Table 1 Fungal species found and their usages

Agaricus silvicola (Vittad) Peck. (Agaricaceae)

san juer

伞菌

Forest, grow alone or in a small group

Edible, tasty, but there are some cases of poisoning. Harvest time: summer, autumn

s.n.

Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray (Agaricaceae)

mao cao jun

茅草菌

Grow in pine forest

Rich in proteins, crude fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, nucleic acid derivatives, vitamins B1, B2, vitamin C [45]

Strengthen body, condition the stomach, relieve pain, nourish lungs, and regulate breath; anti-cancer. Harvest time: summer

Y-M-070

Vascellum pratense (Pers.) Kreisel (Agaricaceae)

ma pi pao

马皮泡

Grow alone, in grassy areas, forest edges

Edible when they are young. Harvest time: spring, autumn

s.n.

Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. (Bankeraceae)

hu zhang jun

虎掌菌

Grow in forest with humic soil

Condition the stomach, nourish lungs, and regulate breath; anti-cancer. Harvest time: summer

Y-M-069

Boletus luridus Schaeff. (Boletaceae)

jian shou qing

见手青

Forest edges, grow alone or in a small group

Rich in proteins, amino acids, minerals, and polysaccharides [46]

Harvest time: summer

Y-M-068

Boletus edulis Rostk. (Boletaceae) [47]

mei wei niu gan jun

美味牛肝菌

Yi: ba hmu

Broad-leaved forest, grow alone or in a small group

Rich in polysaccharides, alkaloids (mainly of choline), putrescine, sterols [48]

Alleviate cold symptoms [49]. Harvest time: summer

Y-M-058

Cantharellus cibarius Fr. (Cantharellaceae)

huang si jun

黄丝菌

Yi: va cy hmu

Grow in forest of north temperate zone [50]

Rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, carotene, crude fiber, phosphorus, and a variety of mineral nutrients [51]

Clean liver, improve vision, diuresis, nourish lungs, and regulate breath. Harvest time: summer

Y-M-062

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung et al. (Clavicipitaceae)

chong cao

虫草

Yi: se ge bbup ddi

Rich in mannitol, SOD, and polysaccharides

Anti-cancer, anti-tumor, nourish lungs, and regulate breath. Harvest time: spring

Y-M-064

Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Ricken (Gomphaceae)

shua ba jun

刷把菌

Forest, grow alone

Edible, delicious taste, nourish the stomach, anti-cancer. Harvest time: summer, autumn

s.n.

Ramaria madagascariensis (Henn.) Corner (Gomphaceae)

sao ba jun

扫把菌

Coniferous forest, grow alone or in a small group

Edible, delicious taste. Harvest time: summer, autumn

s.n.

Helvella atra Oeder (Helvellaceae)

pi tiao jun

皮条菌

Grow clustered or scattered in forests

Prevent pernicious anemia, improve neurasthenia, cholesterol-lowering. Harvest time: summer, autumn

s.n.

Hericium erinaceus (Bull.) Pers. (Helvellaceae)

yang mao jun

羊毛菌

Yi: nyut o hmu

Grow on the top of trees

Rich in unsaturated fatty acids

Anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, protect liver, strengthen immunity, anti-aging, and enhance blood circulation. Harvest time: spring, summer, autumn

Y-M-061

Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) Heim (Lyophyllaceae)

ji zong jun

鸡枞菌

Have symbiotic relationship with termite nests, grow in broad-leaved and coniferous forest

Rich in proteins, crude fat, crude fiber, and a variety of mineral nutrients [52]

Improve immune system, improve sleep. Harvest time: summer, autumn

Y-M-060

Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk et Brome) R. Heim (Lyophyllaceae)

huo ba ji zong

火把鸡枞

Have symbiotic relationship with termite nests, grow in groups

Rich in proteins [53]

Protect stomach. Harvest time: summer, autumn

s.n.

Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. (Morocellaceae) [54]

yang du jun

羊肚菌

Yi: yo qy tie hmu

Grow in coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests

Rich in vitamin B1, B2, B12 [55]

Protect stomach, nourish the lungs, and strengthen immunity. Harvest time: spring, summer, autumn

Y-M-067

Phallus indusiatus Vent. (Phallaceae)

zhu gu niang

竹姑娘

Grow in hot and humid areas

Rich in proteins, crude fat, and crude fiber [56]

Nourish lungs and regulate breath, improve sleep, strengthen immunity. Harvest time: autumn

Y-M-066

Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr. (Russulaceae)

nai jiang jun

奶浆菌

Grow in conifer mixed forest

Rich in a variety of essential amino acids, protein, fat, vitamins, and a variety of mineral nutrients [57]

Anti-cancer, lower blood pressure, protect liver, detoxifying, diuresis. Harvest time: spring, summer, autumn

s.n.

Russula virescens (Schaeff.) Fr. (Russulaceae) [58]

qing tou jun

青头菌

Grow in mixed forest

Protect liver, protect eyesight. Harvest time: summer, autumn

s.n.

Russula nitida (Pers.) Fr. (Russulaceae) [59]

xiao hong jun

小红菌

Yi: zzit hmu

Grow in broad-leaved forest, solitary or in groups

Harvest time: summer, autumn

s.n.

Sparassia crispa (Wulfen) Fr. (Sparassidaceae)

hua er xiu qiu jun

花饵绣球菌

Grow in mountains, pine forest, central and western of Yunnan

Anti-aging, cholesterol-lowering, anti-cancer, strengthen immunity. Harvest time: summer

Y-M-059

Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill (Sparassidaceae)

zhou huan qiu gai gu

皱环球盖菇

Grow in forest edges, grassy areas, gardens, garbage dumps, sawdust pile, cattle dunghill

Rich in vitamins and a variety of mineral nutrients [60]

Nourish brain. Harvest time: spring, summer, autumn

s.n.

Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito et S. Imai) Singer (Tricholomataceae)

song rong

松茸

Yi: te hmu

Grow in natural forests without any pollution and human intervention

Rich in proteins, vitamins, and a variety of mineral nutrients [61]

Strengthen immunity, anti-cancer, anti-aging, prevent cardiovascular disease, improve gastrointestinal function, protect liver. Harvest time: summer

Y-M-063