Table 2 Medicinal plants quoted by traditional healers in the study area
Scientific plant name and voucher number | Botanical family name | English name | Kurdish name | Parts used | Mode of administration | Preparation | Local medicinal uses | UV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. KUR001 | Pteridaceae | Maidenhair fern | Gya qeiteran | Leaves, stalks, | In | Decoction | Asthma, cough, carminative, diarrhea, kidney stones, warts, bladder diseases. | 0.31 |
Apium graveolens L. KUR002 | Apiaceae | Celery | Kerewz | Seeds, leaves | In | Vegetable | Anemia, colon problems. | 0.04 |
Anethum graveolens L. KUR003 | Apiaceae | Dill | Shwit | Leaves | In | Flavoring, Vegetable | Stomachic, kidney and liver problems, back and arthritis pain, blood cholesterol. | 0.15 |
Althaea officinalis L. KUR004 | Malvaceae | Marsh mallow | Gwle hêro | Leaves | Ex/in | Poultice, decoction | Burns, cough, chest inflammation. | 0.13 |
Artemisia absinthium L. KUR005 | Asteraceae | Sea wormwood | Toleke marane | Leaves, flowers | In | Decoction | Anemia, obesity, abdominal pain. | 0.06 |
Allium sativum L. KUR006 | Amaryllidaceae | Garlic | Sir | Bulb | Ex /in | Decoction | Anti-dandruff, intestinal worms, stimulant, blood circulation, rheumatism, cancer, cholera, alopecia areata, tuberculosis, plague. | 0.24 |
Allium roseum L. KUR007 | Amaryllidaceae | Rosy garlic | Gêlaxe | Leaves | In | Decoction, squash | Abdominal and duodenal pain, headache. | 0.06 |
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. KUR008 | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Aloe vera | Aloi vira | Leaves | Ex | Decoction | Headache, toothache, indigestion. | 0.06 |
Arum maculatum L. KUR009 | Araceae | Lords-and-ladies | Kardû | Leaves | In | Decoction | Intestinal worms. | 0.02 |
Borago officinalis L. KUR010 | Boraginaceae | Borage | Gozrwan | Leaves, flowers, stems | In | Decoction | Cough, hoarseness, asthma, bronchitis, abdominal pain. | 0.11 |
Curcuma longa L. KUR011 | Zingiberaceae | Turmeric | Zerdeçêwe | Leaves, rhizomes | Ex/in | Decoction | Facial massage, arthritis pain, fat-burning, spice, antiviral and anticancer agent. | 0.13 |
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. KUR012 | Cucurbitaceae | Colocynth | Kaleke Marane | Leaves, fruits, seeds | In | Powder, vegetable | Constipation, arthritis pain. | 0.04 |
Cichorium intybus L. KUR013 | Asteraceae | Chicory | Çeqçeqe | Roots, leaves, | In | Decoction | Constipation, blood cholesterol, anemia, colon problems, urinary system problems, prostate problems, skin sensitivity. | 0.20 |
Cinnamomum cassia (Nees & T.Nees) J.Presl KUR014 | Lauraceae | Cinnamon | Darçin | Bark | In | Powder | Stimulant, cough, stress, tuberculosis, clear arteries, improve kidney function, diabetes. | 0.15 |
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. KUR015 | Asteraceae | Spear thistle | Kingr | Stems | In | Decoction | Inflammation, urinary and digestion problems. | 0.06 |
Cucumis melo var. flexuosus (L.) Naudin. KUR016 | Cucurbitaceae | Snake cucumber | Trozi | Stems | In | Powder | Stomach pain, colon problems, diabetes, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation. | 0.08 |
Crocus sativus L. KUR017 | Iridaceae | Saffron | Za'feran | Stigmas | In | Spice | Headache, depression, boost brainpower and sexual function. | 0.13 |
Ceratonia siliqua L. KUR018 | Fabaceae | Carob tree | Xrnûk | Fruits | In | Vegetable | Abdominal pain, diarrhea. | 0.04 |
Crataegus azarolus L. KUR019 | Rosaceae | Hawthorn | Goizh | Leaves | In | Decoction | Kidney and bladder inflammation. | 0.04 |
Carum carvi L. KUR020 | Apiaceae | Caraway | Zire | Seeds | In | Decoction, squash | Immunity, antioxidant, anemia, sleeplessness, indigestion, increasing breast milk. | 0.13 |
Carlina acaulis L. KUR021 | Asteraceae | Stemless carline thistle | Çawbazele | Roots | In | Decoction | Diuretic. | 0.02 |
Daucus carota L. KUR022 | Apiaceae | Carrot | Gêzer | Roots | In | Vegetable, squash | Gastric ulcer, bacterial gastroenteritis, diabetes, intestinal worms, eye problems. | 0.11 |
Eremurus spectabilis M.Bieb. KUR023 | Liliaceae | Foxtail lily | Xwzhe | Leaves | In | Decoction | Arthritis, intestinal worms, sedation. | 0.06 |
Fumaria officinalis L. KUR024 | Papaveraceae | Common fumitory | Shatere | Whole | Ex | Powder | Mange. | 0.02 |
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. KUR025 | Fabaceae | Licorice | Belek | Roots | In | Decoction, powder | Gastric ulcer, cough, rheumatism, oral herpes, liver cyrrhosis, abdominal injury. | 0.26 |
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. KUR026 | Malvaceae | Roselle | Çai trsh | Flowers | In | Decoction | Hypertension. | 0.02 |
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. KUR027 | Lamiaceae | Lavender | Sharê'ne romi | Leaves, flowers | In | Decoction | Intestinal worms, antispasmodic. | 0.04 |
Linum usitatissimum L. KUR028 | Linaceae | Flax | Ketani swr | Leaves | In | Powder | Blood cholesterol, rheumatism, colon problems, antispasmodic, skin burns, gallstones, thyroid problems. | 0.15 |
Lactuca sativa L. KUR029 | Asteraceae | Lettuce | Kahû | Leaves | In | Vegetable | Kidney stones. | 0.02 |
Mentha spicata L. KUR030 | Lamiaceae | Mint | Ping | Leaves, flowers | Ex/in | Hydrodistilled, powder, decoction | Headache, hair tonic, spice, antispasmodic, hiccups, diarrhea, cough, skin diseases, leg pain. | 0.22 |
Mentha piperita L. KUR031 | Lamiaceae | Peppermint | Pingi Kêwi | Stems, leaves, flowers | Ex/in | Decoction | Carminative, thoracic pain, indigestion, skin sensitivity, appetizing, colon problems, stomach pain, carminative. | 0.26 |
Malva parviflora L. KUR032 | Malvaceae | Cheeseweed | Toleke | Leaves | Ex | Decoction | Hair loss, abdominal pain, diarrhea. | 0.06 |
Matricaria chamomilla L. KUR033 | Compositae | Wild chamomile | Beibûn | Leaves, flowers | In | Decoction | Hypertension, stomach inflammation, blood circulation, kidney stones, intestinal worms, cough, anxiety, diuretic, headache, abdominal pain, hair loss, sore throat. | 0.37 |
Medicago sativa L. KUR034 | Fabaceae | Alfalfa | Wênge | Stems, leaves, flowers | In | Decoction | Osteomalacia. | 0.02 |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. KUR035 | Brassicaceae | Watercress | Kûzele | Root, stems | Ex | Decoction | Rheumatism and bone diseases. | 0.04 |
Nonea versicolor (Stev.) Sweet KUR036 | Boraginaceae | Rose monkswort | Çawe pishile | Flowers | Ex | Decoction | Hair loss, skin disease. | 0.04 |
Nigella sativa L. KUR037 | Ranunculaceae | Black cumin | Reshke | Seeds | Ex/in | Hydrodistilled, powder | Eye problems, joint pain and inflammation, chest pain, diabetes, headache. | 0.22 |
Ocimum basilicum L. KUR038 | Lamiaceae | Basil | Rêh'n | Leaves | In | Vegetable | Headache, cold, bad breath, skin, cancer, quit smoking. | 0.13 |
Olea europaea L. KUR039 | Oleaceae | Olives | Zeitûn | Leaves | In | Decoction | Diabetes. | 0.02 |
Pimpinella anisum L. KUR040 | Apiaceae | Anise | Razyane | Seeds, leaves | In | Decoction, powder | Menopause (menstruation), diarrhea (particularly in children), increasing breast milk, ascaris worms, stomachic, appetizing sleepless, colon. | 0.31 |
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss KUR041 | Apiaceae | Parsley | Me'denûs | Leaves | Ex/in | Decoction, vegetable | Sexual problems, facial massage, diuretic, appetizing | 0.08 |
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb KUR042 | Rosaceae | Almond | Badam | Seeds | Ex /in | Hydrodistilled | Hair loss, thoracic inflammation, cough, kidney stones, cold. | 0.11 |
Pelargonium roseum Willd. KUR043 | Geraniaceae | Rose geranium | Gwl 'enber | Leaves | Ex | Powder, inhalation | Headache, hemorrhoids, burns. | 0.60 |
Plantago lanceolata L. KUR044 | Plantaginaceae | Ribwort Plantain | Gwê berxe | Leaves | Ex | Powder | Injury treatment, mange. | 0.06 |
Quercus infectoria G.Olivier. KUR045 | Fagaceae | Oak apple | Mazû | Fruits | Ex | powder | Burns. | 0.02 |
Ranunculus ficaria L. KUR046 | Ranunculaceae | Lesser celandine | Gya hengiroke | Leaves, flowers | In | Decoction | Hemorrhoids, arthritis. | 0.02 |
Ricinus communis L. KUR047 | Euphorbiaceae | Castor oil plant | Gerçek | Leaves, fruits | Ex/in | Poultice, hydrodistilled, | Skin diseases, colon problems, hair loss, thoracic pain, constipation, warts. | 0.15 |
Rosa spp. KUR048 | Rosaceae | Rose | Gûle bax | Leaves | In | Decoction | Constipation, abdominal pain. | 0.06 |
Rosa canina L. KUR049 | Rosaceae | Dog rose | Shilan | Flowers, fruits | In | Decoction | Diuretic, blood cell disorders, sedation. | 0.06 |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. KUR050 | Lamiaceae | Rosemary | Rozmêri | Leaves | In | Decoction | Headache, blood circulation, improves memory. | 0.06 |
Raphanus sativus L. KUR051 | Brassicaceae | Radish | Tûr | Leaves, bulbs, seeds | In | Vegetable, hydrodistilled | Kidney stones, gallstones, increasing breast milk, diuretic. | 0.08 |
Rheum ribes L. KUR052 | Polygonaceae | Rhubarb | Rêwas | Roots | In | Decoction, squash | Diabetes. | 0.02 |
Syzygium aromaticum L. KUR053 | Myrtaceae | Clove | Mêxek | Flowers | In | Decoction, powder, hydrodistilled | Indigestion, stress, insomnia, carminative, toothache. | 0.28 |
Spinacia oleracea L. KUR054 | Amaranthaceae | Spinach | Spênax | Leaves | In | Decoction | Weight loss, phlegm, rickets, bad breath, tuberculosis. | 0.11 |
Salvia officinalis L. KUR055 | Lamiaceae | Sage | Gûle meryem | Leaves, flowers | In | Decoction | Infertility, menopause. | 0.04 |
Senna alexandrina Mill. KUR056 | Fabaceae | Egyptian senna | Sinemeki | Leaves | In | Decoction | Constipation. | 0.02 |
Salix alba L. KUR057 | Salicaceae | White willow | Dar bi spi | Leaves, barks | In | Decoction | Diabetes, cold, blood circulation, headache. | 0.11 |
Trifolium alexandrinum L. KUR058 | Fabaceae | Clover | Sêpere | Leaves | In | Decoction | Colic. | 0.02 |
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg KUR059 | Asteraceae | Dandelion | Gwl xeberhên | Leaves | In | Decoction | Tuberculosis. | 0.02 |
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. KUR060 | Fabaceae | Fenugreek | Shmli | Seeds | In | Powder, decoction | Anemia, diabetes, injures, sore throat, rheumatism, cough. | 0.20 |
Tribulus terrestris L. KUR061 | Zygophyllaceae | Puncture vine | Peikwl | Whole | In | Decoction | Kidney and urinary problems, enhance sexual performance. | 0.11 |
Thymus vulgaris L. KUR062 | Lamiaceae | Thyme | Jatre | Seeds, leaves | Ex/in | Decoction | Anti-dandruff, spice, chest pain, colon problems, asthma, diarrhea, blood cholesterol, urinary system problems, menopause. | 0.31 |
Urtica dioica L. KUR063 | Urticaceae | Stinging nettle | Gezne zerdê | Leaves | In | Decoction | Anemia. | 0.02 |
Viola odorata L. KUR064 | Violaceae | Sweet violet | Gwle wenewshe | Leaves, flowers | In | Decoction | Diarrhea, digestive problems, skin disorders, typhoid disease, gum disease. | 0.11 |
Ziziphus jujube Mill. KUR065 | Rhamnaceae | Jujube | 'enab | Fruits | In | Decoction | Sore throat and asthma. | 0.04 |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe KUR066 | Zingiberaceae | Ginger | Zenjefil | Roots | In | Hydrodistilled, powder, decoction | Asthma, cough, cold, weight loss, chest pain, spice, back pain, hypertension, facial massage, bronchitis, stomach inflammation, nausea, colon problems, diabetes, stimulant. | 0.48 |