Quantitative study of medicinal plants used by the communities residing in Koh-e-Safaid Range, northern Pakistani-Afghan borders

Hussain, Wahid; Badshah, Lal; Ullah, Manzoor; Ali, Maroof; Ali, Asghar; Hussain, Farrukh

doi:10.1186/s13002-018-0229-4

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 Enumeration of medicinal plants species in Koh-e-Safaid Range, Kurram, Pakistan

From: Quantitative study of medicinal plants used by the communities residing in Koh-e-Safaid Range, northern Pakistani-Afghan borders

Botanical name/local name/voucher number	Family	Availability	Habit	Part(s) used	Formulation of remedies	ROA	Medicinal use	RFC	Use reports
Abies pindrow Royle ex D. Don/Bejoor/B. Huss.55.UOP	Pinaceae	W	Tr	Seeds	Dec	O	Antidiabetic	0.05	5
Adiantum capillus-veneris L./Lailazalfi/ B.Huss.56.UOP	Adiantaceae	W	H	Leaves	J	T	Skin problems	0.18	19
Allium cepa L./Pyaz/ B. Huss.57.UOP	Amaryllidaceae	C	H	Bulb	Ro	T	Anti-inflammatory	0.84	37
							Antiseptic		2
							Spine removal		52
Allium sativum L./Woga/B.Huss.58.UOP	Amaryllidaceae	C	H	Bulbils	Ro/Dir or Veg	O, T	Antiseptic	0.26	5
Allium sativum L./Woga/B.Huss.58.UOP	Amaryllidaceae	C	H	Bulbils	Ro/Dir or Veg	O, T	Blood pressure	0.26	23
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f./Zargoya/B.Huss.59.UOP	Asphodelaceae	C	H	Leaves	Dir	T	Wound healing	0.22	24
Amaranthus viridis L./Ranzaka/B.Huss.60.UOP	Amaranthaceae	W	H	Leaves	Veg	O	Laxative	0.34	31
Amaranthus viridis L./Ranzaka/B.Huss.60.UOP	Amaranthaceae	W	H	Leaves	Veg	O	Blood purifier		6
Artemisia absinthium L./Mastyara/ B.Huss.61.UOP	Asteraceae	W	H	Leaves	Dec	O	Antidiabetic	1.34	13
							Antimalarial		93
							Antipyretic		32
							Blood pressure		5
							Urologic problems		2
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit/Doorang/B.Huss.62.UOP	Asteraceae	W	H	Root	Dec	O	Anticancer	0.69	22
							Antidiabetic		41
							Hepatitis		11
Asparagus adscendens Roxb./Asparages/B.Huss.63.UOP	Asparagaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec	O	Tonic	0.06	7
Berberis lycium Royle/Sur Azghey/B.Huss.64.UOP	Berberidaceae	W	S	Bark	Dec	O	Antiseptic	0.70	14
							Antiulcer genic		8
							Chest problems		37
							Cough		17
Bergenia ciliata (Haw)/Qamar Gul/B.Huss.65.UOP	Saxifragaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Pow	O	Stomach pain	0.18	13
Bergenia ciliata (Haw)/Qamar Gul/B.Huss.65.UOP	Saxifragaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Pow	O	Joint pain	0.18	6
Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f., Hort./Sahrashodeky/B.Huss.66.UOP	Asclepiadaceae	W	S	Leaves, latex	Dir	T	Antiseptic	0.76	17
	Asclepiadaceae	W	S	Leaves, latex	Dir	T	Wound healing	0.76	65
Cannabis sativa L./Bangooboti/B.Huss.67.UOP	Asclepiadaceae	C	H	Flowers, leaves	Inf	O	Sedative	0.78	32
Cannabis sativa L./Bangooboti/B.Huss.67.UOP	Asclepiadaceae	C	H	Flowers, leaves	Inf	O	Refrigerant	0.78	52
Caralluma tuberculata N. E. Brown/Pamenny B.Huss.68.UOP	Asclepiadaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dir, Veg	O	Antidiabetic	1.20	97
							Anticancer		3
							Blood purifier		5
							Stomachic		25
Cassia fistula L/Toorlargy/B.Huss.69.UOP	Caesalpiniaceae	C	Tr	Fruit	Inf	O	Stomach pain	1.10	34
							Carminative		58
							Colic pain		27
Chenopodium album L/Sarmy/B.Huss.70.UOP	Chenopodiaceae	W	H	Leaves	Veg	O	Laxative	0.10	11
Chenopodium ambrosioides L/Boi Sarmy/B.Huss.71.UOP	Chenopodiaceae	W	H	Leaves	Dec	O	Anthelmintic	0.08	9
Cichorium intybus L/Shin gulay/B.Huss.72.UOP	Asteraceae	W	H	Whole plant	Dec, Veg	O	Antipyretic	0.85	11
							Antidiabetic		17
							Antimalarial		26
							Hepatitis		38
Citrullus colocynthis L/Perpendu/B.Huss.73.UOP	Cucurbitaceae	W	H	Fruit	Dec	O, T	Antidiabetic	0.23	23
							Carminative		11
							Refrigerant		14
Coriander sativum L/Danya/B.Huss.74.UOP	Apiaceae	C	H	Aerial parts	Dir, Veg	O	Carminative	0.34	35
Coriander sativum L/Danya/B.Huss.74.UOP	Apiaceae	C	H	Aerial parts	Dir, Veg	O	Hypolipidemic	0.34	16
Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. Ex Lindl/Mamany/B.Huss.75.UOP	Rosaceae	W	S	Fruit, root	Dir, Dec	O	Carminative	0.32	8
	Rosaceae	W	S	Fruit, root	Dir, Dec	O	Hepatitis	0.32	35
Crataegus oxycantha L/Ghunza/B.Huss.76.UOP	Rosaceae	W	Tr	Fruit	Dir	O	Blood pressure	0.14	14
Crataegus oxycantha L/Ghunza/B.Huss.76.UOP	Rosaceae	W	Tr	Fruit	Dir	O	Dyspnea	0.14	9
Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam/Kado/B.Huss.77.UOP	Cucurbitaceae	C	H	Fruit	Veg	O	Laxative	0.10	10
Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam/Kado/B.Huss.77.UOP	Cucurbitaceae	C	H	Fruit	Veg	O	Colic pain	0.10	5
Curcuma longa L/Korkaman, Hildi/B.Huss.78.UOP	Zingiberaceae	C	H	Rhizome	Dec	O	Wound healing	0.24	26
Daphne mucronata Royle/Laghoony/B.Huss.79.UOP	Thymelaeaceae	W	S	Branches, leaves	Dec	O,T	Anti-inflammatory	0.39	42
Daphne mucronata Royle/Laghoony/B.Huss.79.UOP	Thymelaeaceae	W	S	Branches, leaves	Dec	O,T	Antidiarrheal	0.39	7
Diospyros lotus L/Amlook/B.Huss.80.UOP	Ebenaceae	W	Tr	Fruit	Dir	O	Cough	0.19	19
Diospyros lotus L/Amlook/B.Huss.80.UOP	Ebenaceae	W	Tr	Fruit	Dir	O	Chest problems	0.19	6
Elaeagnus angustifolia L/Shangaly/B.Huss.81.UOP	Elaeagnaceae	W	Tr	Fruit, leaves	Dir, Dec	O	Antiseptic	0.07	7
Elaeagnus angustifolia L/Shangaly/B.Huss.81.UOP	Elaeagnaceae	W	Tr	Fruit, leaves	Dir, Dec	O	Colic pain	0.07	5
Ephedra gerardiana Wall. Ex. Stapf/Mawa/B.Huss.82.UOP	Ephedraceae	W	S	Whole plant	Dec	O	Antiasthmatic	0.24	25
Ephedra gerardiana Wall. Ex. Stapf/Mawa/B.Huss.82.UOP	Ephedraceae	W	S	Whole plant	Dec	O	Stomachic	0.24	15
Equisetum arvense L /Bandokay/B.Huss.83.UOP	Equisetaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dir, Pow, Dec	O	Antiseptic	0.18	17
							Antidiarrheal		7
							Kidneys problems		3
Eruca sativa Mill/ Sharsham/B.Huss.84.UOP	Brassicaceae	C	H	Seed oil, leaves	Dir	O, T	Hair fall	0.14	14
Eruca sativa Mill/ Sharsham/B.Huss.84.UOP	Brassicaceae	C	H	Seed oil, leaves	Dir	O, T	Nutritional	0.14	5
Fagonia indica L/Azghay/B.Huss.85.UOP	Zygophyllaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec, Ash	O, T	Refrigerant	0.30	17
							Anti-inflammatory		7
							Blood purifier		31
Ficus carica L/Anzer/B.Huss.86.UOP	Moraceae	W	Tr	Fruit	Dir	O	Carminative	0.18	19
Foeniculum vulgare Miller/Khoglany/B.Huss.87.UOP	Apiaceae	W/C	H	Fruit, leaves	Dir	O	Colic pain	0.68	72
Foeniculum vulgare Miller/Khoglany/B.Huss.87.UOP	Apiaceae	W/C	H	Fruit, leaves	Dir	O	Carminative	0.68	32
Fragaria nubicola (Hook.f.) Lindl. ex L/Manzakhka/B.Huss.88.UOP	Rosaceae	W	H	Fruit	Dir	O	Anemia	0.17	18
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsle/Chamtara/chaptara/B.Huss.89.UOP	Fumariaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec	O, T	Antiulcerogenic	0.41	13
							Antipyretic		4
							Blood purifier		44
							Emollient		7
							Itching		9
Hordeum vulgare L/Urbashy /B.Huss.90.UOP	Poaceae	C	H	Grains	J	O	Antidiabetic	0.10	11
Juglans regia L /Waghaz /B.Huss.91.UOP	Juglandaceae	C	Tr	Fruit, leaves	Dir	O	Brain tonic	0.49	53
							Dysentery		13
							Protect the teeth from decay		27
Lepidium virginicum L/Gharateraba/B.Huss.92.UOP	Brassicaceae	W	H	Leaves	Dir	O	Appetizer	0.05	5
Mangifera indica L/Aam/B.Huss.93.UOP	Anacardiaceae	C	Tr	Seeds	Pow	O	Antidiarrheal	0.17	13
Mangifera indica L/Aam/B.Huss.93.UOP	Anacardiaceae	C	Tr	Seeds	Pow	O	Dysentery	0.17	15
Malva neglecta Wallr /Tekalay/B.Huss.94.UOP	Malvaceae	W	H	Leaves, root	Dec	O	Dyspepsia	0.37	5
							Antiulcerogenic		37
							Carminative		17
Marrubium vulgare L/Dorshol/Butaka/B.Huss.95.UOP	Lamiaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec	O, T	Antidiabetic	0.40	43
Marrubium vulgare L/Dorshol/Butaka/B.Huss.95.UOP	Lamiaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec	O, T	Pimples treatment	0.40	12
Melia azedarach L/Daraka/B.Huss.96.UOP	Meliaceae	W	Tr	Leaves	Dec	O, T	Anti-dandruff	0.27	17
							Antidiabetic		28
							Hairs fall		14
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds/Jangaliwilany/B.Huss.97.UOP	Lamiaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Veg, Pow	O	Carminative	0.43	45
							Antidiarrheal		7
							Appetizer		12
Mentha viridis L/Podina/B.Huss.98.UOP	Lamiaceae	C	H	Aerial parts	Veg, Pow	O	Carminative	0.55	59
							Antidiarrheal		4
							Appetizer		9
Momordica charantia L/Karela/B.Huss.99.UOP	Cucurbitaceae	W	H	Fruit	Veg	O	Antidiabetic	0.62	67
Morchella esculenta Fr/Kerkachu/B.Huss.100.UOP--	Morchellaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Ro	O	Nutritional	0.38	41
Morus alba L/Spin toot/B.Huss.101.UOP	Moraceae	W	Tr	Fruit	Dir	O	Laxative	0.26	28
Morus nigra L/Toor toot/B.Huss.102.UOP	Moraceae	W	Tr	Fruit	Dir	O	Laxative	0.41	26
Morus nigra L/Toor toot/B.Huss.102.UOP	Moraceae	W	Tr	Fruit	Dir	O	Cough	0.41	44
Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff) Aitchison, J.L/Mazaray/B.Huss.103.UOP	Arecaceae	W	Tr	Fruit	Dir	O	Laxative	0.32	35
Olea ferruginea (Wall. Ex G. Don) Cif/Hamna/B.Huss.104.UOP	Oleaceae	W	Tr	Leaves	Dec	T	Joint pain	0.31	31
	Oleaceae	W	Tr	Leaves	Dec	T	Antidiabetic	0.31	18
Onosma hispida Wall. ex G. Don/Bezokhwnaiy/B.Huss.105.UOP	Boraginaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	J	T	Wound healing	0.12	13
Onosma hispida Wall. ex G. Don/Bezokhwnaiy/B.Huss.105.UOP	Boraginaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	J	T	Antiseptic	0.12	5
Oxalis corniculata L/Bibishawtala/B.Huss.106.UOP	Oxalidaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec	O	Kidneys problems	0.05	5
Papaver somniferum L/Dooda/B.Huss.107.UOP	Papaveraceae	C	H	Fruit	Inf	O	Cough	0.36	21
Papaver somniferum L/Dooda/B.Huss.107.UOP	Papaveraceae	C	H	Fruit	Inf	O	Sedative	0.36	37
Peganum harmala L/Spinaly/B.Huss.108.UOP	Zygophyllaceae	W	H	Seeds	Dir	O	Obesity	0.18	19
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson/Nekhter/B.Huss.109.UOP	Pinaceae	W	Tr	Resin, root	Res, Dec	O, T	Antiseptic	0.13	13
Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson/Nekhter/B.Huss.109.UOP	Pinaceae	W	Tr	Resin, root	Res, Dec	O, T	Blood purifier	0.13	5
Plantago lanceolata L/Ghazaki/Palisepary/B.Huss.110.UOP	Plantaginaceae	W	H	Whole plant	Dec	O	Laxative	0.25	27
Plantago major L/Chanchapan/Ghuyezaba/B.Huss.111.UOP	Plantaginaceae	W	H	Whole plant	Dir, Dec	O, T	Wound healing	0.31	32
Plantago major L/Chanchapan/Ghuyezaba/B.Huss.111.UOP	Plantaginaceae	W	H	Whole plant	Dir, Dec	O, T	Laxative	0.31	7
Platanus orientalis L/Chenoor/B.Huss.112.UOP	Platanaceae	W	Tr	Bark	Dec	T	Pimples treatment	0.12	13
Polygonatum verticillatum L/Nooryalam/B.Huss.113.UOP	Polygonaceae	W	H	Rhizome	Dec	O	Aphrodisiac	0.26	28
Portulaca oleracea L/Warkhuray/B.Huss.114.UOP	Aizoaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Veg	O	Laxative	0.29	31
Prunus jacquemontii Hook/Arghanja/B.Huss.115.UOP	Rosaceae	W	S	Fruit	Dir	O	Hepatitis	0.17	18
Punica granatum L/Wangar/B.Huss.116.UOP	Punicaceae	W	S	Fruit	Dir, Pow	O	Cough	0.29	12
							Antidiarrheal		29
							Antiulcerogenic		9
							Dysentery		17
							Eye disorders		3
Quercus baloot Griff/Sayreye/B.Huss.117.UOP	Fagaceae	W	S	Fruit	Dec	O	Antidiabetic	0.19	18
Quercus baloot Griff/Sayreye/B.Huss.117.UOP	Fagaceae	W	S	Fruit	Dec	O	Antiulcerogenic	0.19	8
Raphanus sativus L/Moli/B.Huss.118.UOP	Brassicaceae	C	H	Root	Dir	O	Blood pressure	0.22	8
Raphanus sativus L/Moli/B.Huss.118.UOP	Brassicaceae	C	H	Root	Dir	O	Hepatitis	0.22	23
Rheum speciforme Royle/Pakhey/B.Huss.119.UOP	Polygonaceae	W	H	Petioles	Dir	O	Cardio tonic	0.12	13
Robinia pseudo-acacia L/Chanbele/B.Huss.120.UOP	Fabaceae	W	Tr	Inflorescence	Dec	O	Laxative	0.16	15
Robinia pseudo-acacia L/Chanbele/B.Huss.120.UOP	Fabaceae	W	Tr	Inflorescence	Dec	O	Nutritional	0.16	10
Rosa moschata J. Herm/JangliGulab/B.Huss.121.UOP	Rosaceae	W	S	Petals	Dec	O	Laxative	0.30	28
Rosa moschata J. Herm/JangliGulab/B.Huss.121.UOP	Rosaceae	W	S	Petals	Dec	O	Expectorant	0.30	16
Rosa webbiana Wall ex. Royle/Jangaligulab/B.Huss.122.UOP	Rosaceae	W	S	Fruit, seeds	Dir	O	Carminative	0.21	23
Rubus fruitcosus L/GharyManzakhka/B.Huss.123.UOP	Rosaceae	W	S	Fruit	Dir	O	Anemia	0.26	28
Rumex dentatus L/Zamda/B.Huss.124.UOP	Polygonaceae	W	H	Root	J	O	Antiseptic	0.17	8
Rumex dentatus L/Zamda/B.Huss.124.UOP	Polygonaceae	W	H	Root	J	O	Antiulcerogenic	0.17	17
Rununculus muricatus L/Zergulak/B.Huss.125.UOP	Ranunculaceae	W	H	Leaves	J	O	Analgesic	0.04	4
Salvia reflexa Hormn/Sugar boti/B.Huss.126.UOP	Lamiaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec	O	Antidiabetic	0.25	27
Sambucus nigra L/Lantus/B.Huss.127.UOP	Sambucaceae	W	S	Fruit	Inf	O	Flu	0.16	17
Seriphidium kurramensis (Qazilb.) Y. R. Sling/Tarkha/B.Huss.128.UOP	Asteraceae	Q	US	Aerial parts	Dec	O	Antipyretic	0.51	15
							Anthelmintic		30
							Antimalarial		54
Solanum nigrum L/Bartang/Kharsobay/B.Huss.129.UOP	Solanaceae	W	H	Fruit, leaves	Inf	O	Antidiarrheal	0.10	3
							Antidiuretic		6
							Hepatitis		7
Solanum surattense Burm. f/Marghony/B.Huss.130.UOP	Solanaceae	W	H	Fruit	Dec	O	Cough	0.13	14
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill/Tareza/B.Huss.131.UOP	Asteraceae	W	H	Leaves, root	Inf	O	Hepatitis	0.14	15
Tanacetum artemisioides L/Zawil/B.Huss.132.UOP	Asteraceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Inf	O	Antidiabetic	0.20	21
							Antiseptic		4
							Cough		7
							Hepatitis		9
Taraxicum officinale L/Chechopaska/B.Huss.133.UOP	Asteraceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec	O	Tonic	0.34	15
Taraxicum officinale L/Chechopaska/B.Huss.133.UOP	Asteraceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec	O	Hepatitis	0.34	36
Teucrium stocksianum B Boiss/Harboty/Gulbahar/B.Huss.134.UOP	Lamiaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Inf	O	Anthelmintic	0.14	13
							Antidiabetic		9
							Antidiuretic		2
							Antipyretic		6
Thymus linearis L/Paney/Mawory/B.Huss.135.UOP	Lamiaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Inf	O	Cough	0.56	47
							Appetizer		15
							Carminative		53
Tulipa clusiana DC/Spergha/B.Huss.136.UOP	Liliaceae	W	H	Rhizome	Pow	O	Anthelmintic	0.19	21
Urtica dioica L/Sezonky/B.Huss.137.UOP	Urticaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec	O	Anti-inflammatory	0.19	17
Urtica dioica L/Sezonky/B.Huss.137.UOP	Urticaceae	W	H	Aerial parts	Dec	O	Joint pain	0.19	15
Valeriana jatamansi Jones/Mehkek/B.Huss.138.UOP	Valerianaceae	W	H	Root	Pow	O	Aphrodisiac	0.22	24
Verbascum thapsus L/Kharghogy/B.Huss.139.UOP	Scrophulariaceae	W	H	Leaves	J	O,T	Antiseptic	0.14	15
Verbascum thapsus L/Kharghogy/B.Huss.139.UOP	Scrophulariaceae	W	H	Leaves	J	O,T	Ear problems	0.14	3
Vincetoxicum cardiostephanum (Rech.f) Rech.f/Kamyaboti/B.Huss.140.UOP	Asclepiadaceae	W	H	Whole plant	Dec	O	Chest problems	0.18	19
Viola canescens Wall ex Roxb/Benefsha/balamsha/B.Huss.141.UOP	Violaceae	W	H	Leaves, rhizome	Dec	O	Chest problems	0.26	14
	Violaceae	W	H	Leaves, rhizome	Dec	O	Cough	0.26	25
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal in DC/hapyanaga/hafyanga/Shapynga/B.Huss.142.UOP	Solanaceae	W	US	Fruit	Pow	O	Stomach pain	0.96	103
							Antidiabetic		9
							Antiulcerogenic		14
							Constipation		50
Xanthium strumarium L/Azghy/B.Huss.143.UOP	Asteraceae	W	H	Fruit	J	T	Skin problems	0.09	10
Zea mays L/Jawar/B.Huss.144.UOP	Poaceae	C	H	Grains	Dir	O	Obesity	0.07	8
Zingeber officinale L/Adrek/B.Huss.145.UOP	Zingiberaceae	C	H	Rhizome	Dec	O	Cough	0.43	46
Ziziphora tenuior L/Sahrawaleny/B.Huss.146.UOP	Lamiaceae	W	H	Leaves	Pow	O	Appetizer	0.18	16
Ziziphora tenuior L/Sahrawaleny/B.Huss.146.UOP	Lamiaceae	W	H	Leaves	Pow	O	Carminative	0.18	12

Abbreviations: C cultivated, Dec decoction, Dir direct, FC frequency of citation, H herb, J juice, O orally, Pow powder, Res resin, S shrub, RFC relative frequency citation, Ro roast ROA route of administration, T topically, T tree, US undershrub, UV use value, Veg vegetable, W wild

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