Table 2 Plant species with their local names, part used and traditional medicinal uses

1

Achillea millefolium L.

Asteraceae

2840

Bans

Birangesif/Jarri

Whole plant

Less concentrated decoction mixed with milk is taken in stomach disorders and diarrhoea.

2

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.

Ranunculaceae

3250

Besal

Patris/Sarba vala

Rhizome

Pills of rhizome powder coated in local butter are used as aphrodisiac and general body tonic.

3

Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf

Ranunculaceae

3310

Serrian

Atees/Zahar

Paired roots

Powders are used in sciatica and as pain killer.

4

Actaea spicata L.

Rosaceae

3130

Lalazar

Beenakae

Root, berries

Berries are used as sedative; Extract is applied externally for the treatment of joint pains.

5

Adiantum venustum D. Don

Adiantaceae

3020

Upper Batakundi

Sumbal

Whole plant

Infusion is taken orally for lungs disorders.

6

Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb) Hook.

Hippocastanceae

2460

Damdama

Bankhore/Javaz

Fruit

Powder of the dried fruit is used in indigestion.

7

Allium humile Kunth.

Alliaceae

3570

Lalazar Peak

Jangali piaz

Whole plant

Fresh plant is taken as salad for gastrointestinal disorders and UTI.

8

Angelica glauca Edgew.

Apiaceae

3410

Lalazar

Chora chora

Dried roots

Powdered roots are taken with milk for gastrointestinal disorders.

9

Artemisia absinthium L

Asteraceae

2800

Lalazar

Chahu/Tarkha

Flowering tops

Crushed powders are used to enhance digestion as well as worm problems.

10

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Asteraceae

2630

Batakundi R. Station

Chahu/Javkey

young shoots

Extract of its young shoots is used to regulate monthly cycle.

11

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Asparagaceae

2770

Barrawae

Nanoor/Shalgvatey

Root & stem

Paste of powder is applied for wounds healing (Antiseptic); powders are taken orally to stimulates sexual desire and treat dysentery.

12

Berberis pseudoumbellata Parker

Berberidaceae

2900

Batakundi

Sumbal/Kvarey

Root, bark & fruit

Powder of roots bark is used in fever, backache, jaundice, and UTI. Fruit is considered as tonic.

13

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.

Saxifragaceae

2940

Upper Batakundi

But pewa/Zakhme hayat

Latex & Rhizome

Latex is applied externally for gum diseases and decoction of rhizome is used in kidney stones.

14

Bergenia strachyei (Hook. f. & Thoms) Engl

Saxifragaceae

3190

Such Peak

But pewa/Zakhme hayat

Rhizome, Latex

Latex is applied externally for gum diseases; Decoction of rhizome is used in kidney stones and for contraction of tissues.

15

Betula utilis D. Don

Betulaceae

3250

Such

Braj

Leaves, bark

Tea made up of young leaves is used as diuretic and joints pain; rarely used for gall bladder stone.

16

Bistorta affinis (D. Don) Green

Polygonaceae

3350

Lower Batakundi

Anjabar

Rhizome

Powders prepared from rhizome taken with milk in fever, body pains & muscles contraction.

17

Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don)

Polygonaceae

2680

Batakundi R. Station

Masloon

Rhizome

Powder mixed with little salt is used for sore throat, swelling of mouth and tongue.

18

Caltha alba Jack. ex Comb

Ranunculaceae

2960

Khora

Baringu

Roots & airial parts

Roots infusion is used as mouth wash; young shoots and leaves are cooked as vegetable for and considered as digestive.

19

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.

Brassicaceae

2540

Lower Batakundi

Chambraka

Aerial parts, seeds

Aerial parts are cooked and used in diarrhoea; Seeds powder is taken with water to cure high blood pressure.

20

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lamb.) G. Don

Pinaceae

2700

Naran

Diar/Ranzrra

oil

Oil are extracted from wood through burning and used to cure skin disorders.

21

Chenopodium album L.

Chenopodiaceae

2460

Naran

Sarmay

Leaves & shoots

Leaves and shoots are cooked and taken to expel worms also to promote evacuation of bowels and urine.

22

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC

Ranunculaceae

2820

Lalazar

Zelae

Flowers & Fruits

Flowers and fruits powder is taken for treating the diarrhoea & dysentery.

23

Colchicum luteum Baker

Colchicaceae

3230

Bans

Qaimat-guley/Suranjane talkh

Dried corms

Very small amount of powder is given by Hakims (specialist people) in local oils as aphrodisiac and in joint pains, spleen & liver diseases.

24

Convolulus arvensis L.

Convolulaceae

2940

Upper Batakundi

Sahar gulay

Roots

Powder is considered as purgative & used in evacuation of bowels.

25

Corydalis govaniana Wall.

Fumariaceae

3310

Damdama

Desi mamera

Whole plant

Juice o the plant is used as diuretic powders of flowers are used in treating eye diseases.

26

Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl

Rosaceae

2720

Dadar Nalah

Mamanna/Kharava

Leaves and shoots

Tea prepared from leaves is used to stop bleeding and peep.

27

Crataegus oxycantha L.

Rosaceae

2410

Naran

Tampasa

Fruits and flowers

Fruit and flowers are considered as heart tonic.

28

Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don

Orchidaceae

3050

Batakundi

Shakalkal

Rhizome

Powders are used by experts relieve spasm and as nerve stimulant

29

Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo

Orchidaceae

2760

Saifalmaluk Nalah

Salap

Tubers

Tubers powders are used by hakims as sex stimulant & nerve tonic.

30

Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.

Dioscoreaceae

2820

Damdama

Kirtha

Tubers

Tubers are crushed to powder form and uses as enhancer of excretion and worm expulsion; Also used in butter as tonic.

31

Dryopteris juxtapostia Christ

Pteridaceae

2910

Upper Batakundi

Kwanjay

Young shoots

Young shoots are cooked as pot herb and considered as digestive that help in evacuation of bowel more drastically.

32

Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf

Ephedraceae

2570

Batakundi R. Station

Ephedra

Whole plant

Powder of the crushed plant and some time its tea is used for TB, asthma, astringent, relaxation of bronchial muscles.

33

Equisetum arvense L.

Equisetaceae

2600

Batakundi R. Station

Nari/Bandakey

Aerial parts

Powder prepare from aerial parts are used for bone strengthening, hairs and nail development and weakness caused by TB.

34

Eremurus himalaicus Baker

Asphodelaceae

2700

Barrawae

Sheela

Young shoots

Young shoots are cooked and used as digestive.

35

Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f.

Euphorbiaceae

3250

Such

Arghamala/Shangla

Latex

Latex is extracted and mixed with milk in small amount and used against worms, to accelerate defecation, promotes circulation and bowel evacuation.

36

Euphrasia himalayica Wetts.

Lamiaceae

3170

Lalazar

Whole Plant

Local people cook and use it against cold, cough, sore throat

37

Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex Lacaita

Rosaceae

3200

Jalkhad

Katalmewa

Fruits

Juice of it is considered as anti diarrhoeal, anti dysenteric. Also used in diabetes and sexual diseases.

38

Fritillaria roylei Hook. f.

Liliaceae

2950

Dadar Nalah

Bulb

Powder of the dry bulb or in fresh form mixed with butter is used in UTI and to soften and soothe the skin.

39

Galium aparine L.

Rubiaceae

3110

Damdama

Goose grass

Whole plant

Its decoction is used in urinary tract infection.

40

Gentiana kurro Royle

Gentianaceae

3290

Dabukan

Linkath

Root

Powdered root is used in stomach-ache, as tonic and muscles contraction.

41

Gentiana moorcroftiana (Wall. ex G. Don) Airy Shaw

Gentianaceae

3050

Khora

Bhangara

Rhizome

Powder is used to stimulant appetite.

42

Gentianodes argentia Omer, Ali & Qaiser

Gentianaceae

3300

Saifalmaluk mountain

Linkathi

Root

Decoction is used in urinary problems.

43

Geranium nepalense Sweet.

Geraniaceae

3000

Lalazar

Lijaharri

Whole plant

Rhizome’s powder and decoction of aerial parts are used for the treatment of renal infections and as contraction of uterine muscles.

44

Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex. Sweet

Geraniaceae

2920

Barrawae

Lijaahari/Ratan jog/srazela

Rhizome

Boiled powder is used in high blood pressure, uterine diseases and stomach disorders. Also considered as tonic.

45

Hyoscyamus niger L.

Solanaceae

2730

Upper Batakundi

Khurasani ajwain

Leaves/seeds

Decoction extracted from boiled leaves in diluted form is used as sedative, and pain killer. Powders of the seeds are used to treat whooping cough.

46

Hypericum perforatum L.

Hypericaceae

2540

Naran

Balsana/Shin chae

Whole plnt

Tea prepared of young shoots is used in gastric disorders, respiratory and urinary difficulties. Roots powders are used in irregular menstruation.

47

Impatiens bicolor Royle

Balsaminaceae

2700

Lower Batakundi

Gule mehendi/Atraangey

Whole plant

Paste of leaves is used in joint pains. Extract of the plant is regarded as cooling agent and in speeding defecation.

48

Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brand

Papilionaceae

2680

Saifulmaluk Nalah

Kainthi/Ghvareja

Whole plant

Powder of the root bark and also is used in hepatitis, whooping cough. Its extract is used as dye for blackening of hairs.

49

Inula grandiflora Willd.

Asteraceae

2870

Upper Batakundi

Kuth

Rhizome

Both powdered and fresh rhizome is used in gastric disorders, in appetite and as diuretic

50

Iris hookeriana Foster

Iridaceae

3340

Besal

Gandechar

Rhizome

Minute amount of powder of dried rhizome is used as speeding defecation and urination and in gall bladder diseases.

51

Juglans regia L.

Juglandaceae

2450

Akhor/Ghuz

Fruits, bark

Nuts are believed to use as brain tonic, bark in toothache.

52

Juniperus communis L.

Juniperaceae

3550

Such

Gugarr/Bhentri

Berries

Berry powder is considered as enhancer of urination, gas expulsion and stimulant.

53

Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb

Juniperaceae

3460

Getidas

Gugarr

Fruits

Fruits are used as urinary, venereal, uterine and digestive troubles as well as gleets.

54

Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng.

Papilionaceae

2880

Dabukan

Gomma

Whole plant

Extraction of the plant is used to dispel fever and chills and also used in scabies, cough and cold.

55

Malva neglecta Wall.

Malvaceae

2620

Serrian

Sonchal/Panerak

Whole plant

As a local vegetable believed to relinquish bowel and treat dilated veins in swollen anal tissue.

56

Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson.

Lamiaceae

2480

Upper Batakundi

Safid Podina

Whole plant

Fresh leaves and shoots and also its powder are used in sauces with belief of gas expeller and anti diarrhoeal.

57

Mentha royleana Benth.

Lamiaceae

2590

Batakundi R. Station

Podina

Leaves

Mixed in green teas and are used in vomiting, as cooling agent and gas expeller.

58

Nepeta laevigata (D. Don) Hand.-Mazz.

Lamiaceae

2910

Dadar Nalah

Deijalbhanga/Peesho butay

Whole plant

Powders of the dried plant are used to cure cold, fever and headache.

59

Onosma bracteatum Wall.

Boraginaceae

2710

Jakhad

Gowzoban

Whole plant

Powders are taken with water as heart stimulant while decoction is used as anti dandruff.

60

Origanum vulgare L.

Lamiaceae

2800

Bans

Jangali majorum

Whole plant

Powder mixed with milk is taken in stomach-ache, antispasmodic. Also taken with milk as antimicrobial and flavouring agent.

61

Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill.

Polygonaceae

2940

Khora

Tarwakay

Aerial parts

Young leaves and aerial parts are used as source of vitamin C.

62

Oxytropis cachemiriana Camb.

Papilionaceae

3120

Batakundi

Rhizome

Rhizome of the plant is traditionally used as a tooth brush to prevent toothache.

63

Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle

Paeoniaceae

2730

Naran

Mamekh

Seeds & tubers

Paste prepared from seeds is used in rheumatism. Powdered rhizome is mixed with sweet dishes and used for the treatment of UTI and backache.

64

Parnassia nubicola Wall.

Parnassiaceae

3110

Lalazar

Whole plant

Whole plant is cooked as a vegetable (pot herb) and is exercised in digestive disorders.

65

Pimpinella diversifolia (Wall.) DC

Apiaceae

2800

Lower Batakundi

Tarpakhi/Watani kaga

Whole plant

Dried plant is crushed to powdered form and used for gas and bowel expulsion. Also used for flavour.

66

Pinus wallichiana Jackson

Pinaceae

2720

Lower Batakundi

Sraf

Resin, woods

Resin is considered as diaphoretic, also applied to the cracked (wounded) heels.

67

Plantago himalaica Pilger

Plantaginaceae

3230

Barrawae

Jabae

Leaves

Paste prepare from fresh leaves is used in skin problems especially soured feet.

68

Plantago lanceolata L.

Plantaginaceae

2950

Upper Batakundi

Ispeghol/Jabae

Leave/ seeds

Decoction of boiled leaves is used in respiratory problems. Seeds are taken with milk to ease digestion.

69

Plantago major L.

Plantaginaceae

3000

Dabukan

Ipeghol/Jabae

Root, seeds, leaves

Leaves are cooked and taken orally to cure seasonal fevers. Chopped leaves are used as poultice to cure wounds. Seeds are considered as tonic. Root decoction & infusion is taken as anti dysenteric and leaves decoction in breathing problems.

70

Podophllum hexandrum Royle

Podophyllaceae

3080

Khora

Kakorra/Gangorra/

Rhizome & Fruits

A poisonous plant but expert healers use it in a minute amount in mixture with other plants. Its fruit is used to ease bowel movement whilst rhizome is used in the treatment of cancer.

71

Polygonum aviculare L.

Polygonaceae

2940

Damdama

Bandakey

Whole plant

Aerial parts of the plant are cooked as pot herb and considered as purgative and emetic

72

Polygonum plebeium R. Br

Polygonaceae

3440

Such

Baramol/Noorealam

Root

Root is boiled and mixed with butter locally for stimulate mammary glands; It is also considered to soothes and protects the alimentary canal.

73

Potentilla anserina L.

Rosaceae

2820

Lalazar

Spangji

Whole plant

Whole plant is used as anti-diarrhoeal and also in intestinal infections

74

Primula denticulata Smith

Primulaceae

3220

Serrian

Mamera

Rhizome

Powdered rhizome mixed with honey is used to cure various eyes disorders.

75

Prunella vulgaris L.

Lamiaceae

2910

Upper Batakundi

Ustakhdus

Whole plant

Whole plant both in fresh and dry form is used to relieve respiratory difficulties, in treating joint pains and easing gastric spasm.

76

Prunus cerasoides D. Don

Rosaceae

2670

Such

Alubaloo

Bark, fruit

Decoction of the bark is taken in biting and fruit as nerve tonic

77

Rheum austral D. Don

Polygonaceae

3450

Saifalmaluk

Chotial

Rhizome & shoots

Leaves and shoots are used as salad for to normalize irregular heart beating, respiratory problems, sore eyes and body strength. Rhizome is cooked and used as wound healing agent and to relive urinary tract disorders.

78

Rhododendron hypenanthum Balf.f

Oleaceae

3610

Lalazar peak

Tazak Tusum/Gul namer

Leaves

Fresh leaves of it are used in spices as flavouring agent.

79

Ribes alpestre Decne

Grassullariaceae

2720

Batakundi R. Station

Berries

Berry fruits are considered as heart tonic.

80

Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle

Rosaceae

2900

Besal

Jangali Gulab

Flowerss, bark

Processed flowers (Arq) are used in respiratory problems while bark is used in wounds healing as well as flavour.

81

Rubus sanctus Schreber

Rosaceae

3000

Khora

Alish

Whole plant

Fruit is laxative and dysentery; Infusion of leaves and young shoots is used in whooping cough.

82

Rumex dentatus L.

Polygonaceae

2540

Lalazar

Shalkhey

Roots & leaves

Root powder is considered to overcome dryness and scaling of the skin.

83

Rumex nepalensis Sprenge

Polygonaceae

2670

Lower Batakundi

Ambavati

Roots & leaves

Leaves are used as substitute of Rheum austral whilst its root is believed to ease bowel evacuation.

84

Salvia lanata Roxb.

Lamiaceae

2870

Such

Kiyan

Whole plant

Aerial parts are used as vegetable and its root powders are considered to ease bowel evacuation; also used in cough & cold.

85

Salvia moorcroftiana Wallich ex Benth

Lamiaceae

2910

Damdama

Kalizarri

Leaves, seeds, roots

Fresh leaves are put in hot ash for a while and then used as poultice for abscesses. Cooked leaves are used in dysentery and colic.

86

Sambucus weightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn

Sambucaceae

2460

Barrawae

Mushkiara

Whole plant

Decoction and powder is used to relieve respiratory difficulties and inflammatory skin conditions.

87

Saussurea albescens Hook. f. & Thoms

Asteraceae

3000

Serrian

Kuth

Roots

Roots are cooked in local butters and used as tonic, also use in treatment of stomach as well as pain, and skin diseases.

88

Silene vulgaris Garck

Caryophyllaceae

2780

Dabukan

Barra takla

Whole plant

Juice of it is used as digestive, in eye diseases, and is also vaporized to kill or repel pests.

89

Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B. L. Burtt

Gentianaceae

2850

Bans

Chirita

Whole plant

Powders are used in irregularity or infrequency of passing faeces as well as stomach burn.

90

Sysimbrium irio L.

Brassicaceae

2940

Jalkhad

Khubkalan

Leaves & seeds

Seeds are used in throat & chest infection & ease breathing; Paste of leaves is applied to cure sunburn & enhance skin beauty

91

Taraxacum officinale Weber

Asteraceae

2720

Naran

Hand/Gulsag/Booda boodae

Roots

Roots decoction is taken to ease urination and other kidney disorders whilst powders are taken as tonic.

92

Thymus linearis Benth.

Lamiaceae

3240

Besal

Bazori/Sperkae/Ban ajwain

Whole plant

Plant is used to make tea, drink, juice to cure stomach & liver complaints; Powder of aerial parts is used in cough.

93

Trifolium repens L.

Papilionaceae

2610

Dabukan

Chapatra

Whole plant

Fresh plant is used as worms expulsion (Cattles poison)

94

Trillidium govanianum (Wall. ex D. Don) Kunth

Trilliaceae

3370

Saifalmaluk Lake

Tandhi jarri

Roots

Powdered plant is used as body and sexual tonic.

95

Tussilago farfara L.

Asteraceae

2990

Batakundi Hills

Funjiwam

Whole plant

Aerial parts are cooked and used in respiratory infections.

96

Ulmus wallichiana Planch.

Ulmaceae

2580

Damdama Nalah

Kahey

Bark

Considered highly medicinal for digestive tract diseases.

97

Valeriana pyrolifolia Decne

Valerianaceae

3460

Lalazar Peak

Mushkbala/Shangeetae

Rhizome

Powdered rhizome is used to treat spasm and habitual constipation.

98

Verbascum thapsus L.

Scrophulariaceae

2980

Naran

Kharghvag/Jangali tamakoo

Whole plant

Root’s powder is considered as aphrodisiac; leaves, paste is used in skin problems; leaves are also smoked to induce sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.

99

Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don

Caprifoliaceae

2630

Naran

Taliana

Fruits

Fruits are taken for reducing uterine irritability and stopping bleeding usually by female

100

Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC.

Caprifoliaceae

2680

Naran

Guch

Fruits

Fruits are used to ease gastric spasms and uterine irritability.

101

Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb.

Violaceae

3020

Jalkhad

Gule banafsha

Whole plant

Young shoots are used to promote circulation, dispels fever and chills, relieves muscle tension whilst decoction & infusion is used in sore throat.