Table 1 Botanical ethnoveterinary therapies for treating livestock in communities of the Lesser Himalayas in Pakistan

ACANTHACEAE

Adhatoda vasica Nees

Bhekker

L

1 kg fresh leaves each of Adhatoda vasica and Rhazya stricta are soaked in water over night and liquid is orally administered for 3–4 days.

Stomach disorder, fever, dehydration

B, C

45

1.975

-

+

CIITH-2

1 kg leaves are mixed with grass or husk and fed to animal for 2–3 days.

Dysentery

B, C, G, Sh

½ kg each of leaves of Adhatoda vasica and bulbs of Allium cepa are crushed and paste is fed to animal for 3–4 days.

Indigestion

B, C, G, Sh, H

½ kg fresh leaves are crushed along with table salt and resulting paste is fed to animal for 5–6 days.

Diarrhea, dysentery, gas trouble

A, B, C, G, Sh, Cam

AMARANTHACEAE

Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss.

Chittibui

Wp

1 kg roots are boiled in water and decoction is given orally twice a day for 7–8 days.

Skin infection

B, C, G, Sh

6

0.276

+

-

CIITH-4

Whole plant boiled in water and decoction is orally administered at night for 2–3 days.

Intestinal worms

A, B, C, H, M

Amaranthus viridis L.

Chulai

Wp

1 kg fresh plant is crushed and mixed in wheat husk; paste is fed to animal twice a day for 10–15 days.

Against weakness

A, C, Cam, G, M

3

0.648

-

+

CIITH-10

Chenopodium album L.

Bathu

L

Leaves are boiled in mustard oil, and then crushed and topically applied to wounds.

Wound healing

B, C, G, H, Sh

3

0.014

-

+

CIITH-25

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Allium cepa L.

Piaz

B

Bulbs are crushed with sugar. The resulting paste is mixed with milk and orally administered at night and early morning up to 1 week.

Galactagogue

B, C

35

1.839

-

+

CIITH-7

½ kg of each leaves of Adhatoda vasica and bulbs of Allium cepa are crushed and this paste is orally administered for 3–4 days.

Indigestion

B, C, G, H, Cam, Sh,

½ kg bulbs are crushed along with salt and mixed in flour. This paste is administered orally for 4–5 days.

Stomach disorder, fever

B, C, G,

Allium jacquemontii Kunth

Jangli- Thoom

B

100 g fresh bulbs are ground and mixed with wheat flour. This paste is applied topically for 10–15 days.

Unequal mammary glands

C, G

2

0.131

+

-

CIITH-8

ANACARDIACEAE

Mangifera indica L.

Aam

F

Pickled fruit is fed to animal for 4–5 days.

Mouth infection

A, B, C, G

3

0.011

-

-

CIITH-51

APIACEAE

Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming

Soay

S

100 g seeds are mixed in wheat flour and orally administered for up to 15–20 days.

Galactagogue

B, C

5

1.028

+

-

CIITH-11

100 g each of Anethum sowa, Trachyspermum ammi and Foeniculum vulgare are ground together and paste is orally administered for 2–3 days.

Abdominal pain, swelling

A, C, Cam, G

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Sounf

Ap

200 g of aerial parts are boiled in water. The decoction is mixed with Trachyspermum ammi, Camelia sinensis, brown sugar and ghee. This paste is fed to the animal for 5–6 days.

Indigestion

A, B, C, Cam, H, M

22

1.793

-

+

CIITH-46

200 g each of Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts and Punica granatum rind are ground together. The resulting powder is orally administered for 4–5 days.

Diarrhea

B, C, G, H Sh

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague

Ajwain

S

¼ kg each of Trachyspermum ammi seeds, Anethum sowa, Allium cepa and Foeniculum vulgare are mixed in flour; paste is orally administered to animals for 10–15 days.

Appetite stimulant, galactagogue

A, B, B, C, Cam, G, H, M, Sh

39

2.317

-

-

CIITH-79

APOCYNACEAE

Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton

Ak

L

Fresh leaves and black salt are fed to animals for 1–2 days.

Mouth and eye watering

C, Cam, G

15

0.125

-

+

CIITH-19

St

The stem is forcefully administered orally.

Colic, indigestion

A, C, H, M

Twg

Poultice prepared from young twigs is topically applied.

Pain, inflammation

C, Cam, H, M

Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines

Granda

L, S

½ kg fresh leaves and ripened seeds are ground and the resulting powder is mixed in water and orally administered to animals for 2–3 days.

Throat infection

G, Sh

3

0.013

+

+

CIITH-23

R

100 g dried roots are ground into a powder and sprinkled onto wounds for 2–3 days.

Infected sores, wound healing

B, C, G, Sh

Periploca aphylla Decne.

Kathi

Ltx

Latex is topically applied for 4–5 days.

Skin infection

A, C, Cam, D, H, Sh

5

0.213

+

+

CIITH-57

Rhazya stricta Decne.

Veran

L

Fresh leaves are soaked in water and the resulting liquid is orally administered to animals for 8–10 days.

Skin infection and blood purification

B, C, G, H, Sh

7

0.193

+

-

CIITH-65

A decoction of fresh leaves is orally administered for 2–3 days.

Abdominal pain

A, B, C, G, M

ARACEAE

Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott

Adbais

S

8-10 ripened seeds are orally administered.

New Castle disease

P

2

0.103

-

+

CIITH-12

ARALIACEAE

Hedera nepalensis K. Koch

Hurr Bumbal

L

200 g fresh leaves are crushed and soaked in water. The resulting liquid is instilled in the nose twice a day for 1–2 days.

To remove leeches

B, C

4

0.131

+

+

CIITH-48

ASTERACEAE

Erigeron sp.

Taku Booti

Wp

500 g of fresh plant material is crushed and mixed with flour; the paste is orally administered for up to a week.

Fever, stomach collapse

B, C, D, G

14

0.031

+

-

CIITH-40

Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal

Doodh Pathar

L

Paste of fresh leaves is topically applied for 3–4 days.

External worms (skin infection)

A, B, C, D, M

2

0.314

-

+

CIITH-49

Saussurea heteromalla (D. Don) Hand.-Mazz.

Kali Zeri

Wp

50 g seeds are wrapped in paper and fed to animals along with ghee for up to 1 week.

Edema

B, C, H

11

0.874

-

-

CIITH-72

200 g dried plant material is ground and the resulting powder is mixed with kneaded flour; paste is orally administered for 8–10 days.

Blood purification

B, C, G, Sh

Senecio chrysanthemoides DC.

Chitta Hola

Wp

Root decoction is orally administered for 5–6 days.

Arthritis

A, C Cam, G, H

4

1.153

-

-

CIITH-73

Paste of fresh plant is topically applied.

Sore joints

A, C Cam, G, H

Tagetes minuta L.

Saat Barga

L

Fresh leaves are soaked in water and the resulting liquid is instilled into the ear for 2–3 days.

Earache

A, C, D, G, M

2

0.675

+

+

CIITH-77

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberislycium Royle

Sumbol

Rt

A decoction of ¼ kg bark is prepared and orally administered for 10–12 days.

Bone fracture

A, B, C, G, H, M, Sh,

25

1.753

-

+

CIITH-14

100 g bark is ground and powder is sprinkled on wounds up to a week.

Wound healing

A, B, C, G, H, M

BORAGINACEAE

Cordia obliqua Willd.

Lasoora

F

2-3 fruits are mixed in fodder and fed for 4–5 days.

Throat infection, common cold

C, G, Sh

8

0.561

+

-

CIITH-32

S

Decoction of seeds is administered orally for 10–15 days.

Stomach ulcer

C, G, Sh

Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. CIITH-81

Hadusi

Wp

Paste of fresh plant is administered orally for a week.

Stomach disorder, intestinal worms

B, C, G, Sh

22

1.769

-

+

BRASSICACEAE

Brassica campestris L.

Sarain

S

200 g seeds are ground with 50 g of sulfur and mixed with mustard oil. This paste is topically applied for a week.

Skin infection

A, B, C, Cam, D, H

34

1.359

-

+

CIITH-17

100 g seeds are ground, and then powder is mixed with eggs and orally administered for 2–3 days.

Stomach disorder/ infection

B

O

2-3 peppers are soaked in mustard oil for a few days and cooked along with bread, which is fed to animals for 8–10 days.

Eye disease (cornea opacity)

B, C

Eruca sativa Mill.

Tara Mira

S

200 ml seed oil is mixed with 200 g of sugar orally administered for 4–5 days.

Dysentery

B, C, G, H

12

1.176

+

-

CIITH-41

CANNABACEAE

Cannabis sativa L.

Bhang

L

100 g of fresh leaves are crushed and paste is applied topically.

Leeches, lice

B, C, G, Sh

5

1.348

-

+

CIITH-21

½ kg dried leaves are ground and the resulting powder is mixed with kneaded flour; the paste is fed is to animals twice a day for a week.

Appetite stimulant; abdominal swelling

B, C, D, G, H, M

L,Fb,S

1 kg of dried leaves, floral buds and seeds are made into a powder and mixed with wheat flour, salt and water. This paste orally administered for 10–15 days.

Indigestion

B, C, D, G, H, M

CAPPARACEAE

Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.

Kirir

Ap

½ kg of fresh aerial parts is boiled in water; 1 glass of resulting decoction is orally administered for 5–6 days.

Stomach gripe, indigestion

C, Cam, H, M

4

0.011

+

-

CIITH-22

CONVOLVULACEAE

Convolvulus arvensis L.

Leli

Wp

1 kg fresh plant is crushed along with sugar and water; this juice is given orally for 3–4 days.

Constipation

B, C, G, Sh

9

0.419

+

+

CIITH-31

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

NilaTahri

Wp

½ kg plant material is crushed and mixed with flour; paste is applied topically for 8–10 days.

Galactagogue

B, C, G, Sh

5

0.151

-

+

CIITH-35

Paste of fresh plant is fed to goats and sheep for 4–5 days.

Indigestion

G, Sh

CRASSULACEAE

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Zakham Hayat

L

Fresh leaves are wormed in mustard oil and bandage on topically on wounds.

Bleeding wounds

C, G, H, M

9

0.086

-

-

CIITH-18

CUCURBITACEAE

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

Tumba

F

Juice is extracted by heating the fruit of Citrullus colocynth is and Calotropis procera in a mud pot on a garbage fire for 2–3 weeks; it is orally administered for up to a week.

Indigestion, gas trouble, abdominal worms

B, C, Cam, D, G, H, M, Sh

17

0.514

+

-

CIITH-27

100 g fruit is crushed and mixed in Aloe vera pulp. This paste is orally administered for 2–3 days.

Constipation

B, C, Cam, D, Sh

Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.

Rainda

F

1 kg fresh fruit coat is ground with salt and orally administered for 10–12 days.

Appetite stimulant, galactagogue

A, C, Cam, G

13

0.417

+

-

CIITH-28

Cucumis melo L.

Chibber

L, F

Paste from fresh leaves and fruits are fed to animals for up to 1 week.

Indigestion

B, C, G, Sh

5

0.463

-

-

CIITH-33

EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f.

Hervi

Ltx

50 ml stem latex is topically applied for 2–3 days.

Rashes, wound healing

A, C, Cam, D, G, M

3

0.041

+

+

CIITH-43

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg.

Kamila

F

¼ kg dried fruits are ground and the resulting powder is fed to animals along with wheat flour for 2–3 days.

Intestinal worms

C, G, Sh

21

1.103

-

+

CIITH-50

Ricinus communis L.

Hernoli

S

½ cup of seed oil is orally administered for up to a week.

Constipation

B, C, Cam, G, H, Sh

8

0.052

-

+

CIITH-66

FABACEAE

Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile

Kiker

Bk

Decoction of ½ kg bark is orally administered twice a day for 5–6 days.

Stomach disorder

B, C, H

10

0.686

-

+

CIITH-1

Cassia fistula L.

Kinjal

S

4-6 seeds are mixed with chicken feed and fed to hens.

Newcastle disease

P

3

0.413

-

+

CIITH-24

Cicer arietinum L.

Kalay

S

200 g seeds are ground and resulting powder is mixed with yogurt; this paste is orally administered for 10–15 days.

Piles

C

2

0.139

-

-

CIITH-26

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC.

Tahli

L

½ kg fresh leaves of Dalbergia sissoo and 200 g linseeds are boiled in water. This decoction is administered orally for 8–10 days.

Constipation

C, G

3

0.117

-

+

CIITH-37

Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv.

Ladan

Rt

Root decoction is administrated orally for 10–15 days.

Fever, weakness

A, B, C, H, M

12

0.075

+

+

CIITH-39

Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

Mathray

S

200 g seeds are ground and the resulting powder is used orally after washing urethra with a sugar and potash alum (potassium alum) mixture for 4–5 days.

Urethra prolapse

B, C

13

1.541

-

-

CIITH-82

50 g seeds are mixed with fodder and fed to animal for 3–4 days.

Diarrhea

B, C

LAMIACEAE

Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth.

Ratti Booti

Wp

125 g shade-dried plant is ground and resulting powder is mixed with flour and orally administered for 2–3 days.

Abdominal pain

B, C, G

3

0.433

-

+

CIITH-6

LYTHRACEAE

Punica granatum L.

Druni

Fr

¼ kg dried rind is ground and the resulting powder is fed to animals along with flour up to 1 week.

Dysentery

C, G, Sh

9

1.769

-

+

CIITH-63

MELIACEAE

Melia azedarach L.

Dhrek

L

200 g fresh leaves are crushed along with sugar and water; the mixture is administered orally to animals for 2–3 days.

Foot, mouth infection

G, Sh

29

2.101

-

+

CIITH-52

Tw

100 g fresh twigs are crushed and soaked in water; the resulting liquid is given orally for 2–3 days.

Skin infections

B, C, G, H

Fr

200 g fruit rinds are soaked in water and the resulting juice is given orally for 4–5 days.

Rashes

B, C, G, H

L,Tw,F

200 g of fresh leaves, twigs and fruits are crushed. This paste is fed to animals up to a week.

Gas trouble, indigestion

B, C, G, H, Sh

MORACEAE

Ficus palmata Forssk.

Phagwar

L, F

½ kg dried leaves and fruits are ground and the resulting powder is administered orally with water for 5–6 days.

Indigestion

C,G

2

0.316

-

+

CIITH-45

MYRTACEAE

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.

Safada

L

Fresh leaves are fed to animals for 4–5 days.

Common cold

B, C, G

4

0.010

+

-

CIITH-42

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Jaman

L

Fresh leaves are fed to animals.

Diarrhea

B, C, G

3

0.010

+

-

CIITH-76

NITRARIACEAE

Peganum harmala L.

Hremal

L,Br

Smoke of leaves and branches is used for 4–5 days.

Mastitis

B, C, H

17

1.736

-

-

CIITH-56

L

½ kg fresh leaves ground with salt; paste is orally administered for 5–6 days.

Gastric problems

B, C, Cam, H, M

S

200 g dried seeds are burnt and mixed in mustard oil. This infusion is applied topically 2–3 days.

Ticks and mites

B, G, Sh

OLEACEAE

Olea ferruginea Royle.

Kahu

F

Extract of fruits is given orally for 5–6 days.

Indigestion

C, G

3

0.017

+

+

CIITH-54

PAPAVERACEAE

Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley

Papra

Wp

Fresh plant material is fed to animals for 2–3 days.

Diarrhea

C, G

6

1.511

-

+

CIITH-47

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago lanceolata L.

Batti

L

Leaf paste is topically applied.

Neck rashes

C, H

2

0.173

+

+

CIITH-58

Plantago major L.

ChimchipAtra

Wp

200 g dried plant is ground and the resulting powder is sprinkled on infected hooves for 6–7 days.

Infected hooves

C, Cam, G, H, M

3

0.185

-

+

CIITH-59

POACEAE

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Khabul

Wp

100 g of fresh plant material is ground and the paste is topically applied for 2–3 days.

Wound healing

A, B, C, D, H, M

7

0.351

-

+

CIITH-36

Oryza sativa L.

Chawal

S

1 kg rice is boiled in water along with yoghurt and Eruca sativa oil; paste is fed to animals for 15–20 days.

Weakness, lung infection

B, C, Cam, H, M

6

0.075

-

-

CIITH-55

Saccharum bengalense Retz.

Kana

Rt

½ kg roots are boiled along with ½ kg Solanum surattense; decoction is orally administered for 8–10 days.

Intestinal worms, appetite stimulant

C, G

3

0.010

+

+

CIITH-71

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

Baru

Rt

Fresh roots are crushed and soaked in water; the resulting liquid is orally administered for 2–3 days.

Indigestion

D

3

0.011

-

-

CIITH-75

Triticum aestivum L.

Kank

S

200 g seed porridge is given orally to animals for a week.

Galactagogue, dysentery

B, C, G

27

1.753

-

+

CIITH-83

Hot bread is fed to cattle for a week.

Mouth sores

C, G, Sh

¼ kg seeds are ground with brown sugar and the resulting paste is fed to animal for 8–10 days.

Galactagogue

B, C, G

Zea mays L.

Maki

Stg

A decoction of the female inflorescence isorally administered for 4–5 days.

Urinary inflammation

B, C, G

15

0.015

-

+

CIITH-88

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don.

Mosloon

Rt

Root decoction is orally administered to animals for 1 week.

Dehydration, fever

B, C, G, Sh

2

0.138

+

+

CIITH-60

L

Fresh leaves are fed to animals for 3–4 days.

Indigestion

B, C, G

Polygonum plebeium R. Br.

Sarwar Booti

Wp

Paste of the fresh plant is applied topically for 2–3 days.

Scorpion bite

B, C, D, H

3

0.109

+

-

CIITH-61

Rumex dentatus L.

Jngli

Rt

Root decoction is orally administered for up to a week.

Foot, mouth infection

C, G, Cam, H, M

4

0.014

+

+

CIITH-68

Palak

Rumex hastatus D. Don

Khitiml

Ap

Arial parts are used as a brush for a week.

Scabies

B, C

3

0.915

-

+

CIITH-69

Rt

1 kg of each of Rumex hastatus roots and Quercus incana bark are boiled; decoction is mixed in sugar and flour. This sweet meal is fed to animals for 8–10 days.

Cough, fever, weakness

B, C, G

Rumex nepalensis Spreng.

Hoola

L

Extract of fresh leaves is topically applied to infected parts for 4–5 days.

Antiseptic and anti-inflammatory

C, G, M, Sh

2

0.013

-

+

CIITH-70

Leaf paste is applied topically for 2–3 days.

Hemostatic

A, B, C, D

Rt

½ kg fresh roots are crushed with salt and the resulting paste is administered orally for 5–6 days.

Diarrhea, dysentery, and intestinal worms

G, Sh

PRIMULACEAE

Myrsine africana L.

Khukan

L

Fresh leaves are fed to animals for up to a week.

Indigestion, worms

G,Sh

17

0.735

+

+

CIITH-53

PTDERIDACEAE

Adiantum incisum Forssk.

Sarhaaj

L

Paste of crushed leaves is made by mixing with wheat flour and orally administered for 2–3 days.

Abdominal pain

B, C

5

0.336

+

+

CIITH-3

RANUNCULACEAE

Clematis grata Wall.

Dhand

L

Paste of fresh leaves is applied topically on infection sites.

To kill external worms in wounds

A, C, Cam, D, M

17

0.432

+

+

CIITH-30

RHAMNACEAE

Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn.

Beri

L

100 g leaves are boiled and decoction is orally administered for 1–2 days.

To discharge placenta following birth

B, C

7

0.018

-

+

CIITH-89

ROSACEAE

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch

Aru

L

Juice of fresh leaves is applied topically for 4–5 days.

To kill germs/worms

A, B, C, D, H, M

21

1.783

-

+

CIITH-62

Leaf decoction is orally administered for 2–3 days.

Dysentery

G, Sh

Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Batangi

F

Powder of dried fruits is given orally for 5–6 days.

Dysentery, diarrhea

B, C

4

0.241

-

+

CIITH-64

Rosa cymosa Tratt.

Ghulab

Fl

100 g flowers are soaked in a sugar solution and mixed with milk; mixture is orally administered for 2–3 days at 10–20 days post-delivery.

To clean uterus

B, C

3

0.101

-

+

CIITH-67

RUTACEAE

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck

Nimbu

F

Fruit juice is mixed with sugar and this paste is fed to animals and applied topically (to the mammary glands) for 10–15 days.

Mastitis

B, C, G

8

0.131

-

-

CIITH-29

Zanthoxylum armatum var. armatum

Timer

L

100 g leaves are crushed and mixed with kneaded flour; the resulting paste fed to animals for 3–4 days.

Vomiting, indigestion

B, C, G, Sh

38

2.101

-

+

CIITH-87

S,F

50 g seeds/fruit are orally administered with flour.

Indigestion, mouth infection

B, C, G, Sh

SAPINDACEAE

Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook.

Bankhor

F

¼ kg fruits are ground and the powder mixed with husk and fed to animals for 5–6 days.

Cough, fever, abdominal pain

A, B, C, Cam, G, H, M

18

1.576

-

+

CIITH-5

Fruit juice is applied topically up to a week.

External wounds

B, C

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.

Batpia

Rh

Fresh leaves are slightly crushed and applied as bandages on bleeding wounds.

Hemostatic (for bleeding wounds)

B, C

15

1.341

-

+

CIITH-15

Dried rhizome powder is sprinkled onto wounds for 8–10 days.

Wound healing

A, B, C, G, D, M

Bergenia stracheyi (Hook. f. & Thomson) Engl.

Batpia

Rh

Dry root powder is sprinkled onto wounds for 8–10 days.

Wound healing

A, B, C, G, D, M

12

0.785

+

-

CIITH-16

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Verbascum thapsu s L.

Gidhar Tumaku

Wp

100 g fresh plant is crushed and paste is fed to animal for a week.

Diarrhea

C, D

2

1.135

-

+

CIITH-85

SOLANACEAE

Datura innoxia Mill.

Datura

L

Leaf extract is applied topically for 1–2 days.

Anti-lice

B, C

9

0.543

-

+

CIITH-38

Solanum surattense Burm. f.

Mhokri

Wp

Fresh fruit paste is applied topically for 2–3 days.

Wound healing

B, C, G, D, H, M

18

0.984

-

+

CIITH-74

½ kg fresh plant is cooked with salt, peppers and yoghurt. This paste is orally administered for 10–15 days.

Tonic

B, C, G, H, Sh

200 g fresh plant is boiled along with black pepper and salt; decoction is given orally for 8–10 days.

Fever, indigestion, cough

C, G

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

Aksan

Rt

200 g fresh roots are crushed and paste is applied topically up to a week.

Mastitis

B, C, G

8

0.736

-

+

CIITH-86

TAMARICACEAE

Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst.

Rokh

L

An infusion of the dried, burnt leaves is applied topically onto the skin, nose and ear in livestock.

To kill external worms in wounds

A, C, D, H

5

0.011

+

-

CIITH-78

THEACEAE

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze

Chay

L

½ kg fresh leaves are boiled in water along with sugar; 1 glass of this decoction is given orally for 5–6 days.

Fever

C, G

4

0.101

+

+

CIITH-20

VITACEAE

Vitis vinifera L.

Dakh

L, Wd

Ash prepared from wood and leaves of is orally administered with milk for 8–10 days.

Hemoglobinuria

C, G

3

0.191

+

+

CIITH-84

XANTHORRHOEACEAE

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.

Kwar Gandal

L

½ kg of leaf pulp, salt and Trachyspermum ammi are mixed and paste is administered orally for up to 1 week.

Digestive problems

C, G, H

8

0.175

-

+

CIITH-9

Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.

Bokhat

L

Fresh leaves are crushed and fed to horses for 8–10 days.

Constipation

A, C, Cam, H

3

0.037

+

-

CIITH-13

ZINGIBERACEAE

Curcuma longa L.

Haldi

Rt

Powder from dried roots is applied and wrapped or sprinkled onto wounds for 2–3 days.

Wound healing

A, C, Cam, H

4

2.181

-

-

CIITH-34

ZYGOPHYLACEAE

Fagonia indica Burm. f.

Dhamian

Wp

Fresh leaves are fed to animals for 8–10 days.

Appetite stimulant, indigestion

B, C, Cam, G, H

2

0.015

+

-

CIITH-44

Tribulus terrestris L.

Bhakra

L

200 g of each of Tribulus teristri dried leaves, Curcuma domestica and Foeniculum vulgare are ground together and the resulting powder is orally administered to cattle for 10–15 days.

Appetizer, joint pain

B, C, Cam, G, H

7

0.472

+

+

CIITH-89

Paste of fresh plant is orally administered for up to a week.

Gastric problems

B, C