Table 3 List of medicinal plants sold at the Antananarivo medicinal markets. Scientific name, vernacular name, plant part used, disease treated and voucher number [MTR = Randriamiharisoa, Maria T.] for all 89 plants identified at the Antananarivo Markets. Use citations were compared with Madagascar ethnobotany published literature: [1] Boiteau P, Allorge- Boiteau L, 1993; [2] Samyn, JM, 1999; [3] Gurib-Fakim A, Brendler T, 2004

Acanthaceae

Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.

Afiafy

Leaf

Stomach ulcer

MTR142

Justicia sp.

Belohalika

Leaf

Neuralgia

MTR190

Amaranthaceae

Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz

Tangogo

Leaf

Stomach ulcer, hepatitis, diabetes, cardiac problems

MTR163

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium occidentale L.

Mahabibo

Leaf

Diabetes, hemorrhoids, stomach ulcer, allergies, hepatitis, wounds, incontinence, anorexia

MTR127

Rhus taratana (Baker) H. Perrier

Andriambavimahery

Leaf

Wounds, stomach ulcer

MTR174

Apiaceae

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

Talapetraka

Entire plant

Stomach ulcer, wounds

Wounds³, skin eczema³, accesses³, conjunctivitis³

MTR138

Apocynaceae

Catharanthus lanceus (Bojer ex A. DC.) Pichon

Vonenina

Root

Cancer

Diuretic², purgative², vermifuge², sores²

MTR161

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don

Vonenina

Root

Cancer, appetite suppressant

Hypotensive¹, antidepressant¹, antitumoral¹, purgative², diabetes², appetite suppressant², vermifuge³, diarrhea³, dysentery³

MTR162

Cynanchum sp.

Vahamavo

Leaf

Asthenia, erectile dysfunction

MTR191

Pentopetia sp.

Tandrokosy

Leaf

Cough, hepatitis, neuralgia

MTR189

Araliaceae

Schefflera bojeri (Seem.) R. Vig.

Tsingila

Leaf

Stomach ulcer, hepatitis

MTR143

Schefflera sp.

Ramadio

Leaf

Neurasthenia, back pain

MTR144

Asteraceae

Brachylaena ramiflora (DC.) Humbert

Ramanjavona

Leaf

Asthenia, stomach ulcer,

MTR173

Cynara scolymus L.

Artichaut

Leaf

Stomach ulcer, hepatitis

MTR192

Distephanus polygalifolius (Less.) H. Rob. & B. Kahn

Ninginingina

Leaf

Syphilis, neuralgia, back pain, stomach ulcerm, hepatitis, albumin, incontinence

MTR136

Emilia citrina DC.

Tsiotsiona

Leaf

Asthenia, anorexia

MTR202

Helichrysum faradifani Scott- Elliot

Haihalala

Leaf

Gonorrhea, cough, asthenia, fever, stomach ulcer, hepatitis

MTR159

Helichrysum gymnocephalum (DC.) Humbert

Rambiazina

Leaf

Stomach ulcer, cough, wound, severe headache

Headaches¹, bronchitis¹, ulcers¹, heartburn², upset stomach², fever², diarrhea³, dysmenorrhea³, rheumatism³, gout³

MTR160

Inulanthera brownii (Hochr.) Källersjö

Kelimavitrika

Leaf

Immune system of children, erectile dysfunction, stiffness

MTR128

Psiadia altissima (DC.) Drake

Sakatavilotra

Leaf

Cough, wound, diarrhea

Fever³, abdominal pain³, antiseptic³, toothache³, boils³

MTR220

Senecio canaliculatus Bojer ex DC.

Ramijaingy

Leaf

Stomach ulcer, gastroenteritis, syphilis

MTR201

Vernonia appendiculata Less.

Ambiaty

Leaf

Fever, nerves

MTR193

Bignoniaceae

Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don

Zaharandaha

Leaf

Sinusitis, severe headache

MTR145

Phyllarthron bojeranum DC.

Zahana

Leaf

Asthenia, erectile dysfunction, severe headache, gonorrhea, cough, syphilis

MTR175

Symphytum orientale L.

Konsody ou Maseza

Leaf

Stomach ulcer, hepatitis

MTR203

Cactaceae

Cereus triangularis (L.) Haw.

Tsilo

Root

Kidney stones, urinary tract problems, syphilis, gonorrhea

MTR158

Canellaceae

Cinnamosma madagascariensis Danguy

Mandravasarotra

Bark

Astenia, erectile dysfunction, stomach ulcer

Stomach pain³, colic³, analgesic³, indigestion³, stimulant³, cough³, dysentery³

MTR194

Celastraceae

Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes.

Fanazava

Leaf

Neuralgia, hepatitis, albumin, erectile dysfunction, back pain, urinary tract problems, stomach ulcer, hypertension, immune deficiency

Fatigue³,neuralgia³, purgative³, vertigo³

MTR126

Combretaceae

Combretum coccineum (Sonn.) Lam.

Tamenaka

Fruit

Intestinal parasites

Anthelmintic^,3, liver problems³

MTR200

Terminalia catappa L.

Atafana

Leaf

Urinary tract problems

Astringent³, sudorific³, dysentery³

MTR188

Commelinaceae

Commelina madagascarica C.B. Clarke

Nifinakanga

Leaf

Abortifacient, acne

MTR176

Crassulaceae

Kalanchoe prolifera R. Hamet

Sodifafana

Leaf

Neurasthenia

Boils³, furuncles³, wounds³, rheumatism³

MTR186

Cyperaceae

Cyperus papyrus subsp. madagascariensis (Willd.) Kük.

Fonjozoro

Stem

Emphysema, back pain

MTR146

Droseraceae

Drosera madagascariensis DC.

Mahantanando

Leaf

Conjunctivitis, enurensis

Coughs³, toothpaste³, dyspepsia³, anemia³

MTR129

Ebenaceae

Diospyros sp.

Bois de rose

Bark

Cysticercosis, intestinal parasites, taxoplasmosis, emphysema, diabetes, albumin regulation, allergies

MTR171

Equisetaceae

Equisetum sp.

Tsitoatoana

Leaf

Constipation, urinary tract problems

MTR177

Euphorbiaceae

Ricinus communis L.

Tanantanamanga

Leaf

Asthenia, hemorrhoids, wounds, intestinal parasites, cold

Galactagogue^1,2, purgative^1,2, laxative^1,2, intestinal worms¹, tapeworm¹, headache², rheumatism², dental cavities², wounds², fevers²

MTR164

Fabaceae

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.

Vatolalaka

Fruit

Hemorrhoids, appendicitis

MTR204

Phylloxylon xylophylloides (Baker) Du Puy, Labat & Schrire

Arahara

Leaf

Hepatitis, urinary tract problems, pharyngitis

MTR184

Senna septentrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby

Anjanajana

Leaf

Immune system children, gastroenteritis

MTR147

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

Tsotsorinangatra

Stem

Syphilis, gonorrhea, prostate tumor, hypertension, hepatitis, rheumatism

MTR165

Tamarindus indica L.

Voamadilo

Leaf

Constipation, gastroenteritis, wounds

Laxative¹,vermifuge¹, stomach ache¹, general wounds¹

MTR125

Gentianaceae

Tachiadenus longifolius Scott- Elliot

Tapabatana

Leaf

Diarrhea, stomach ulcer

MTR172

Gesneriaceae

Streptocarpus hilsenbergii R. Br.

Mangavony

Enitre plant

Hepatitis, acne

MTR185

Hydrostachyaceae

Hydrostachys stolonifera Baker

Tsilavondrina

Leaf

Asthenia

MTR187

Hypericaceae

Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir.

Harongana

Leaf

Wounds, asthma, cough, stomach ulcer, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, albumin, allergies, insomnia

Scabies^1,2, stomach ache¹, flatulence¹, anticatarrhal^1,2, bladder infections², syphilis², menstruation regulation², fever², wounds², diarrhea^2,3, hemorrhoids², skin diseases³

MTR130

Psorospermum sp.

Todihazo

Stem

Scabies, leprosy

MTR148

Psorospermum ferrovestitum Baker

Andriambolamena

Leaf

Female infertility, abortifacient, stomach ulcer, hypertension, intestinal parasites

MTR166

Lamiaceae

Ocimum gratissimum L.

Romba

Leaf

Severe headache, albumin, wounds, abortifacient, cold, low calcium, dental problems

Digestion³, chest complaints³, diarrhea³, vomiting³, anticatarrh³, antiseptic³

MTR205

Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd

Borona

Leaf

Cough, wounds, hepatitis

MTR221

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl

Ravitsara

Leaf

Stomach ulcer, hepatitis, abortifacient, jaundice, hypertension, appendicitis, rheumatism

Fevers³, rheumatism³, abortifacient³

MTR122

Loganiaceae

Anthocleista madagascariensis Baker

Landemy

Leaf

Stomach ulcer, diarrhea, malaria, constipation, abdominal colic, severe headache

Fever^1,2, dysentery^1,2, emetic^1,2, laxative^1,2

MTR149

Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium sp.

Karakaratoloha

Leaf

Hepatitis, hypertension, gastroenteritis, epilepsy

MTR157

Meliaceae

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Nimo

Leaf

Asthenia, diabetes, albumin, rheumatism, pelvic pain, boils, hepatitis, kidney stones, burns, constipation, high cholesterol

MTR124

Cedrelopsis grevei Baill.

Katrafay

Bark

Asthenia, erectile dysfunction, neurasthenia, back pain

MTR141

Neobeguea mahafaliensis J.-F. Leroy

Andy

Bark

Asthenia, erectile dysfunction'

MTR183

Molluginaceae

Mollugo nudicaulis Lam.

Aferotany

Entire plant

Cough, gastroenteritis

MTR178

Moraceae

Ficus reflexa Thunb.

Nonoka

Leaf

Hepatitis, gastroenteritis, wounds, albumin, hemorrhoids

MTR167

Morus alba L.

Voaroihazo

Leaf

Low calium, anorexia

MTR209

Primulaceae

Embelia concinna Baker

Tanterakala

Leaf

Intestinal parasites, erectile dysfunction

MTR206

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.

Kininina oliva

Leaf

Cold, severe headache

MTR210

Eucalyptus sp.

Kininimpotsy

Leaf

Cold, severe headache

MTR211

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Rotra

Bark

Diarrhea, gastroenteritis

MTR131

Nymphaeaceae

Nymphaea sp.

Betsimilana

Leaf

Female infertility, abortifacient, albumin, painful menstruation

MTR219

Onagraceae

Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven

Volondrano

Leaf

Emphysema

Nose bleeds³, diarrhea³, malnourishment³

MTR150

Orchiaceae

Vanilla madagascariensis Rolfe

Vahinamalona

Stem

Erectile dysfunction, asthenia

Aphrodisiac¹,

MTR208

Pedaliaceae

Uncarina sp.

Farehitra

Leaf

Acne

Dandruff³, alopecia³

MTR132

Poaceae

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Fandrotrarana

Entire plant

Syphilis, kidney stones

MTR168

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.

Fakatenina

Root

Kidney stones

MTR182

Zea mays L.

Volokatsaka

Silk

Urinary tract problems, hepatitis, kidney stones

MTR156

Pteridaceae

Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

Ampanga

Leaf

Allergies, cough

Respiratory problems¹, diuretic¹, chickenpox¹, measles¹

MTR207

Ranunculaceae

Clematis mauritiana Lam.

Farimafy

Leaf

Stomach ulcer, hepatitis, erectile dysfunction

Antiasthmatic³, rheumatism³, cough³, bronchitis³, abdominal pains³

MTR179

Rubiaceae

Oldenlandia sp.

Ahipody

Leaf

Scabies, leprosy

MTR218

Paederia foetida L.

Vahamaibo, laingomaimbo

Leaf

Dental issues, wound, stomach ulcer, gastroenteritis

Diuretic^1,3, diaphoretic¹, purgative¹, skin issues^1,3, ulcers^1, boils³, venereal diseases³, bladder issues³, gastric pains³

MTR123

Pauridiantha paucinervis (Hiern) Bremek.

Tamirova

Leaf

Stomach ulcer, hepatitis, hypertension, urinary tract problems, rheumatism, malaria, albumin, diabetes

MTR153

Rutaceae

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

Fanala simba

Elaf

Syphilis, gonorrhea

Malaria³, digestive complaints³, fever³, cholera³, diarrhea³, rheumatism³, syphilis³

MTR181

Salicaceae

Homalium parkeri Baker

Hazomby

Bark

Dental issues

MTR140

Salviniaceae

Azolla sp.

Ramilamina

Lower

Cardiac arrest

MTR170

Smilacaceae

Smilax anceps Willd.

Avotra

Leaf

Gastroenteritis, abdominal colic

Varicose veins³,eczema³, liver disorders³

MTR180

Solanaceae

Brugmansia candida Pers.

Datroa

Leaf

Epilepsy, paraplegia

MTR152

Physalis peruviana L.

Voanantsindrana

Leaf

Rheumatism, urinary tract problems, syphilis, stomach ulcer, hepatitis

Eat berries before physical exertion¹, diuretic^1,3, kidney stones¹, rheumatism¹, abscess², liver disease², gout³, fever³, heart palpitations³, emollient³

MTR137

Solanum mauritianum Scop.

Seva

Leaf

Hepatitis, wound

General disinfectant¹, Stomach ulcers²

MTR151

Stilbaceae

Nuxia capitata Baker

Valanirana

Leaf

Gastroenteritis, asthenia, cough

MTR169

Urticaceae

Urera acuminata (Poir.) Gaudich. ex Decne.

Sampy vato

Leaf

Kidney stones, abortifacient, hepatitis, stomach ulcer

Irritant to skin and eyes³, childbirth³

MTR133

Verbenaceae

Lantana camara L.

Randriaka

Leaf

Hemorrhage, hypertension

MTR155

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Aloe macroclada Baker

Vahona

Leaf

Cancer, allergies, acne, fungus

MTR139

Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC.

Erana

Leaf

Intestinal parasites, constipation, back pain, gonorrhea

Eczema³, dysentery³, stomach pains³

MTR154

Zingiberaceae

Zingiber sp.

Tamotamo

Tuber

Cough

MTR135

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Sakamalao

Tuber

Cough

MTR134