Quantitative ethnomedicinal study of plants used in the skardu valley at high altitude of Karakoram-Himalayan range, Pakistan

Abida Bano; Mushtaq Ahmad; Taibi Ben Hadda; Abdul Saboor; Shazia Sultana; Muhammad Zafar; Muhammad Pukhtoon Zada Khan; Muhammad Arshad; Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf

doi:10.1186/1746-4269-10-43

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 Medicinal plants used to treat various diseases in Skardu valley

From: Quantitative ethnomedicinal study of plants used in the skardu valley at high altitude of Karakoram-Himalayan range, Pakistan

Family	Botanical name and voucher number	Local name	Life form	Parts used/ Formulation	Applications	Administration route	*FC	**RFC	***∑Ui	****UV
Alliaceae	Allium humile Kunth SK 103	Chung	Herb	Bulb infusion	Asthma/breathing problem	Oral	13	0.18	27	0.38
					Stomach disease
					Jaundice
					Cough, cold
Apiaceae	Carum carvi L. SK 104	Zera	Herb	Seed decoction	Gastric problems	Oral	21	0.29	45	0.63
					Sore throat
					Rheumatism
Apiaceae	Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. SK 105	Ghang	Herb	Leaves decoction	Leucoderma	Oral	14	0.19	29	0.40
Apiaceae	Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. SK 105	Ghang	Herb	Leaves decoction	Psoriasis	Oral	14	0.19	29	0.40
Asteraceae	Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. SK 108	Khampa	Subshrub	Flower infusion	Pneumonia	Oral	33	0.46	81	1.14
				Leaves decoction	Joints	Oral
				Root paste	Boils	Topical
Asteraceae	Cichorium intybus L. SK 109	Shantha	Herb	Root infusion	Fever	Oral	22	0.30	54	0.76
				Leaves juice	Release of gall stones	Oral
				Leaves juice	Gastrointestinal problems	Oral
Asteraceae	Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss SK 110	Sathing	Herb	Root decoction	Cardiac	Oral	7	0.09	9	0.12
				Leaves juice	Colic	Oral
				Root poultice	Fever	Topical
				Root poultice	Eruptions	Topical
Asteraceae	Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & B. L. Burtt. SK 111	Thliri	Herb	Leaves juice	Asthma/breathing problem	Oral	14	0.19	36	0.50
Asteraceae	Senecio chrysanthemoides DC. SK 112	Api mindoq	Herb	Leaves decoction	Sore throat	Oral	15	0.21	31	0.43
				Flower poultice	Wounds	Topical
				Root powder	Rheumatic pain	Topical
Asteraceae	Seriphidium brevifolium ( Wall. ex DC. ) Ling & Y.R.Ling SK 107	Bursay	Subshrub	Flower powder	Expel worms	Oral with water	27	0.38	63	0.88
Asteraceae	Tanacetum gracile Hook. f. & Thoms. SK 113	Serfo bursay	Herb	Leaves decoction	Intestinal worms	Oral	9	0.12	19	0.26
Asteraceae	Tanacetum gracile Hook. f. & Thoms. SK 113	Serfo bursay	Herb	Leaves powder	Obesity	Oral	9	0.12	19	0.26
Berberidaceae	Berberis vulgaris L. SK114	Shuturum	Shrub	Fruit juice	Sore throat	Oral	38	0.53	72	1.01
					Gastrointestinal pain
					Remove gall stone
Brassicaceae	Lepidium latifolium L. SK 115	Chunma	Herb	Leaves infusion	Liver disease	Oral	10	0.14	23	0.32
				Root powder	Kidney disease	Oral with water
				Root powder	Stomachache	Oral with water
Campanulaceae	Codonopsis clematidae C.B. Clarke SK 116	Bajo mindoq	Herb	Flower infusion	Stress relief	Oral	11	0.15	27	0.38
Campanulaceae	Codonopsis clematidae C.B. Clarke SK 116	Bajo mindoq	Herb	Flower infusion	Memory retention	Oral	11	0.15	27	0.38
Capparidaceae	Capparis spinosa L. SK 117	Shorot	Shrub	Fruit juice	Joint pain	Oral	24	0.33	104	1.46
					Diuretic
					Dropsy
				Root decoction	Anemia	Oral
				Root decoction	Kidney disinfectants	Oral
Chenopodiaceae	Chenopodium album L. SK 118	Snew	Herb	Leaves infusion	Rheumatism	Oral	17	0.23	32	0.45
				Leaves poultice	Swollen feet	Topical
					Sunstroke
					Sunburn
					Freckles
Chenopodiaceae	Chenopodium botrys L. SK 119	Khama	Herb	Whole plant infusion	Stomachache	Oral	18	0.25	17	0.23
					Liver complaints
					Headache
					Laxative
					Diuretic
Crassulaceae	Rhodiola imbricata Edgew. SK 120	Chundol	Herb	Root powder	Cough, fever	Oral with milk	11	0.15	38	0.53
					Headache
					Anemia
Cupressaceae	Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. SK 121	Hlashuk	Shrub	Fruit juice	Remove kidney stone	Oral	37	0.52	66	0.92
					Rheumatism
					Respiratory disorders backache
Elaeagnaceae	Hippophae rhamnoides L. SK 122	Choq	Shrub	Fruit juice	Cough	Oral	65	0.91	117	1.64
					Arthritic pain
					Burns
					Eczema
Ephedraceae	Ephedra gerardiana Wall. SK 123	Chay	Shrub	Stem decoction	Rheumatism	Oral	31	0.43	98	1.38
Ephedraceae	Ephedra gerardiana Wall. SK 123	Chay	Shrub	Stem decoction	Rheumatism	Oral	31	0.43	98	1.38
				Stem decoction	Syphilis	Oral
				Fruit juice	Respiratory disorders	Oral
					Asthma/breathing problem
					Tonic
Gentianaceae	Swertia petiolata Royle SK 124	Brama	Herb	Root paste	Opthalmia	Topical	15	0.21	33	0.46
				Leaves decoction	Scleritis	Oral
					Stomach Inflammation
					Liver tonic
Gentianaceae	Gentiana olivieri Griseb. SK 125	Tikta	Herb	Fresh leaf	Diabetes	Oral	22	0.30	16	0.22
Geraniaceae	Geranium nepalense Sweet SK 126	Bamik	Herb	Fruit juice	Renal disease	Oral	44	0.61	43	0.60
				Root poultice	Rheumatic pain	Topical
					Toothache
					Wounds
					Cuts
Lamiaceae	Dracocephalum nuristanicum Rech. f. & Edelb. SK 106	Shamdun	Herb	Seed infusion	Gastrointestinal disorders	Oral	41	0.57	74	1.04
Lamiaceae	Mentha royleana Wall. ex Benth SK 127	Foling	Herb	Leaves infusion	Dysentery	Oral	26	0.36	41	0.57
Lamiaceae	Mentha royleana Wall. ex Benth SK 127	Foling	Herb	Leaves infusion	Abdominal pain	Oral	26	0.36	41	0.57
Lamiaceae	Perovskia abrotanoides Kar. SK 128	Faring bursay	Subshrub	Flower infusion	Expel worms	Oral	45	0.63	69	0.97
					Leishmaniasis
					Rheumatic pain
					Tonic
Lamiaceae	Nepeta leucolaena Benth. ex Hook.f. K 129	Askuta	Herb	Leaves decoction	Stomach problem	Oral	40	0.56	53	0.74
Lamiaceae	Nepeta leucolaena Benth. ex Hook.f. K 129	Askuta	Herb	Leaves decoction	Constipation	Oral	40	0.56	53	0.74
Lamiaceae	Thymus linearis Benth. SK 130	Tumburu	Herb	Whole plant infusion	Pneumonia	Oral	42	0.59	57	0.80
					Cough, cold
					Respiratory disorders
Lamiaceae	Prunella vulgaris L. SK 131	Harswa	Herb	Leaves decoction	Stomachache	Oral	30	0.42	24	0.33
					Sore throat
					Diuretic
					Tonic
Ericaceae	Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don. SK 132	Chauman	Shrub	Leaves infusion	Cough, cold lung disorders	Oral	36	0.50	55	0.77
Ericaceae	Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don. SK 132	Chauman	Shrub	Flower juice	Inflammations	Oral	36	0.50	55	0.77
Onagraceae	Epilobium latifolium L. SK 133	Pondol	Herb	Flower paste	Itching pimples	Topical	37	0.52	28	0.39
				Leaves decoction	Skin problems	Oral
					Antidote
					Febrifuge
Papilionaceae	Astragalus psilocentros Fisch SK 134	Sokhrus	Subshrub	Root Leaves infusion	Teeth cleaning	Oral	51	0.71	81	1.14
Papilionaceae	Astragalus psilocentros Fisch SK 134	Sokhrus	Subshrub	Root Leaves infusion	Stomach problems	Oral	51	0.71	81	1.14
Papilionaceae	Sophora mollis Graham SK 135	Khakhul	Shrub	Seed paste	Hepatitis	Topical	61	0.85	90	1.26
Plantaginaceae	Plantago lanceolata L. SK 136	Sman hrswa	Herb	Flower infusion	Diarrhea	Oral	29	0.40	48	0.67
				Flower infusion	Dysentery	Oral
				Leaves decoction	Asthma/breathing problem	Oral
					Bronchitis
					Gastritis
Polygonaceae	Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don.) Greene SK 137	Onbu	Herb	Root infusion	Sore throat	Oral	21	0.29	24	0.33
					Laryngitis
					Tonic
Polygonaceae	Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. SK 138	Span harswa	Herb	Leaves decoction	Jaundice	Oral	27	0.38	21	0.29
					Dysentery
					Gastritis
Polygonaceae	Polygonum affine D. Don. SK 139	Strin mindoq	Herb	Root decoction	Lung disorder	Oral	23	0.32	38	0.53
				Flower infusion	Fever, flu	Oral
				Flower infusion	Expel worms	Oral
Polygonaceae	Rheum australe D. Don SK 140	Lachu	Herb	Leaves and stem infusion	Hepatitis B	Oral	22	0.30	34	0.47
					Appendicitis
					Dysentery
					Constipation
				Root poultice	Swellings	Topical
				Root poultice	Burns	Topical
Primulaceae	Primula denticulata Smith SK 141	Daoo	Herb	Leaves infusion	Diabetes	Oral	28	0.39	44	0.61
				Leaves infusion	Urinary ailments	Oral
				Root poultice	Opthalmia	Topical
				Root poultice	Wound healing	Topical
Ranunculaceae	Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf SK 142	Booma	Herb	Root decoction	Leprosy	Oral	34	0.47	48	0.67
					Asthma/breathing problem
					Snake bite
					Antidote febrifuge
Ranunculaceae	Caltha alba Jacquemc SK 143	Pilling	Herb	Root paste	Toothache	Topical	32	0.45	40	0.56
Ranunculaceae	Caltha alba Jacquemc SK 143	Pilling	Herb	Root paste	Muscular pain	Topical	32	0.45	40	0.56
Ranunculaceae	Delphinium brunonianum Royle SK 144	Makhoting	Herb	Aerial parts infusion	Pneumonia	Oral	38	0.53	49	0.69
					Headache
					Stomachache
				Seed poultice	Healing of injuries	Topical
Rosaceae	Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm. var. atrosanguinea ( G.Lodd. ) Hook.f. SK 145	Serfo harswa	Herb	Whole plant paste	Wounds	Topical	16	0.22	18	0.25
Rosaceae	Potentilla bifurca L. SK 146	Tarqan	Herb	Flower infusion	Diarrhea	Oral	39	0.54	26	0.36
Rosaceae	Potentilla salesoviana Steph. SK 152	Karfo mindoq	Herb	Flower infusion	Stomachache	Oral	10	0.14	17	0.23
					Fever
					Cough, cold
Rosaceae	Rosa brunonii Lindl. SK 147	Siya	Shrub	Bark infusion	Blood purification	Oral	63	0.88	105	1.47
Saxifragaceae	Bergenia stracheyi (Hook. f. & Thorns.) Engl. SK 148	Khichlay	Herb	Leaves infusion	Stomachache	Oral	44	0.61	52	0.73
				Leaves infusion	Diuretic	Oral
				Root poultice	Tonic	Topical
					Opthalmia
					Wounds, cuts
Saxifragaceae	Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. SK 149	Shaphus	Herb	Leaves juice	Diarrhea	Oral	41	0.57	35	0.49
				Leaves juice	Asthma/breathing problem	Oral
				Seed paste	Urinary problems	Topical
					Opthalmia
					Boils
Scrophulariaceae	Pedicularis cheilanthifolia Schrenk SK 150	Serfo spanthing	Herb	Leaves decoction	Stomachache	Oral	14	0.19	26	0.36
Scrophulariaceae	Pedicularis cheilanthifolia Schrenk SK 150	Serfo spanthing	Herb	Leaves decoction	Tonic	Oral	14	0.19	26	0.36
Scrophulariaceae	Pedicularis pectinatiformis Bonati SK 151	Sunpo spanthing	Herb	Leaves infusion	Body ache	Oral	12	0.16	15	0.21
Scrophulariaceae	Pedicularis pectinatiformis Bonati SK 151	Sunpo spanthing	Herb	Leaves infusion	Sedative	Oral	12	0.16	15	0.21

*FC = Frequency citation, **RFC = Relative frequency of citation, ***∑Ui = sum of all uses mentioned by each informant for a species, ****UV = Use values.

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