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Table 3 Medicinal (MED), veterinary (VET), nutritional (NUT), cosmetic (COS) and other (OTHER) uses of wild (W) and cultivated (C) plants in Karst and Gorjanci. The data were gathered from interviews with 25 informants in Karst and 25 informants in Gorjanci

From: Folk use of medicinal plants in Karst and Gorjanci, Slovenia

No. of informants in Karst

No. of informants in Gorjanci

Botanical taxon and family

Slovenian name

Status

Part(s) used

Preparation and administration

Recorded uses in Karst

Recorded uses in Gorjanci

14

20

Achillea millefolium L.

(Asteraceae)

Rman

W

Flower

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of stomach and digestive problems, menstrual cramps and gynecological problems

MED: treatment of stomach and digestive problems, menstrual cramps, women’s problems; to cleanse the body and kidneys; diuretic; treatment of cold

NUT

Fresh flowers are wrapped around the hand

×

MED: to heal sore hands

Browned flour soup with yarrow flowers (soup made by roasting and browning flour, roasting yarrow flowers and adding water and two eggs)

×

MED: treatment of intestinal problems

Egg omelet with yarrow flowers

MED: treatment of digestive problems

×

Ointment made with lard

MED: treatment of hemorrhoids

×

Herbal liqueur

×

NUT/MED

3

2

Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae)

Divji kostanj

C

Fruit

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

MED: treatment of varicose veins

MED: treatment of spinal inflammation

Chestnuts are placed in a bag, and the bag is rubbed on the feet

MED: treatment of pain in the legs

MED: to promote better blood circulation in legs

Flower

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

MED: treatment of varicose veins

×

Herbal liqueur

×

NUT/MED

2

2

Allium cepa L. (Alliaceae)

Čebula

C

Bulb

Fried pieces of onion are placed on the skin

×

MED: to heal furuncles and abscesses

Onions and honey, oral application

MED: treatment of bronchitis and sore throat

×

1

1

Allium sativum L. (Alliaceae)

Česen

C

Clove

Necklace made of garlic cloves is worn around the neck

×

MED: anthelmintic

Tincture

Unknown use

×

2

4

Allium ursinum L. (Alliaceae)

Čemaž

W

Leaf

Salad, spread made with olive oil

NUT

NUT: good for cleansing, purifier of vessels, to decrease blood pressure (the informants did not eat A. ursinum for medicinal purposes)

Maceration in schnapps

×

NUT: good for everything

5

0

Aloysia citrodora Palau (Verbenaceae)

Leviš, citronka

C

Leaf

Infusion

NUT

×

Maceration in schnapps with sugar

NUT

×

6

2

Althaea officinalis L. (Malvaceae)

Slez, ajbiš

C

Leaf

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: treatment of cough, good for the respiratory system

Fresh leaf is placed on a wound

MED: to heal wounds

×

Scalded leaves are placed on damaged skin (skin punctured with a nail or thorn that becomes infected, called “pasjica” in Karst)

MED: to heal wounds, to pull pus out of the wound

×

Leaves cooked in milk, oral application

MED: treatment of sore throat

×

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

4

2

Anthyllis vulneraria L. (Fabaceae)

Ranjak

W

Flower

Infusion, topical application

×

MED: to rinse and heal wounds

Infusion, oral application

NUT

×

Herbal liqueur

×

NUT/MED

1

0

Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Schreb.

(Brassicaceae)

Hren

W/C

Root

Grated root eaten with other Easter dishes

NUT

×

6

12

Arnica montana L. (Asteraceae)

Arnika

W

Flower

Maceration in olive oil, topical application

MED: to heal wounds, burns, scabs and contusions

MED: to massage painful areas, rheumatism

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

MED: to massage painful areas (knees)

MED: to disinfect wounds, to heal wounds, treatment of inflamed wounds, rashes, burns and stings

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

×

MED: to heal stomach problems

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

7

6

Artemisia

(Artemisia vulgaris L., Artemisia absinthium L.) (Asteraceae)

Pelin

W/C

Aerial parts (of young plants) and leaves

Wormwood is placed in wine for a short time, for drinking (usually with fatty food)

×

MED: to promote appetite and digestion, good for the stomach

NUT: a drink with fatty foods, invigoration in spring

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: treatment of stomach and digestive problems

Infusion for spraying vines

 

OTHER: to prevent or treat vine diseases

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

MED: treatment of digestive problems, good for the stomach

MED: treatment of stomach problems

Wormwood is placed in water for a short time for drinking

NUT: to quench thirst

×

Whole plant

VET: at the loss of appetite

×

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

6

0

Asparagus spp.

(Asparagus acutifolius L., Asparagus tenuifolius Lam.)

(Asparagaceae)

Šparglji

W

Young shoots

Prepared in different dishes (egg omelet, soup, minestrone soup)

NUT: blood cleansing, diuretic, believed to be good for the kidneys (the informants did not eat asparagus for medicinal purposes)

×

1

4

Bellis perennis L. (Asteraceae)

Marjetica

W

Flower

Infusion, oral application

MED: good for ill children

MED: treatment of cold and cough

Infusion for bath

×

COS: for legs

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

0

3

Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae)

Češmin, češminc

W/C

Fruit

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: antipyretic

0

2

Beta vulgaris var. conditiva L. (Chenopodiaceae)

Rdeča pesa

C

Root

Juice, oral application

×

MED: antipyretic

1

10

Betula pendula Roth (Betulaceae)

Breza

W

Leaf

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: to heal bladder and kidney inflammation, diuretic, to cleanse blood and body, antidiabetic

Infusion for bath

×

MED: to prevent sweaty feet

Leaves are wrapped around the legs

×

MED: treatment of leg pain

Maceration in vinegar, topical application

COS: good for the scalp

×

1

1

Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.

(Brassicaceae)

Glavnato zelje, zelje

C

Leaf

Fresh leaves are wrapped around the knee or placed on the back

MED: treatment of back pain

MED: to pull the water out of the knee

9

12

Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae)

Ognjič

C

Flower

Infusion, oral application

MED: good for intestinal problems, against diarrhea

NUT

MED: treatment of stomach pain

NUT

Ointment made with lard or fat from the abdomen of a chicken, topical application

MED: to heal burns, contusions, wounds and eczema

COS: treatment of dry skin on soles and hands

MED: to heal sunburns, wounds, bruising, and eczema; to massage painful areas (knees, shoulders, joints)

COS: treatment of dry skin and hard skin on the heels

Maceration in oil, topical application

×

MED: to heal burns

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

×

MED: to heal wounds

Herbal liqueur

×

NUT/MED

Dried flowers, spice

×

NUT: spice

0

2

Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)

Konoplja

C

Aerial parts

Preparation was not reported

×

VET: animal feed for pigs

Fabric

×

OTHER: fabric for sheets, healthier than cotton

3

7

Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae)

Kimelj, kumina

W/C

Fruit

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of abdominal cramps and stomach problems, carminative, antiflatulent

NUT

MED: treatment of digestive problems, treatment of stomach problems, carminative and antiflatulent, antidiarrheal, protects intestines and stomach

NUT

Spice

×

NUT: spice for sausages, bread and the common local pastry “belokranjska pogača”

1

4

Castanea sativa Mill. (Fagaceae)

Kostanj

W

Fruit

Cooked or roasted

NUT

NUT

Flower

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

11

15

Centaurium spp.

(Centaurium erythraea Rafn, Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce) (Gentianaceae)

Tavžentroža

W

Flowers or aerial parts

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of stomach problems, digestive problems, menstrual cramps, menstrual problems, anemia

MED: treatment of stomachache, stomach problems, digestive problems, menstrual problems, cold, flu, antipyretic, to calm nerves, to counteract tiredness, to heal wounds on the gum

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

MED: treatment of digestive problems, loss of appetite, anemia

VET: to heal digestive problems

MED: treatment of stomach problems and stomachache

Grass with centaury, animal feed

VET: animal is healthier if it feeds on grass containing centaury

×

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

2

2

Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae)

Krvavi mlečnik

W

Latex

Latex, topical application

MED: treatment of warts

MED: treatment of warts

8

2

Cornus mas L.

(Cornaceae)

Dren

W

Fruit

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

NUT

MED: treatment of abdominal cramps

NUT

Jam

NUT

NUT

Infusion

NUT

NUT

Syrup

NUT

×

Raw fruits

NUT

×

Flower

Infusion

NUT

×

13

6

Crataegus spp.

(Rosaceae)

Glog

W

Flower and leaf

Infusion, oral application

MED: good for the heart, good for the prevention of epilepsy, good for nerves

NUT

MED: good for the heart

NUT

Fruit

Infusion

NUT

NUT

Raw fruits

NUT

×

2

1

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench

(Asteraceae)

Ameriški slamnik

C

Flower

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

×

MED: immunostimulant

Root

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

MED: immunostimulant

×

2

10

Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae)

Preslica

W

Aerial parts

Infusion, oral application

MED: to cleanse the kidneys and lungs

MED: diuretic, to cleanse kidneys, blood and body, treatment of urinary tract inflammation

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

2

0

Ficus carica L. (Moraceae)

Figa

C

Fruit

Jam

NUT

×

Latex

Latex, topical application

MED: treatment of warts

×

13

0

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae)

Koromač

(in Karst)

W/C

Flower

Dried crushed flowers, spice (known as “golden dust” in Karst)

NUT: spice for fried livers, fried eggs and browned flower soup

×

Aerial parts of young plants

Egg omelet with young aerial parts of fennel

NUT

×

Fruit

Infusion

MED: to heal abdominal cramps, counteracts flatulence, infusion for children

×

5

13

Fragaria vesca L.

(Rosaceae)

Divja jagoda, gozdna jagoda

W

Fruit

Raw berries

NUT

NUT

Leaf

Infusion

NUT

NUT

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

0

3

Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.

(Rubiaceae)

Dišeča perla

W

Aerial parts of flowering plant

Infusion

×

NUT

Herbal liqueur

×

NUT/MED

3

1

Gentiana lutea L. (Gentianaceae)

Košutnik, encijan, lecijan

W

Root

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

MED: to heal stomach problems

NUT

MED: good for the stomach

Infusion, oral application

VET: to heal intestinal problems (livestock)

×

1

0

Hedera helix L.

(Araliaceae)

Bršljan

W

Leaf and fruit

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

MED: treatment of contusions

×

11

16

Hypericum perforatum L.

(Hypericaceae)

Šentjanževka, šentjanževe rože

W

Flower

Maceration in oil, topical application

MED: to heal wounds, contusions, burns and sunburn; to massage painful areas (arthritis); treatment of varicose veins, treatment of back pain

COS: to promote tanning of the skin in the sun

MED: to heal wounds, scabs, burns and sunburn; treatment of varicose veins; to massage painful areas and inflamed joints (rheumatism)

VET: to heal indigestion in hens (when they eat too much sand)

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

MED: treatment of varicose veins

MED: to massage painful areas and joints (rheumatism), to heal wounds and contusions

Infusion, oral application

Indication was not recorded, although the infusion is used

MED: treatment of menstrual and stomach problems, calmative, counteracts depression

Infusion for bath

×

MED: treatment of tired legs

Herbal liqueur

×

NUT/MED

Aerial parts

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

×

MED: to disinfect cuts and wounds

2

0

Inula hirta L. (Asteraceae)

Astramontana, strupenica, srkodlakavi oman

W

Flower

Infusion, topical application

MED: to heal wounds, especially poisoned wounds

VET: to heal snake bites (dog)

×

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

MED: to heal wounds, especially poisoned wounds

VET: to heal snake bites (dog)

×

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

MED: good for the stomach

×

2

8

Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae)

Oreh

C

Unripe fruit

Maceration in schnapps

NUT

MED: treatment of digestive disorders and stomachache; counteracts diarrhea

VET: to heal intestinal problems (livestock)

NUT

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

Leaf

Water extract made by cooking leaves in water, topical application

×

VET: to protect animals from horseflies/horsefly repellent (steer/bullock)

12

9

Juniperus communis L.

(Cupressaceae)

Brin

W

Fruit

Alcoholic distillate from fermented juniper berries, oral application

MED: treatment of digestive problems, stomachache, stomach problems and cramps, to promote better digestion

NUT

MED: treatment of menstrual and women’s problems, stomach problems and stomachache, treatment of digestive problems

NUT: aperitif, drink in the morning

Alcoholic distillate from fermented juniper berries topical application

×

MED: treatment of swollen legs

Essential oil from fermented juniper berries, topical application

MED: to massage painful areas and joints (arthritis and rheumatism), to promote better blood circulation (rubefacient), treatment of cramps and colic in babies and children, to heal wounds, to heal dog bites

MED: treatment of intestinal problems

Essential oil from fermented juniper berries, topical application around the navel, on the temples, under the nose, on the head, used for children

MED: anthelmintic

MED: anthelmintic

Essential oil from fermented juniper berries, a small amount is placed on sugar and eaten

MED: treatment of stomachache and digestive problems

MED: antipyretic

Dried berries, spice

NUT: good for the stomach, sauerkraut, jota (soup)

NUT: to promote better digestion

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

MED: treatment of stomach problems

NUT

×

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: good for the internal organs

Bread with essential oil from fermented juniper berries, oral application

×

VET: treatment of intestinal problems (steer/bullock)

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

Twig

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: treatment of digestive problems

Syrup

×

MED: treatment of sore throat

9

2

Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae)

Lovor

C

Leaf

Spice

NUT: spice for sauerkraut and beans, used in dishes to prevent flatulence

NUT

Syrup, oral application

MED: treatment of cough, antiflatulent

×

7

2

Lavandula spp.

(Lamiaceae)

Sivka

C

Flower

Dried flowers placed in sachets

OTHER: household moth repellent

OTHER: household moth repellent

Infusion, oral application

MED: to calm the nerves

×

Home distillation of essential oil and hydrosol

COS: good for the skin, to cleanse the skin

×

Spice

NUT: spice for biscuits

×

4

1

Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch (Apiaceae)

Luštrek

C

Leaf

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

MED: good for the stomach

NUT

×

Spice

NUT

×

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: diuretic

0

3

Linum usitatissimum L.

(Linaceae)

Lan

C

Seed

Linseed is placed in the eye

×

MED: treatment of eye infection, if something falls in the eye

Aerial parts

Fabric

×

OTHER: fabric for sheets, clothes

0

1

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.

(Rosaceae)

Lesnika

W

Fruit

Vinegar

×

NUT

16

19

Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae)

Kamilica

W/C

Flower

Infusion, oral application

MED: digestion, flatulence, abdominal cramps, to calm the stomach, to calm the nerves, to heal sore throat, for women’s problems

MED: treatment of abdominal and menstrual cramps; for digestive, stomach and women’s problems; to counteract nausea, to enable vomiting, to calm the stomach, treatment of cold, flu and cough, to calm babies, infusion for women giving birth

NUT

Infusion, topical application

MED: to rinse sore eyes, to cleanse wounds

MED: to rinse sore eyes

Infusion with schnapps, oral application

×

MED: to heal abdominal cramps

Infusion for inhalation

×

MED: to heal sore throat and bronchitis

Infusion for bath

COS: to cleanse skin

×

Decoction, oral application

×

MED: against diarrhea

Warm chamomile flowers are wrapped in gauze and placed on the chest or eyes

×

MED: to heal bronchitis, to heal cold with respiratory or breathing problems, to heal sore throat and sore eyes

Maceration in olive oil, topical application

COS: ointment for skin

×

Ointment made with lard: flowers are fried in lard and drained; topical application

COS: ointment for skin

×

Fried egg sprinkled with chamomile flowers, oral application

×

MED: treatment of abdominal and menstrual cramps

Browned flour soup sprinkled with chamomile flowers (as spice)

×

NUT

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

×

Aerial parts

Infusion, oral application

×

VET: to heal problems of cows after calving and to heal digestive problems

18

7

Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)

Melisa, srčno zelje, štrukljevo perje

C

Leaf

Infusion, oral application

MED: to calm the nerves

NUT

MED: to calm the nerves, used before bedtime for better sleep, treatment of stomach problems

NUT

Syrup

NUT

NUT

Egg omelet with lemon balm leaves, oral application

NUT

MED: treatment of ascites

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

18

8

Mentha spp.

(Lamiaceae)

Meta

W/C

Leaf

Infusion, oral application

MED: to calm the nerves, treatment of cold

NUT

MED: to calm the nerves, before bedtime for better sleep, treatment of stomach problems, digestive problems, cholagogue

NUT

Syrup

NUT

NUT

Spice

NUT: spice for meat

×

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

2

0

Morus spp.

(Morus alba L.,

Morus nigra L.)

(Moraceae)

Murva

C

Fruit

Fresh fruits

NUT

×

3

1

Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)

Bazilika

C

Leaf

Spice

NUT

×

Infusion

NUT

×

1

0

Olea europea L. (Oleaceae)

Oljka

C

Leaf

Infusion

MED: to lower blood pressure

×

8

2

Origanum majorana L.

(Lamiaceae)

Majaron

C

Aerial parts

Infusion, oral application

NUT

MED: calmative, for better sleeping

Spice

NUT

NUT

1

4

Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae)

Dobra misel

W

Aerial parts

Infusion, oral application

MED: calmative

NUT

NUT: children learn better at school

0

2

Phaseolus vulgaris L.

(Fabaceae)

Fižol

C

Pericarp

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: antidiabetic, antihypertensive

6

10

Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.

(Pinaceae)

Smreka, smrečje

W/C

Tips

Spruce tip syrup made with sugar or honey, oral application

MED: treatment of cough, sore throat, bronchitis, and cold, to increase the body’s resistance

MED: treatment of cough, cold, bronchitis and sore throat

Infusion, oral application

Indication was not recorded, although the infusion is used

MED: treatment of cough, good for lungs

Resin

Pounded resin is wrapped in fabric, topical application

×

MED: treatment of wounds, abscesses and furuncles (the resin pulls the pus out from the inflamed skin), treatment of sore nipples while breastfeeding

3

5

Pimpinella anisum L. (Apiaceae)

Janež

C

Fruit

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of abdominal cramps, antiflatulent, carminative

MED: treatment of digestive and stomach problems, carminative, antiflatulent

VET: treatment of udder inflammation (cow)

NUT

Spice

NUT: spice for beans, sauerkraut, and fried eggs

NUT: spice for pastry

0

2

Pinus sylvestris L.

(Pinaceae)

Bor

W

Tips

Syrup made from pine tips and sugar, oral application

×

MED: treatment of cough and asthma

Young cone

Syrup made from pine cones and sugar, oral application

×

MED: treatment of sore throat

10

9

Plantago spp.

(Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L.)

(Plantaginaceae)

Trpotec

W

Leaf

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of cough, cold and stomach ulcer

MED: treatment of cough and gastritis

NUT

Syrup, oral application

MED: treatment of cough

MED: treatment of cough

Fresh leaf is placed on the skin

MED: treatment of wounds

MED: treatment of wounds, furuncles, abscesses and stings

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

1

6

Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch

(Rosaceae)

Srčna moč

W

Root

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of stomach problems

MED: treatment of stomach problems, good for the heart

Infusion for inhalation

×

MED: treatment of respiratory problems (night asthma)

Flower and root

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

3

12

Primula vulgaris Huds.

(Primulaceae)

Trobentica

W

Flower

Infusion, oral application

MED: good for ill children

MED: treatment of cold, good for lungs and respiratory system, diuretic

NUT

Syrup, oral application

×

MED: treatment of cough

Flower and root

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

4

1

Prunus avium L. var. sylvestris (Kirschl.) (Rosaceae)

Divje češnje

W

Fruit

Maceration in schnapps with sugar

NUT

×

Jam

NUT

×

Dried fruits

×

NUT: dried fruits for children

0

2

Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae)

Sliva, češplja

C

Fruit

Dried fruits

×

MED: against constipation, good for stool

NUT

Compote from dried fruits

×

MED: against constipation

NUT

10

5

Prunus spinosa L. (Rosaceae)

Črn trn

W

Flower

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: against blood clotting

NUT

Fruit

Raw fruits

MED: against diarrhea

NUT

NUT

Infusion

NUT

×

Fruits are macerated schnapps and sugar

NUT

×

0

7

Pulmonaria officinalis L. (Boraginaceae)

Pljučnik

W

Aerial parts of flowering plant

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: treatment of pneumonia, cold and cough, good for lungs

Herbal liqueur

×

NUT/MED

0

1

Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae)

Tepka

C

Fruit

Dried fruit, oral application

×

MED: against diarrhea

NUT

2

6

Quercus spp.

(Fagaceae)

Hrast

W

Bark

Water extract: bark is cooked in water; oral application

VET: against diarrhea (livestock)

×

Bark is placed in hot water, and a person sits on the steam

MED: treatment of gynecological problems

MED: treatment of bladder inflammation and menstrual problems

Acorn

Preparation was reported

×

VET: pig feed

5

3

Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabaceae)

Akacija, ahacovna

W

Flower

Infusion

NUT

NUT

Fresh flowers cooked with pancake batter in a frying pan

NUT

NUT

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

22

16

Rosa spp.

(Rosaceae)

Šipek

W

Fruit

Infusion (dried rose hips can be cooked two or three times)

MED: treatment of cold

NUT: contains lots of vitamin C

MED: treatment of cold

NUT: contains lots of vitamin C

Liqueur with schnapps (fruits are macerated schnapps and sugar)

NUT

×

Jam

NUT

×

11

2

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)

Rožmarin

C

Leaf, twig

Spice

NUT: spice for goulash

NUT

Ointment with beeswax, topical application

×

MED: to promote blood circulation (rubefacient)

Maceration in wine, oral application (a few spoonfuls per day)

MED: against anemia

×

Cooked in wine, oral application

MED: good for a weak heart

×

Cooked in wine, topical application

MED: spinal massage for strengthening the spine of children

×

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of sore feet and legs, good for a weak heart

×

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

2

5

Rubus idaeus L. (Rosaceae)

Malina

W/C

Leaf

Infusion

NUT

NUT

Herbal liqueur

×

NUT/MED

Fruit

Fresh berries

×

NUT

Syrup

NUT

×

Alcoholic distillate from fermented berries

NUT

×

11

8

Rubus spp.

(only species with black fruits)

(Rosaceae)

Robida, kopina

W

Leaf

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of diarrhea

VET: treatment of diarrhea

NUT

MED: treatment of diarrhea

NUT

Fresh leaf is placed on the wound

×

MED: to heal wounds

Fruit

Fresh berries

NUT

NUT

Jam

NUT

×

Herbal liqueur

×

NUT/MED

6

2

Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae)

Vinska rutica, rüda

C

Aerial parts (leaf)

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

NUT: aperitif

MED: treatment of stomach problems, stimulation of appetite

NUT

Egg omelet with rue

MED: treatment of stomach and digestive problems

×

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

22

11

Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)

Žajbelj

W/C

Leaf

Infusion for drinking or gargling

MED: treatment of sore throat, cold and cough, good for gums and teeth

MED: treatment of sore throat, inflammation in mouth, cough and cold, good for lungs

Infusion for inhalation

×

MED: to facilitate breathing

Leaves cooked in sweet or caramel milk, oral application

MED: treatment of sore throat, cough and bronchitis

NUT: before bedtime

MED: treatment of sore throat, cough and cold

NUT: before bedtime

Fresh leaf for chewing

MED: good for teeth and gums, treatment of periodontitis and cold

MED: good for teeth, treatment of inflammation

Dried leaves, spice

NUT

NUT: spice for black pudding

Maceration in schnapps and honey, oral application

MED: treatment of cold

NUT

×

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

MED: treatment of cold

NUT

NUT

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

MED: to heal wounds

×

Flower

Syrup

NUT

×

24

24

Sambucus nigra L. (Sambucaceae)

Bezeg

W/C

Flower

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of fever, cold, diaphoretic, diuretic, to lower blood sugar level

NUT: for thirst in the summer, has good taste

MED: treatment of cold, fever, sore throat, flu, cough and angina

NUT: for every day, in the morning, in the evening

Syrup made by maceration of flowers in water and adding sugar (sometimes called šabesa)

NUT

NUT

Syrup made with honey; oral administration with teaspoon

×

MED: treatment of cold

Fresh flowers cooked with pancake batter in a frying pan

NUT

NUT

Warm compress on the neck

×

MED: treatment of sore throat and cold

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

Fruit

Infusion, oral application

NUT: infusion has a strong color, for drinking in the winter

MED: treatment of liver problems, connected with nose bleeding

Jam

NUT

NUT

Juice or syrup, oral application

NUT

NUT: contains lots of iron, good for the blood

Liqueur with Teran wine, made by cooking elderberries in wine

NUT

×

Leaf

Leaf is placed on painful area (the skin under the leaf must sweat)

MED: treatment of painful or poisoned areas on the skin (for example, on the hand)

×

11

0

Satureja spp.

(Satureja montana L.

Satureja subspicata subsp. liburnica Šilić)

(Lamiaceae)

Kraški šetraj, žepek, ožepek, primožek

W

Aerial parts

Spice

NUT: spice for jota (soup), minestrone, vinegar, herb salt, meat, beans

×

6

6

Sedum maximum (L.) Suter

(Crassulaceae)

Hermelika

W/C

Aerial parts (leaf, flower)

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

MED: treatment of stomach problems

NUT: aperitif

MED: treatment of stomach problems

NUT: aperitif

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

MED: treatment of varicose veins

×

Leaf

Fresh leaf is placed on the skin

MED: to heal wounds

MED: to heal wounds, furuncles, abscesses

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

7

6

Sempervivum tectorum L. (Crassulaceae)

Netresk, natresk

C

Leaf

Juice from the leaf is dripped into ear

MED: treatment of ear inflammation, ear infection and foot and toenail fungus infection

MED: treatment of ear inflammation and ear infection

2

1

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner

(Asteraceae)

Pegasti badelj

C

Seed

Whole or ground seeds, oral application

MED: good for the liver

MED: good for the liver

0

1

Solanum tuberosum L.

(Solanaceae)

Krompir

C

Tuber

Pieces of potato tuber are wrapped in fabric and lashed on the feet. When the potato becomes black, it pulls the fever out.

×

MED: antipyretic

1

4

Solidago spp.

(Solidago virgaurea L., Solidago canadensis L., Solidago gigantea Aiton)

(Asteraceae)

Zlata rozga

W

Aerial parts of flowering plant

Infusion

MED: good for the prostate

MED: good for bladder, prostate, ovaries

0

3

Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae)

Gabez

W

Root

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

×

MED: treatment of rheumatism, to heal wounds

Maceration in olive oil, topical application

×

MED: to massage inflamed joints (knees)

0

1

Tamus communis L.

(Discoreaceae)

Blušč

W

Root

Root is placed in animal food, and the animal is rubbed with the root

×

VET: treatment of animals (cows) that have intestinal problems and have become malnourished and cachectic

3

0

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. (Asteraceae)

Mandrjanca

C

Leaf

Egg omelet

NUT

×

0

2

Tanacetum vulgare L.

(Asteraceae)

Vratič

W

Flower

Infusion

×

VET: treatment of diarrhea and digestive problems

      

Egg and crushed flowers are mixed together and cooked in a frying pan

×

MED: treatment of diarrhea

9

7

Taraxacum officinale agg. F.H. Wigg.

(Cichoriaceae)

Regrat, radičkovna, pzdunkula

W

Leaf

Fresh leaves prepared in a salad, sometimes with eggs

NUT: contains lots of iron, good for intestines

NUT: contains lots of iron, counteracts anemia (informants did not eat dandelion leaves for medicinal purposes)

Dandelion leaves prepared like spinach or prepared together with spinach leaves. Used as soup or side dish to mashed potatoes

×

NUT

Flower

Infusion

×

NUT

Syrup, oral application

MED: treatment of sore throat, good for immune system

NUT

NUT

Root

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

×

MED: treatment of stomach problems

Maceration in schnapps, topical application

×

COS: for lush hair

20

9

Thymus serpyllum L.

(Lamiaceae)

Materina dušica

W

Aerial parts

Infusion, oral application

MED: good for the heart and respiratory system, treatment of cold and gynecological problems (menstrual cramps)

NUT

MED: infusion for breastfeeding mothers

NUT

Spice

NUT

NUT

Maceration in schnapps

NUT

×

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

16

20

Tilia spp.

(Tilia cordata Mill.

Tilia platyphyllos Scop.)

(Tiliaceae)

Lipa

C

Flower

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of cold, to reduce a fever, diaphoretic

NUT

MED: treatment of cold, diaphoretic

NUT: for every day, in the morning and evening, has a good taste

Sleep pillow filled with linden flowers

×

HOUSEHOLD: pillow for sleeping

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

1

5

Trifolium spp.

(some informants used species with white flowers and some used species with red flowers)

(Fabaceae)

Rdeča detelja, bela detelja, črna detelja

W

Flower

Infusion, oral application

MED: to heal gynecological problems

NUT

4

11

Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae)

Lapuh

W

Flower

Infusion, oral application

MED: treatment of sore throat and bronchitis, good for lungs

MED: treatment of cold and cough, good for respiratory system

Leaf

Fresh leaves are wrapped around the legs

×

MED: treatment of leg pain

Leaf

Cooked leaves

×

VET: pig feed

Flower and leaf

Herbal liqueur (Jegermajster)

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

13

17

Urtica dioica L.

(Urticaceae)

Kopriva

W

Leaves on the top, nettle tops

Infusion, oral application

MED: diuretic, to cleanse blood and body, spring and autumn cleansing, counteracts rheumatism, good for the stomach

MED: to cleanse body and blood, diuretic, to cleanse skin, to heal acne, laxative, treatment of diabetes

NUT: contains lots of iron

Infusion for hair rinsing

COS: to cleanse hair

MED: treatment of hair loss

COS: for lush hair

Infusion for bath

×

MED: treatment of tired legs

COS: to treat hard skin

Nettle tops prepared like spinach: soup or side dish to mashed potatoes

NUT

NUT: contains many vitamins and lots of iron, for anemia

Root

Maceration in schnapps, topical application on scalp

×

COS: to promote good blood circulation of scalp, for lush hair

Infusion for hair rinsing

COS: for strong hair

×

Aerial parts

Maceration in water for two days

×

OTHER: fertilizer for the garden

Aerial parts of young plants

Cooked

VET: feed for pigs

×

2

15

Vaccinium myrtillus L.

(Ericaceae)

Borovnice

W

Fruit

Infusion from dried blueberries, oral administration

×

MED: treatment of diarrhea

VET: treatment of diarrhea (calf)

Dried fruits for chewing and eating, oral administration

×

MED: treatment of diarrhea

Compote from dried fruits, oral administration

×

MED: treatment of diarrhea

Maceration in schnapps, oral administration

MED: treatment of diarrhea

NUT

MED: treatment of stomach problems

NUT

Jam

×

NUT

Leaf

Infusion, oral administration

×

MED: to lower the blood sugar level, treatment of diabetes

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

1

1

Valeriana officinalis L.

(Valerianaceae)

Baldrijan

W

Root

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

4

0

Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. (Scrophulariaceae)

Lučnik, papeževa sveča

C

Flower

Infusion, oral administration

MED: treatment of sore throat

×

Maceration in olive oil, topical application

MED: to massage painful joints (rheumatism)

×

Maceration in schnapps, oral application

MED: treatment of cough and flu, good for lungs

×

1

7

Viola spp.

(Violaceae)

Vijolica

W

Flower

Infusion, oral application

NUT

MED: treatment of cough

NUT

Herbal liqueur

NUT/MED

NUT/MED

0

3

Viscum album L. (Viscaceae)

Bela omela

W

Leaf

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: antihypertensive, good for the stomach

Fruit

Glue from cooked fruits applied on a stick

×

OTHER: household agent for catching flies

1

0

Vitis vinifera L.

(Vitaceae)

Grozdje

C

Fruit

Vinegar for inhalation

MED: inhaled to prevent cold

×

0

1

Zea mays L.

(Poaceae)

Koruza

C

Silk

Infusion, oral application

×

MED: treatment of urinary tract inflammation