Table 5 Literature study of the surveyed medicinal plants and their relevant ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological studies and known chemical constituents
From: Ethnomedicinal plants used for digestive system disorders by the Karen of northern Thailand
| Scientific name | Relevant ethnobotanical citations | Relevant pharmacological citations | Known chemical constituents |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acorus calamus L. | Stomachache*, carminative [60] | antidiarrhoeal activity [61] | asarones [62] |
| Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | stomachache [60], diarrhea [63] | NA | steroidal saponins, oligospirostanosides, oligofurostanosides, aspafilioside [64] |
| Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. | flutulence*, indigestion [65] | antiulcer activity [66], hepatoprotective activity [67] | boesenbergin, cardamonin, pinostrobin, pinocembrin, alpinetin [68] |
| Cassytha filiformis L. | liver disease [69] dysentery, gastric ulcer [29] | NA | aporphine alkaloids, cassyformine, filiformine [70] |
| Celastrus paniculatus Willd. | laxative 71] | NA | malkanguniol [71] |
| Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | gastric ulcer* [72], diarrhea* [73] | ulcer protective effect** [74] | centelloids, pentacyclic triterpenoid, polyacetylenes, asiaticosides [75] |
| Croton kongensis Gagnep. | acute gastroenteritis*[76] | NA | NA |
| Croton robustus Kurz | NA | NA | trachyloban-19-oic acid, trachyloban-19-ol, poilaneic acid [77] |
| Curcuma longa L. | Carminative [78] | antiulcer activity**, hepatoprotective activity [40] | curcuminoid [79], zingiberene, sesquiterpenes, α-phellandrene [78] |
| Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees | dysentery [80] | NA | NA |
| Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. | diarrhea [81], jaundice [82] | NA | betulinic acid, naringenin 7-galactosyl, dihedral quercetin 5-glactoside [83] |
| Embelia sessiliflora Kurz | diarrhea [62] | NA | NA |
| Engelhardtia spicata Blume var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Kuntze | mouth ulcer [21], diarrhea [62] | NA | Engelhardtione, oleanolic acid [84] |
| Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman | gastritis, constipation [9], food poisoning* [60] | NA | NA |
| Euphorbia heterophylla L. | laxative*, constipation [85] | NA | stigmasterol, stigmasterol glucoside, benzoic acid, 4 – hydroxyl benzoic acid [85] |
| Euphorbia hirta L. | vomitting [86], diarrhea [73] | antidiarrhoeal activity [87] | quercitrin, myricitrin, Afzelin [88] |
| Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | toothache* [89], diarrhea* [90] liver disease [91] | antidiarrhoeal activity** [92] | phenolics, tannins, terpenoids [93] |
| Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr. | indigestive, flatulence [90] | hepatoprotective activity** [39] | fleminone, flemiphyllin [94] |
| Gmelina arborea Roxb. | diarrhea [95] stomach-hepatic diseases* [96] | antidiarrhoeal activity [97], hepatoprotective activity [98] | monoacylated, diacylated, triacylated iridoid glycosides [90] |
| Gymnopetalum integrifolium Kurz. | NA | NA | cucurbitacin [99] |
| Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker | gastric ulcer* [100] | antiulcer activity** [42] | methoxyflavones (5,7,4′ trimethoxyflavone, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone) [100] |
| Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. | diarrhea* [69] | NA | flavonids, leucoanthocyanidins, galic acid, amorphous froth forming acid [101] |
| Melastoma malabathricum L. | diarrhea, dysentery [102], toothache [103] | antidiarrhoeal activity [102] | ellagic acid, anthocyanin, nobotannin B [103] |
| Musa sapientum L. | gastric ulcer [104], diarrhea*, dysentery [105] | antidiarrhoeal activity* [32], antiulcer activity [106] | alkaloids, pectins, flavonoids, catecholamines, acyl steryl glycosides [105] |
| Mussaenda sanderiana Ridl. | laxative, toothache* [90] | NA | NA |
| Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. | jaundice*, mouth ulcer [21] digestive tonic [107] | NA | ochnaflavone, dihydroochnaflavone, lophirone, calodenone [107] |
| Psidium guajava L. | diarrhea* [108] | antidiarrhoeal activity** [57] | tannins, polyphenolic compounds, triterpenoid, guajanoic acid [31] |
| Punica granatum L. | diarrhea* [109] | antidiarrhoeal activity** [26] | punicalagins, ellagic acid, tannin, anthocyanins [30] |
| Senna alata (L.) Roxb. | laxative*, colon cleanser [110] | stimulant laxative activities** and againt costipation [36] | anthraquinoes, phenols, tannins, saponins, flavonoids [34] |
| Senna occidentalis (L.) Link | laxative* [111], liver disease [112] gastrointestinal disease [113] | stimulant laxative activities** [50] | anthaquinones [35] |
| Tamarindus indica L. | laxative* [114], gastric ulcer [112] | stimulant laxative activities** [37] antiulcer activity [115] | tamarindienal, tartaric acid, malic and tartaric acids potassium acid [37] |
| Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. | stomachache, carminative [9] | hepatoprotective effects** [116] | iridoid glucosides, delphinidin, apigenin [52] |
| Zingiber montanum (J.König) Link ex A.Dietr. | flatulence*, carminative [5] | antiulcer activity* [41] | terpinen-4-ol, phenylbutenoids, zerumbone [52] |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe | flatulence* [113] | prokinetic activity [117] hepatoprotective activity [118] | gingerols, shogaols [119] |
| Zingiber ottensii Valeton | jaundice [120] | NA | zerumbone, terpinen-4-ol, p-cymene [52] |
| Ziziphus cambodiana Pierre | NA | NA | triterpenes, saponins, cyclopeptide, alkaloids [121] |