Plants traditionally used to make Cantonese slow-cooked soup in China

Liu, Yujing; Liu, Qi; Li, Ping; Xing, Deke; Hu, Huagang; Li, Lin; Hu, Xuechen; Long, Chunlin

doi:10.1186/s13002-018-0206-y

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 Inventory of plants traditionally used for making Cantonese slow-cooked soup in Guangdong, China (species are listed alphabetically)

From: Plants traditionally used to make Cantonese slow-cooked soup in China

Scientific name	Chinese name	Chinese character	Cantonese name	Function	Part(s) used	Flavor	Nature	Preparation before decoction	Habitat	Conservation need	QI	FUI	EI	Voucher number
Adenophora stricta Miq.	Sha Shen	沙参	Saa sam	Nourish yin, stop cough	Root	Sweet, pungent	Warm	Dry	Wild		0.28	0.7	1.53	GD107
Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn.	Ze Xie	泽泻	Zaak Se	Clear heat	Stem	Sweet	Cold	Dry	Wild		0.23	0.61	1.2	GD22
Amomum villosum Lour.	Sha Ren	砂仁	Saa jan	Tonify qi	Fruit	Pungent	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.37	0.92	2.34	GD44
Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels	Dang Gui	当归	Dong gwai	Replenish blood	Root	Bitter, pungent	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.41	1.01	2.34	GD99
Arachishypogaea Linn.	Hua Sheng	落花生	Faa sang	Tonify qi	Seed	Sweet	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		0.95	8.58	5.38	GD34
Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.	Xing	杏	Hang	Stop cough	Fruit	Sour, sweet	Warm	Fresh	Cultivated		0.73	2	3.72	GD19
Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge	Huang Qi	黄耆	Wong kei	Tonify qi, tonify yang	Root	Sweet	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.52	1.69	3.18	GD56
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.	Bai Zhu	白术	Baak seot	Tonify qi	Root	Bitter, sweet	Warm	Dry	Cultivated	VU	0.25	1.01	1.41	GD78
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.	Dong Gua	冬瓜	Dung gwaa	Clear heat, stop cough	Fruit	Sweet	Cool	Fresh	Cultivated		0.68	4.08	3.39	GD60
Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.	Bai Cai	白菜	Baak coi	Digestion, promote dampness	Leaf	Sweet	Neutral	Fresh	Cultivated		0.97	6.78	3.97	GD120
Carthamus tinctorius L.	Hong Hua	红花	Hung faa	Promote circulation, tonify qi	Flower	Pungent	Warm	Dry	Wild (C)		0.23	0.7	1.5	GD86
Castanea mollissima Bl.	Li Zi	栗	Leot zi	Tonify qi, promote circulation	Seed	Sweet	Warm	Fresh	Cultivated		0.41	1.17	1.62	GD11
Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne	Mu Gua	木瓜	Muk gwaa	Digestion	Fruit	Sour	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.44	1.53	2.13	GD200
Cistanche deserticola Ma	Rou Cong Rong	肉苁蓉	Juk cung jung	Tonify yang	Stem	Sweet, salty	Warm	Dry	Cultivated	CR	0.17	0.43	0.45	GD118
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.	Ning Meng	柠檬	Ning mung	Clear heat, stop cough	Fruit	Sour, sweet	Neutral	Fresh or dry	Cultivated		0.6	4.53	4.03	GD105
Citrus reticulata Blanco	Gan Ju	柑橘	Gam gat	Tonify qi	Fruit	Bitter, pungent	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.66	5.02	2.88	GD43
Cocos nucifera L.	Ye Zi	椰子	Je zi	Tonify qi	Fruit	Sweet	Warm	Fresh	Cultivated		0.59	2.73	3.06	GD9
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf.	Dang Shen	党参	Dong sam	Tonify qi, replenish blood	Root	Sweet	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		0.34	0.99	2.28	GD6
Coix lacryma-jobi L.	Yi Yi	薏苡	Ji ji	Promote dampness, clear heat	Seed	Sweet	Cool	Dry	Cultivated		0.6	3.42	3.82	GD81
Colocasia esculenta (L). Schott	Yu	芋	Wu	Tonify qi	Bulb	Sweet, pungent	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		0.87	6.46	4.33	GD67
Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.	Shan Zhu Yu	山茱萸	Saan zyu jyu	Astringents	Fruit	Sour	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.39	1.42	2.22	GD87
Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.	Shan Zha	山楂	Saan zaa	Digestion	Fruit	Sour, sweet	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.74	3.24	3.18	GD54
Cuscuta chinensis Lam.	Tu Si Zi	菟丝子	Tou si zi	Tonify yang	Seed	Sweet	Warm	Dry	Wild		0.38	1.1	1.53	GD214
Davallia mariesii Moore ex Bak.	Gu Sui Bu	骨碎补	Gwat seoi bou	Tonify yang	Root	Bitter	Warm	Dry	Wild		0.28	0.7	1.35	GD224
Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel.	Ju Hua	菊花	Guk faa	Clear heat	Flower	Sweet, bitter	Cold	Dry	Wild (cultivated)		0.71	3.06	4.45	GD207
Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo	Tie Pi Shi Hu	铁皮石斛	Tit pei sek huk	Nourish yin, clear heat	Stem	Sweet, salty	Cold	Fresh or dry	Cultivated	CR	0.17	0.43	1.2	GD234
Dendrobium wilsonii Rolfe	Guang Dong Shi Hu	广东石斛	Gwong dung sek huk	Nourish yin, clear heat	Stem	Sweet	Cold	Fresh or dry	Cultivated	EN	0.09	0.23	0.6	GD244
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill	Gan Shu	甘薯	Syu jyu	Tonify qi	Root	Sweet	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		0.47	1.58	2.34	GD177
Dumasia hirsute Craib	Ying Mao Shan Hei Dou	硬毛山黑豆	Ngaang mou saan hak dau	Clear heat	Seed	Sweet	Neutral	Fresh	Cultivated		0.53	2.25	2.76	GD109
Durio zibethinus Murr.	Liu Lian	榴莲	Lau lin	Nourish yin	Fruit	Sweet, pungent	Hot	Fresh	Cultivated		0.25	1.33	1.32	GD21
Ephedra sinica Stapf	Cao Ma Huang	草麻黄	Cou maa wong	Promote dampness	Stem	Pungent, bitter	Warm	Dry	Wild		0.19	0.68	0.84	GD117
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.	Pi Pa	枇杷	Pei paa	Stop cough	Leaf	Bitter	Cold	Dry	Cultivated		0.4	1.31	1.86	GD123
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver	Du Zhong	杜仲	Dou zung	Tonify yang	Bark	Sweet	Warm	Dry	Wild	NT	0.27	0.77	1.47	GD134
Euryale ferox Salisb. ex Konig & Sims	Qian Shi	芡实	Him sat	Astringents	Seed	Sweet, Sour	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		0.26	1.1	1.65	GD122
Ficus carica Linn.	Wu Hua Guo	无花果	Mou faa gwo	Stop cough	Fruit	Sweet	Neutral	Fresh or dry	Cultivated		0.43	1.71	2.49	GD144
Ficus hirta Vahl	Cu Ye Rong	粗叶榕	Cou jip jung	Tonify qi	Root	Sweet	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.25	0.99	0.96	GD199
Flemingia philippinensis Merr. et Rolfe	Qian Jin Ba	千斤拔	Cin gan but	Tonify qi, promote circulation	Root	Sweet	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		0.55	2.55	2.91	GD119
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don	Chuan Bei Mu	川贝母	Cyun bui mou	Stop cough, promote dampness	Bulb	Bitter, sweet	Cold	Dry	Cultivated		0.48	2.39	2.61	GD156
Ginkgo biloba L.	Yin Xing	银杏	Ngan hang	Stop cough, astringents	Seed	Sweet, bitter, sour	Neutral	Dry	W	EN	0.67	3.81	3.36	GD178
Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.	Da Dou	大豆	Daai dau	Clear heat, promote circulation	Seed	Sweet	Neutral	Fresh	Cultivated		0.77	5.25	3.57	GD160
Hordeum vulgare L.	Da Mai	大麦	Daai mak	Digestion	Sprout	Sweet	Neutral	Raw or stir-baked form	Cultivated		0.46	2.52	2.28	GD112
Houttuynia cordata Thunb	Ji Cai	蕺菜	Jyuu sing cou	Clear heat	Whole plant	Pungent	Cold	Fresh	Wild (cultivated)		0.88	6.67	3.81	GD186
Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britt. et Rose	Liang Tian Chi	量天尺	Loeng tin cek	Clear heat, stop cough	Flower	Sweet	Cool	Fresh	Wild (cultivated)		0.24	1.04	1.26	GD111
Ilex pubescens Hook. et Arn.	Mao Dong Qing	毛冬青	Mou dung cing	Clear heat, promote circulation	Root	Bitter	Cold	Dry	Wild		0.35	1.91	1.74	GD210
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.	Bai Mao	白茅	Baak maau	Clear heat	Root	Sweet	Cold	Dry	Wild		0.51	2.91	2.64	GD218
Isatis tinctoria L.	Ou Zhou Song Lan	欧洲菘蓝	Sung Laam	Clear heat	Root	Bitter	Cold	Dry	Wild (cultivated)		0.87	6.67	3.66	GD205
Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.	Mo Li Hua	茉莉花	Mut lei faa	Clear heat	Flower	Pungent, sweet	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.71	4.21	3.63	GD243
Juglans regia L.	Hu Tao	胡桃	Wu tou	Soothe the nerves and brain	Seed	Sweet	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.77	3.81	3.81	GD226
Juncus bufonius L.	Xiao Deng Xin Cao	小灯心草	Dang sam cou	Clear heat, promote dampness	Whole plant	Sweet	Cold	Fresh or dry	Wild		0.8	4.03	3.36	GD281
Lablab purpureus (Linn.) Sweet	Bian Dou	扁豆	Bin dau	Tonify yang	Seed	Sweet	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		0.11	0.61	0.63	GD267
Leonurus japonicus Houtt.	Yi Mu Cao	益母草	Jik mou cou	Promote circulation	Leaf	Bitter, pungent	Cold	Fresh or dry	Wild		0.77	3.11	4.18	GD287
Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.	Chuan Xiong	川芎	Cyun hung	Promote circulation	Root	Pungent	Warm	Fresh or dry	Cultivated		0.37	1.19	2.07	GD254
Lilium brownie F. E. Brown ex Miellez	Ye Bai He	野百合	Baak hap	Nourish yin, stop cough, soothe the nerves and brain	Leaf	Sweet	Cold	Fresh or dry	Cultivated		0.36	2.18	2.13	GD241
Lilium lancifolium Thunb.	Juan Dan	卷丹	Gyun daan baak hap	Nourish yin, soothe the nerves and brain	Leaf	Sweet	Cold	Fresh or dry	Cultivated		0.64	3.51	3.57	GD146
Litchi chinensis Sonn.	Li Zhi	荔枝	Lai zi	Tonify qi, replenish blood, soothe the nerves and brain	Fruit	Sweet, sour	Warm	Fresh	Cultivated		0.77	4.05	4.24	GD165
Lophatherum gracile Brongn.	Dan Zhu Ye	淡竹叶	Daam zuk jip	Clear heat, promote dampness	Whole plant	Sweet	Cold	Fresh or dry	Wild		0.78	5.27	4.21	GD110
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roem.	Guang Dong Si Gua	广东丝瓜	Si gwaa	Clear heat	Fruit	Sweet	Cool	Fresh	Cultivated		0.88	7.18	4.9	GD119
Lycium chinense Mill.	Gou Qi	枸杞	Geoi gei	Nourish yin	Fruit	Bitter	Cold	Dry	Cultivated		0.91	7.93	6.58	GD66
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.	Fan Qie	番茄	Faan ke	Digestion	Fruit	Sweet, sour	Cold	Fresh	Cultivated		1	9.95	4.06	GD53
Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils.	Hou Pu	厚朴	Hau buk	Clear heat	Flower	Bitter, pungent	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.61	3.42	3.12	GD45
Malus pumila Mill.	Ping Guo	苹果	Ping gwo	Tonify qi, replenish blood	Fruit	Sweet	Cool	Fresh	Cultivated		0.43	2.12	2.61	GD90
Mentha haplocalyx Briq.	Bo He	薄荷	Bok ho	Clear heat	Whole plant	Pungent	Cool	Dry or fresh	Cultivated		0.59	4.32	3.06	GD88
Momordica charantia L.	Ku Gua	苦瓜	Fu gwaa	Clear heat	Fruit	Bitter	Cold	Fresh	Cultivated		0.53	4.12	2.79	GD142
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.	Lian	莲	lin	Soothe the nerves and brain	Seed and flower	Sweet, sour	Neutral	Seed: dry/flower: fresh	Cultivated		0.6	3.6	3.33	GD168
Olea europaea L.	Mu Xi Lan	木犀榄	Muk sai laam	Clear heat	Fruit	Sweet, sour	Neutral	Fresh	Cultivated		0.35	1.82	0.57	GD175
Ophiopogon japonicas (Linn. f.) Ker-Gawl.	Mai Dong	麦冬	Mak dung	Nourish yin, stop cough	Root	Sweet, Bitter	Cold	Dry	Wild		0.7	4.26	1.11	GD169
Oryza sativa L.	Dao	稻	dou	Nourish yin, astringents	Root	Sweet	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		0.26	1.19	1.08	GD184
Osmunda japonica Thunb.	Zi Qi	紫萁	Gun zung	Clear heat	Root	Bitter	Cool	Dry	Cultivated		0.31	1.15	1.65	GD143
Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.	Ren Shen	人参	Jan sam	Tonify qi, soothe the nerves and brain	Root	Sweet, bitter	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		0.8	2.91	5.23	GD132
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H. Chow	San Qi/Tian Qi	三七	Saam cat	Promote circulation	Root	Sweet, bitter	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.79	3.33	4.96	GD187
Panax quinquefolius Linn.	Xi Yang Shen	西洋参	Sai joeng sam	Tonify qi, nourish yin	Root	Sweet, bitter	Cool	Dry	Cultivated		0.23	0.59	1.53	GD1
Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.	Hong Song	红松	Hung sung	Nourish yin	Seed	Sweet	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.58	2.23	3.91	GD91
Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua	Duo Hua Huang Jing	多花黄精	Wong zing	Nourish yin, tonify qi	Root	Sweet	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		0.53	1.91	2.73	GD58
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce	Yu Zhu	玉竹	Juk zuk	Nourish yin	Root	Sweet	Cold	Dry	Cultivated		0.58	2.12	0.87	GD65
Prunella vulgaris L.	Xia Ku Cao	夏枯草	Haa fu cou	Clear heat	Leaf	Pungent, bitter	Cold	Dry	Wild		0.88	5.83	4.48	GD229
Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax	Hai Er Shen	孩儿参	Taai zi sam	Tonify qi	Root	Sweet, bitter	Neutral	Dry	Wild (cultivated)		0.26	0.83	1.65	GD300
Psoralea corylifolia Linn.	Bu Gu Zhi	补骨脂	Bou gwat zi	Tonify yang, tonify qi	Fruit	Pungent, bitter	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		0.22	0.61	1.17	GD209
Pueraria lobate (Willd.) Ohwi	Ge Gen	葛	Fan got	Tonify yang, astringents	Root	Sweet, pungent	Cool	Dry	Wild		0.32	1.17	1.77	GD273
Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai	Sha Li	沙梨	Syut lei	Clear heat, stop cough	Fruit	Sweet, sour	Cool	Fresh	Cultivated		0.92	4.64	5.35	GD181
Quisqualis indica L.	Shi Jun Zi	使君子	Sai gwan zi	Digestion	Fruit	Sweet	Warm	Dry	Wild (cultivated)		0.26	0.68	1.35	GD315
Ranunculus ternatus Thunb.	Mao Zhua Cao	猫爪草	Maau zaau cou	Stop cough	Root	Sweet, pungent	Warm	Dry	Wild		0.19	0.47	0.78	GD320
Raphanus sativus L.	Hu Luo Bo	萝卜	Wu lo baak	Digestion	Root	Sweet	Neutral	Fresh	Cultivated		1	9.71	1.71	GD331
Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaetn.) Libosch. ex Fisch. et Mey.	Di Huang	地黄	Dei wong	Nourish yin, replenish blood, tonify qi	Root	Sweet	Warm	Dry	Wild (cultivated)		0.5	1.78	2.52	GD18
Rosa laevigata Michx.	Jin Ying Zi	金樱子	Gam jing zi	Astringents	Fruit	Sour, sweet	Neutral	Dry	Wild		0.62	2	3.3	GD347
Rosa rugosa Thunb.	Mei Gui	玫瑰	Mui gwai	Tonify qi	Flower	Sweet, bitter	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		1	3.83	4.99	GD10
Saccharum sinense Roxb.	Zhu Zhe	竹蔗	Zuk ze	Clear heat, digestion	Juice	Sweet	Neutral	Fresh	Cultivated		1	4.14	4.68	GD121
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	Dan Shen	丹参	Daan sam	Promote circulation	Root	Bitter	Cold	Dry	Cultivated		0.34	1.35	2.4	GD316
Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.	Xuan Shen	玄参	Duk gok gam	Clear heat, nourish yin	Root	Sweet, bitter, salty	Cold	Dry	Cultivated		0.26	0.83	1.74	GD326
Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex Lu et Z. Y. Zhang	Luo Han Guo	罗汉果	Lo hon gwo	Stop cough	Fruit	Sweet	Cool	Dry	Cultivated		1	7.66	6.07	GD333
Stellaria nipponica Ohwi	Bai HuaFan Lv	多花繁缕	Baak faa se sit cou	Clear heat, promote dampness	Whole plant	Sweet	Cool	Dry	Wild		0.44	2.7	2.22	GD3
Striga asiatica (L.) O. Kuntze	Du Jiao Jin	独脚金	Duk gok gam	Clear heat, digestion	Whole plant	Sweet	Cool	Dry	Wild		0.42	2.43	2.34	GD336
Triticum aestivum L.	Pu Tong Xiao Mai	普通小麦	Pou tung siu mak	Astringents, tonify qi, clear heat	Fruit	Sweet	Cool	Dry	Cultivated		0.35	1.31	1.74	GD312
Vigna radiata (Linn.) Wilczek	Lv Dou	绿豆	Luk dau	Clear heat	Seed	Sweet	Cool	Dry	Cultivated		1	8.49	5.83	GD228
Vigna umbellate (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi	Chi Xiao Dou	赤小豆	Cik siu dau	Promote dampness	Seed	Sweet, sour	Neutral	Dry	Cultivated		1	7.7	4.63	GD171
Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp.	Jiang Dou	豇豆	Gong dau	Digestion	Seed	Sweet	Neutral	Fresh or dry	Cultivated		1	7.34	4.96	GD180
Zea mays L.	Yu Shu Shu	玉蜀黍	Juk mai	Promote dampness	Seed	Sweet	Neutral	Fresh	Cultivated		0.87	5.56	4.48	GD50
Ziziphus jujuba Mill.	Zao	枣	Mou ci zou	Tonify qi	Fruit	Sweet	Warm	Dry	Cultivated		1	8.99	6.07	GD342

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