Table 1 Invertebrates used in contemporary Spanish EVM with indications of the body parts and/or products used, ailments treated, target domestic animal groups, modes of preparation and application, and geographical location of the remedies
From: Therapeutic and prophylactic uses of invertebrates in contemporary Spanish ethnoveterinary medicine
Animals used (vernacular names) | Part (s) or products used | Diseases or troubles treated (● = current use) | Animal (s) treated | Preparation (administration route)a | Remedy typeb | Geographical location | Ref. No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOLLUSCA | |||||||
BIVALVIA | |||||||
Mytiloida, Mytilidae | |||||||
Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 (mejillón) | Shell | Corneal ulcers | All livestock | Pulverised (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Zafra (Badajoz) | [43] |
Ostreoida, Ostreidae | |||||||
Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) (ostión) | Shell | As dietary supplement (●) | Poultry | Pulverised (IN) | EMP-PRE | Doñana (Andalusia) | [101] |
GASTROPODA | |||||||
Stylommatophora [several families] | |||||||
Snails (caracoles, cargols, caragols, cascoxos) | Whole animal | Scald, hoof rot | Cows | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Asturias, Basque Country | |
Splenic fever (anthrax) | Cattle | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Zumaia (Guipúzcoa) | [48] | ||
Shell | ——— (prophylaxis) | All livestock | Without prepraration (EX) | MAG-PRE | Western part of Asturias | [99] | |
Corneal ulcers | All livestock | Burned and pulverised (EX) | EMP- CUR | Comarca de Serrablo (Huesca) | [75] | ||
Stylommatophora, Helicidae | |||||||
Cornu aspersum (O.F. Müller, 1774) [= Helix aspersa O.F. Müller, 1774] (caracol común, caracol de jardín, cargol bover, caragol bover) | Whole animal | Scald, hoof rot | Cows | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Campoo (Cantabria) | [66] |
Keratoconjunctivitis | Sheep | Toasted and crushed (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca del Pallars (Lérida) | [69] | ||
Viper bites | Sheep | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca del Pallars (Lérida) | [69] | ||
Stylommatophora, Arionidae | |||||||
Arion ater (Linnaeus, 1758) (babosa negra, limaco, lumaco, llimiagu) | Whole animal | Scald, hoof rot | Cows | Crushed (EX) | EMP-CUR | Bandujo –Proaza– and La Matosa –Piloña– (Asturias) | [55] |
Slime | Choked on food | Cows | Fresh (IN) | EMP-CUR | Ibias (Asturias) | ||
Entrails | Eye disorders | Cows, sheep, goats, horses | Dried (EX) | EMP-CUR | Ibias (Asturias) | [80] | |
Arion hortensis Férussac, 1819 (babosa, lumiago) | Whole animal | Scald, hoof rot | Cows | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Campoo (Cantabria) | [66] |
CEPHALOPODA | |||||||
Myopsida, Loliginidae | |||||||
Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798 (calamar) | Internal shell | Corneal ulcers | Sheep, goats | Dried and pulverised (EX) | EMP-CUR | Las Cruces de Gáldar and Cueva Corcho (Gran Canaria) | [76] |
Wounds | All livestock | Dried and pulverised (EX) | EMP-CUR | Santa Olalla de Cala (Sierra de Aracena, Huelva) | [57] | ||
Sepiida, Sepiidae | |||||||
Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 (sepia, sípia, jibia, xiba, choco) | Cuttlebone | Corneal ulcers | Cattle, equines, sheep, goats | Dried and pulverised (EX) | EMP-CUR | A Pastoriza (Lugo), Laza (Orense), Gozón and El Franco (Asturias), Comarca de Campoo (Cantabria), Valle de Carranza (Vizcaya), Viniegra de Abajo (La Rioja), Valls d’Aguilar (Lérida), Arànser (Lérida), Puigcerdà (Gerona), Camp de Tarragona | |
Pinkeye (infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis) | Cattle | Dried and pulverised (EX) | EMP-CUR | Valle de Carranza (Vizcaya), Comarca del Pallars (Lérida) | |||
Aphthous fever, hoof-and-mouth disease | Cattle | Dried and pulverised (IN) | EMP-CUR | Comarca del Pallars (Lérida) | [69] | ||
Udder injuries | Goats | Dried and pulverised (EX) | EMP-CUR | Canary Islands | [72] | ||
Octopoda, Octopodidae | |||||||
Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 (pulpo, polbo) | Whole animal | Cough | Pigs | Boiled (IN) | EMP-CUR | Cee (La Coruña) | [73] |
ANNELIDA | |||||||
CLITELLATA | |||||||
Arhynchobdellida, Hirudinidae | |||||||
Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus, 1758 (sanguijuela, sangrijuela) | Whole animal | Inflammation of the tongue (glossitis) | Equines | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Villarino de los Aires (Salamanca) | [52] |
Indigestion | All livestock | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Malpartida de Plasencia and Toril (Cáceres) | [64] | ||
Clostridium infections | Cows | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de la Sierra de Cádiz (Cádiz) | [71] | ||
Bruises | All livestock | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Apodaca (Álava) | [39] | ||
Osteoarticular inflammations | Cows | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Guijuelo (Salamanca) | [52] | ||
Cerebral congestion | All livestock (mainly cows and pigs) | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Basque Country, Comarca de Zafra (Badajoz) | |||
Rhynchobdellida, Glossiphoniidae | |||||||
Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (sanguijuela colorada, sanguijuela roja) | Whole animal | Osteoarticular inflammations | All livestock | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Doñinos de Salamanca (Salamanca) | [52] |
ARTHROPODA | |||||||
ARACHNIDA | |||||||
Araneae [several families] | |||||||
Spiders (arañas) | Cobwebs | Haemorrhage (wounds) (●) | All livestock | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Tierra de Cameros (La Rioja), Province of Guipúzcoa, Basque Country, Valls d’Aguilar (Lérida), Comarca de Zafra (Badajoz), Extremadura, Estepona (Málaga), Almendra, Cabeza de Framontanos, La Calzada de Béjar and Garcihernández (Salamanca), Valle de Tena and Tierra de Biescas (Huesca) | |
Healing scrotal wounds (after castration) | All livestock | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Basque Country | [51] | ||
Caudectomy | Sheep | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Taja –Teverga– (Asturias), Valle de Carranza (Vizcaya) | |||
Dehorning (by amputation) | Calves | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Basque Country | |||
Broken horn | Cattle | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Many localities of the province of Salamanca | [52] | ||
Broken leg | Sheep | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Santa María de Sando (Salamanca) | [52] | ||
Scald, hoof rot | Sheep | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Almendra (Salamanca) | [52] | ||
Corneal ulcers | Cows | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Saelices el Chico (Salamanca) | [52] | ||
Scorpiones, Buthidae | |||||||
Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789) (escorpión, alacrán) | Whole animal | Colds | Equines | Bolied (EX) | EMP-CUR | Bárcabo (Huesca) | [95] |
Urinary retention | All livestock | Maceration in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | La Aparecida –Orihuela– (Alicante) | [96] | ||
Anti-cystitic or against ureteral obstruction | Mules | Fried in olive oil (IN) | EMP-CUR | Castile-La Mancha | [98] | ||
Scorpion stings | All livestock | Maceration in alcohol (EX) | EMP-CUR | Monzón (Huesca) | [95] | ||
All livestock | Crushed (EX) | EMP-CUR | Monzón (Huesca) | [95] | |||
Buthus ibericus Lourenço & Vachon, 2004 (escorpión, alacrán, arraclán, araclán, aracrán) | Whole animal | Aphthous fever, hoof-and-mouth disease | Cattle, goats | Without prepraration (EX) | MAG-PRE | Comarca de El Monfragüe (Cáceres), El Bodón, El Cabaco, Cabeza de Framontanos, Membribe de la Sierraand Sepulcro-Hilario (Salmanca) | |
Disorders of lacrimal system (dacryocystitis, canaliculitis, stenosis) | All livestock | Without prepraration (EX) | MAG-CUR | Alburquerque (Badajoz) | [62] | ||
Sheep | Without prepraration (EX) | MAG-CUR | Los Ibores and the Valle del Alagón (Cáceres) | [50] | |||
Equine colic | Equines | Fried in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Gallegos de Argañán (Salamanca) | [52] | ||
Urinary retention | Foals | Maceration in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Zafra (Badajoz) | [43] | ||
All livestock | Fried in olive oil (IN) | EMP-CUR | Montes de Toledo (Toledo) | [97] | |||
Wounds | All livestock | Fried in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Almendra (Salamanca) | [58] | ||
All livestock | Maceration in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Aldeatejada (Salamanca) | [52] | |||
Cows | Fried in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Morasverdes (Salamanca) | [52] | |||
Antiseptic after castration | Pigs | Fried in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Almendra and Berrocal de Huebra (Salamanca) | |||
Scorpion stings | Oxen | Fried in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Las Veguillas and Peña de Cabra (Salamanca) | [99] | ||
Sheep | Crushed and fried in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Extremadura | [50] | |||
Cattle | Without prepraration (EX) | MAG-PRE | Encinas de Arriba (Salamanca) | [52] | |||
INSECTA | |||||||
Coleoptera, Lucanidae | |||||||
Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758) (vacaloura, vacallorina) | Mandibles of the male (and head) | Viper bites | All livestock | Dried (EX) | MAG-PRE | Asturias | [85] |
Coleoptera, Meloidae | |||||||
Meloe proscarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 (carraleja) | Haemolymph | Inflammation (by trauma) | Cows | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Cantabria | [91] |
Berberomeloe majalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (aceitero/a, papaceite, curica, curita, curato, curacurato, curacurate, curacuracho, curapacho, fraile, médico, tabernero/a, vaquita, avaón, quilisón, vinatero, vinagrera) | Haemolymph | Warts | All livestock | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Zafra (Badajoz) | [43] |
Genital warts (in males) | Equines | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Zafra (Badajoz), Malpartida de Plasencia (Cáceres) | |||
Lumps in articulations | Equines | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Madroñera (Cáceres) | [92] | ||
All livestock | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Malpartida de Plasencia, Serrejón, Jaraicejo, Torrejón el Rubio and Serradilla (Cáceres) | [64] | |||
All livestock | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Zafra (Badajoz) | [43] | |||
To interrupt breastfeeding (weaning) | Calves | Fresh (EX) | EMP-PRE | Benalup de Sidonia (Cádiz) | [63] | ||
To heal infected wounds (particularly in the legs) | All livestock | Fresh (EX) | EMP-CUR | Garrovillas, Malpartida de Plasencia, Navas del Madroño, Serrejón, Jaraicejo, Torrejón el Rubio and Serradilla (Cáceres), La Muela (Cádiz), Sanlúcar del Guadiana (Huelva) | |||
Whole animal | Wounds (●) | All livestock | Maceration in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Western part of the province of Granada, Berganciano (Salamanca) | ||
Chafing | Equines, cows, oxen | Fried in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Aldea del Obispo (Salamanca) | [52] | ||
Viper bites | Sheep, goats | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Viniegra de Abajo (La Rioja) | [38] | ||
Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae | |||||||
Scarab beetles larvae (gallinas ciegas, gallinetas, cocos, roscas, chicharras, gusanos del estiércol, gusanos de las basuras, gusanos del pasmo) | Whole animal (larva) | Wounds and chafing | Equines, cows, oxen | Fried in olive oil or roasted (EX) | EMP-CUR | Aldea del Obispo, Fuenteguinaldo, Membribe de la Sierra and Mieza (Salamanca) | [52] |
Antiseptic after castration | Pigs | Fried or macerated in olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Alburquerque and Comarca de Zafra (Badajoz), Western part of the province of Granada, Almendra, El Bodón, Saelices el Chico, Villar de Ciervo and Villarino de los Aires (Salamanca) | |||
Coleoptera [several families] | |||||||
Woodworm and powderpost beetles (carcoma) | Frass (a mixture of sawdust and excrement) | Scald, hoof rot | Cows | Kneaded together with olive oil (EX) | EMP-CUR | Valle de Carranza (Vizcaya) | [67] |
Chafing | Equines | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Basque Country | [51] | ||
Hymenoptera, Formicidae | |||||||
Ants (hormigas) | Whole animal | Clostridium infections | All livestock | Without prepraration (IN) | EMP-CUR | Province of Badajoz (near Sierra de Aracena) | [77] |
Meteorism | Cows | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Bustiellu –Proaza– (Asturias) | [55] | ||
Indigestion | All livestock (mainly cows) | Bolied (IN) | EMP-CUR | Asturias, Betanzos (La Coruña) | |||
To promote pregnancy | Cows | Bolied (IN) | EMP-CUR | Curtis (La Coruña) | [73] | ||
Mastitis | Cows | Without prepraration (EX) | MAG-CUR | Betanzos and Cesuras (La Coruña) | [73] | ||
Formica rufa Linnaeus, 1761 (hormiga roja) | Whole animal | To facilitate rumination | Cows | Without prepraration (IN) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Campoo (Cantabria) | [66] |
Hymenoptera, Vespidae | |||||||
Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758 (avispa, tártago) | Whole animal | Indigestion | All livestock | Without prepraration (IN) | EMP-CUR | Asturias | [85] |
Hymenoptera, Apidae | |||||||
Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (abeja, abeja melífera) | Honey | Pasteurellosis | Cows | Raw (IN) | EMP-CUR | Berrocal de Huebra (Salamanca) | [60] |
Aphthous fever, hoof-and-mouth disease (●) | All livestock | Raw and mixed with vinegar (EX) | EMP-CUR | Valle de Tena and Tierra de Biescas (Huesca) | [54] | ||
Scald, hoof rot | Sheep, goats | Raw (EX) | EMP-CUR | Tierra de Cameros (La Rioja) | [38] | ||
All livestock | Raw and mixed with vinegar (EX) | EMP-CUR | Nocito (Huesca) | [68] | |||
Intestinal parasites | Equines, cattle | Raw and mixed with ginger and sodium carbonate (IN) | EMP-CUR | Sarria (Lugo) | [73] | ||
Pneumonia | Cows | Raw and mixed with pig fat and water (IN) | EMP-CUR | Ameixenda and Cee (La Coruña) | [73] | ||
Canaries | Raw (IN) | EMP-CUR | Sarria (Lugo) | [73] | |||
Colds | Cows | Raw and mixed with water (IN) | EMP-CUR | A Pastoriza (Lugo) | [79] | ||
Corneal ulcers | All livestock | Raw (EX) | EMP-CUR | Asturias | [55] | ||
Cows | Raw (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Campoo (Cantabria) | [66] | |||
Ocular contusions | All livestock | Raw and mixed with water (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Serrablo (Huesca), Fonsagrada (Lugo) | |||
Digestive disorders | Cows | Raw and mixed with bran (IN) | EMP-CUR | Province of La Coruña | [73] | ||
Stomach cramp | All livestock | Raw (IN) | EMP-CUR | Province of Salamanca | [87] | ||
Abscess | Sheep, goats | Raw (EX) | EMP-CUR | Tierra de Cameros (La Rioja) | [38] | ||
Mastitis | Cows, ewes | Raw (EX) | EMP-CUR | Valle de Carranza (Vizcaya), Comarca de La Campiña (Guadalajara), province of La Coruña | |||
Wounds and cracks in the udders | Ewes | Raw (EX) | EMP-CUR | Extremadura | [50] | ||
Beeswax | Constipation | Lambs, kids | Manufactured –candels– (IN) | EMP-CUR | Enclave de Treviño (Burgos) | [86] | |
Cracks in the udders | Cows | Without prepraration (EX) | EMP-CUR | Comarca de Campoo (Cantabria) | [66] | ||