Table 3 Medical use of plants to heal malaria in Calabria, mentioned by historical sources used for the research.

Adoxaceae

Sambucus nigra L.

To cure dropsy

To cure dropsy

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure dropsy

(Naturalis Historia XXIV, 52)

(De Materia Medica IV, 172)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XIII, 244)

(Liber Medicinalis XXVI, 498)

[13]

[16]

[21]

[22]

Alliaceae

Allium cepa L.

To cure dropsy

(De Materia Medica II, 181)

[16]

Allium sativum L.

To cure quartain fevers

To cure quartain fevers

(Naturalis Historia XX, 23)

(Liber Medicinalis XLIX, 899)

[15]

[22]

Apocynaceae

Nerium oleander L.

Asteraceae

Achillea millefolium L.

Artemisia absinthium L.

To cure hepato-spleenomegaly

To cure dropsy and spleenomegaly

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure quartain fevers

(Naturalis Historia XXVII, 28)

(De Materia Medica III, 23)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XIII, 240)

(Liber Medicinalis XLIX, 903)

[15]

[16]

[21]

[22]

Centaurea benedicta (L.) L.

Centaurea centaurium L.

To cure fevers

To cure fevers

(De Materia Medica III, 6)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 19)

[16]

[20]

Matricaria chamomilla L.

To cure fevers

(De Materia Medica III, 144)

[16]

Boraginaceae

Borago officinalis L.

Heliotropium europaeum L.

To cure quartain fevers

To cure tertian and quartain fevers

(Naturalis Historia XX, 29)

(De Materia Medica IV, 190)

[15]

[16]

Capparaceae

Capparis spinosa L.

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure spleenomegaly

To purge; To cure spleenomegaly and dropsy

(Naturalis Historia XX, 59)

(De Materia Medica II, 204)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 9)

[15]

[16]

[20]

Cactaceae

Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.**

Cucurbitaceae

Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.**

To cure dropsy

To cure jaundice

(De Materia Medica IV, 154)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 122)

[16]

[20]

Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott.

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure dropsy

(De Materia Medica IV, 158)

(Liber Medicinalis XVI, 511)

[16]

[22]

Euphorbiaceae

Ricinus communis L.

To purge; To cure dropsy

To purge

(De Materia Medica IV, 141)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 26)

[16]

[20]

Fabaceae

Lupinus albus L.

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure spleenomegaly

(Naturalis Historia XXII, 74)

(De Materia Medica II, 132)

[15]

[16]

Fagaceae

Quercus spp.

To expel urine

(De Materia Medica I, 143)

[16]

Gentianaceae

Erythraea centaurium (L.) Borkh.

To cure dropsy

To cure spleenomegaly

(De Materia Medica III, 7)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 20)

[16]

[20]

Gentiana lutea L.

To cure hepatomegaly

(De Materia Medica III, 3)

[16]

Juglandaceae

Juglans regia L.*

Hyacinthaceae

Urginea maritima (L.) Baker

To cure dropsy

To cure dropsy and jaundice

To cure hepato-spleenomegaly; To expel urine

(Naturalis Historia XX, 100)

(De Materia Medica II, 102)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XI, 746, 749)

[15]

[16]

[18]

Lamiaceae

Ajuga chamaepitys Guss.

To cure dropsy

To cure jaundice

To expel urine; To cure spleenomegaly

(Naturalis Historia XXIV, 30)

(De Materia Medica III, 175)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII 155; XIII, 240)

[13]

[16]

[20, 21]

Ballota nigra L.

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure hepato-splenomegaly

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 108)

(Liber Medicinalis XXII, 417)

[20]

[22]

Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi

To cure jaundice

To cure dropsy

To cure spleenomegaly and dropsy

(De Materia Medica III, 28)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XIII, 264)

(Liber Medicinalis XXII, 419; XVI, 504)

[16]

[21]

[22]

Hyssopus officinalis L.

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure dropsy and spleenomegaly

To cure dropsy

(Naturalis Historia XXVI, 48)

(De Materia Medica III, 28)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XIII, 263)

[13]

[16]

[21]

Rosmarinus officinalis L.

To cure hepato-splenomegaly

To cure jaundice

To cure jaundice

To cure hepato-splenomegaly

(Naturalis Historia XXIV, 59)

(De Materia Medica III, 89)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 60)

(Liber Medicinalis XXII, 408)

[13]

[16]

[20]

[22]

Salvia officinalis L.

To expel urine

To cure hepatomegaly

(De Materia Medica III, 35)

(Liber Medicinalis XXI, 381)

[16]

[22]

Teucrium chamaedrys L.

To cure spleenomegaly and dropsy

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure spleen; To expel urine

(Naturalis Historia XXIV, 131)

(De Materia Medica III, 102)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 153)

[13]

[16]

[20]

Lythraceae

Punica granatum L.

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus spp.

Oleaceae

Olea europaea L.

To expel urine

(De Materia Medica I, 141)

[16]

Papaveraceae

Chelidonium majus L.

To cure jaundice

To cure fevers

(De Materia Medica II, 211)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 156)

[16]

[20]

Fumaria officinalis L.

To expel urine

To expel urine

(De Materia Medica IV, 108)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 8)

[16]

[20]

Piperaceae

Piper nigrum L.

To cure periodical fevers

To cure quartain fevers

To cure hepatomegaly

(De Materia Medica II, 158)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XIV, 524)

(Liber Medicinalis XXI, 384)

[16]

[19]

[22]

Poaceae

Arundo donax L.

To cure dropsy

(Naturalis Historia XXIV, 50)

[13]

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

To expel urine

(Galeni Opera Omnia XI, 810)

[18]

Rosaceae

Prunus spinosa L.

Rutaceae

Citrus bergamia Risso

Citrus limonum Risso

Ruta spp.

To cure dropsy

To expel urine; to cure dropsy

(De Materia Medica III, 45)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 101; XIII, 257)

[16]

[20, 21]

Salicaceae

Salix spp.

Smilacaceae

Smilax aspera L.

Solanaceae

Solanum dulcamara L.

To expel urine

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 145)

[20]

Capsicum annuum L.

Capsicum annuum L. Var. acuminatum Fing.

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix spp.

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure spleenomegaly

To cure spleenomegaly

(Naturalis Historia XXIV, 61)

(De Materia Medica I, 116)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 80)

(Liber Medicinalis XXII, 408)

[15]

[16]

[20]

[22]

Urticaceae

Parietaria officinalis L.

Urtica dioica L., Urtica urens L.

To cure spleenomegaly; to expel urine

To cure spleenomegaly

(Naturalis Historia XXII, 15)

(De Materia Medica IV, 102)

[15]

[16]

Valerianaceae

Valeriana officinalis L.

To cure jaundice

To expel urine

(De Materia Medica I, 6)

(Galeni Opera Omnia XII, 85)

[16]

[20]

Verbenaceae

Verbena officinalis L.

To cure fevers

To cure tertian and quartain fevers

(Naturalis Historia XXV, 59)

(De Materia Medica IV, 61)

[13]

[16]