, bruises, asthma and upper respiratory disease/Int., Ext./ [16, 31] | |
-To cure wounds, scars and purple spots created by Tabanus bovinus/Ext. | -To kill the bacteria Mycoplasma agalactiae causes a reduction in goat’s milk/Ext./ [26, 32] | |
-To cure for fluke disease in sheep/Int./ [33] | ||
-To kill the Varroa destructor parasite/Inf./ [34] | ||
Technical | -To prevent water leaks from wooden roofs/Ext. | -Coating on wooden products for houses and stables/Ext./ [16] |
-On boats, ships, and ropes as waterproofing and protection against fungi and aquatic animals/Ext./ [20] | ||
Repellent or insecticide | -Acts as a snake and rodent repellant/Inf. | -To repell ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, and horseflies, snake, mice, spides, and scorpion/Ext., Inf./ [16] |