Table 2 The WEPs traditionally used by the Liangshan Yi

Actinidia kolomikta (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.

Actinidiaceae

Climber

Fruit (snack)

9–10

N

244

0.62

51

LS0081

Sambucus adnata Wall. ex DC.

Adoxaceae

Herb

Fruit (snack), aboveground part (medicine, other use)

Bone fracture, rheumatism

1–12

N

422

1.07

10

LS0152

Sambucus williamsii Hance

Adoxaceae

Shrub

Leaf, bark (medicine)

Bone fracture

1–12

N

207

0.52

62

LS0181

Viburnum betulifolium Batalin

Adoxaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack, spice)

9–10

N

249

0.63

49

LS0125

Amaranthus blitum L.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food)

3–6

N

233

0.59

54

LS0166

Celosia argentea L.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Seed (famine food)

7–10

N

99

0.25

99

LS0093

Chenopodium hybridum L.

Amaranthaceae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food)

4–6

N

287

0.72

38

LS0016

Allium macrostemon Bunge

Amaryllidaceae

Herb

Whole plant (primary food, medicine, spice)

Gastropathy

3–11

N

228

0.58

55

LS0147

Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mazz.

Amaryllidaceae

Herb

Leaf (primary food)

3–10

N

131

0.33

90

LS0177

Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F.A. Barkley

Anacardiaceae

Tree

Tender shoot (primary food), branch (other use)

3–5

N

213

0.54

61

LS0140

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels

Apiaceae

Herb

Root (primary food, medicine)

Tonify

6–9

Medicine/40 (wet)

371

0.94

15

LS0043

Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC.

Apiaceae

Herb

Aboveground part (primary food)

3–6

N

258

0.65

45

LS0038

Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino

Apocynaceae

Climber

Fruit (snack)

8–10

N

130

0.33

91

LS0032

Aralia chinensis L.

Araliaceae

Tree

Tender shoot (primary food), branch (other use)

3–5

Food/10

269

0.68

41

LS0375

Aristolochia versicolor S.M.Hwang

Aristolochiaceae

Climber

Root (medicine)

Headache, injury, gastroenteritis

4–10

Medicine/200

52

0.13

105

LS0193

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua

Asparagaceae

Herb

Root (primary food, medicine)

Tonify

5–8

Medicine/40

334

0.84

29

LS0536

Begonia grandis subsp. sinensis (A.DC.) Irmsch.

Begoniaceae

Herb

Stem (primary food)

4–10

N

140

0.35

85

LS0151

Berberis jamesiana Forrest & W.W.Sm.

Berberidaceae

Shrub

Fruit (culinary coagulant, snack, spice), root (medicine)

Diarrhea

9–12

N

761

1.92

1

LS0248

Mahonia bealei (Fortune) Pynaert

Berberidaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack), bark and root (medicine)

Diarrhea

1–12

Medicine/50

204

0.52

65

LS0062

Incarvillea diffusa Royle

Bignoniaceae

Herb

Aboveground part (medicine)

Hepatitis

1–12

N

214

0.54

60

LS0558

Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & J.R.Drumm.

Boraginaceae

Herb

Root (medicine)

Hemorrhoid, enteritis

3–10

N

198

0.50

68

LS0013

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

Brassicaceae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food)

3–5

N

155

0.39

84

LS0423

Cardamine tangutorum O.E.Schulz

Brassicaceae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food, medicine)

Hypertension

3–5

Food/10

273

0.69

39

LS0279

Nasturtium officinale R.Br.

Brassicaceae

Herb

Aboveground part (primary food)

4–10

Food/5

139

0.35

87

LS0063

Rorippa dubia (Pers.) H.Hara

Brassicaceae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food)

3–6

N

107

0.27

95

LS0121

Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose

Cactaceae

Shrub

Flower (primary food)

7–11

N

98

0.25

100

LS0162

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.

Cactaceae

Shrub

Stem (primary food, medicine), fruit (snack)

Tonsillitis

1–12

N

294

0.74

37

LS0346

Codonopsis pilosula subsp. tangshen (Oliv.) D.Y.Hong

Campanulaceae

Herb

Root (primary food, medicine)

Tonify, gallstone

4–8

Medicine/50

342

0.86

27

LS0223

Leycesteria formosa Wall.

Caprifoliaceae

Shrub

Tender shoot (medicine)

Measles

3–10

N

132

0.33

89

LS0509

Arctium lappa L.

Compositae

Herb

Root (primary food, medicine)

Tonify, detoxify

3–5

Medicine/20

382

0.96

14

LS0315

Artemisia capillaris Thunb.

Compositae

Herb

Tender shoot (famine food), aboveground part (medicine, other use)

Injury

3–10

N

569

1.46

3

LS0256

Cirsium shansiense Petr.

Compositae

Herb

Root (primary food, medicine)

Tonify, nephrosis

3–11

Medicine/12

452

1.14

7

LS0362

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

Compositae

Herb

Whole plant (medicine)

Diarrhea, cough, pneumonia

3–10

N

168

0.42

79

LS0033

Kalimeris indica (L.) Sch.Bip.

Compositae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food), root (medicine)

Diarrhea

3–10

N

140

0.35

86

LS0255

Pseudognaphalium affine (D.Don) Anderb.

Compositae

Herb

Flower (famine food), whole plant (other use)

2–5

N

190

0.48

71

LS0014

Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L.

Compositae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food)

3–6

N

201

0.51

67

LS0463

Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.

Compositae

Herb

Leaf (primary food), whole plant (medicine)

Cough

3–10

Medicine/5

334

0.84

30

LS0410

Cornus kousa subsp. chinensis (Osborn) Q.Y.Xiang

Cornaceae

Tree

Fruit (snack)

9–10

Snack/10

196

0.49

70

LS0407

Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.

Cucurbitaceae

Climber

Flower (medicine)

Cough

5–8

N

114

0.29

94

LS0058

Araiostegia divaricata var. formosana (Hayata) M. Kato

Davalliaceae

Herb

Root (medicine)

Hypertension

3–10

N

67

0.17

104

LS0579

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Dennstaedtiaceae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food), root (famine food)

3–6

Food/10

536

1.35

4

LS0004

Dioscorea polystachya Turcz.

Dioscoreaceae

Climber

Root (primary food), bulbil (snack)

3–10

N

329

0.83

33

LS0376

Diospyros lotus L.

Ebenaceae

Tree

Fruit (snack)

10–11

N

170

0.43

78

LS0467

Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.

Elaeagnaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack)

8–9

N

346

0.87

23

LS0221

Equisetum giganteum L.

Equisetaceae

Herb

Whole plant (medicine)

Cold, headache, stomachache

3–10

N

102

0.26

97

LS0303

Vaccinium fragile Franch.

Ericaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack)

7–10

N

224

0.57

57

LS0452

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.

Eucommiaceae

Tree

Bark (primary food, medicine)

Nephropathy

1–12

N

178

0.45

76

LS0199

Quercus schottkyana Rehder & E.H.Wilson

Fagaceae

Tree

Seed (snack)

10–11

N

156

0.39

83

LS0366

Helwingia japonica (Thunb.) F.Dietr.

Helwingiaceae

Shrub

Leaf (primary food)

3–6

N

105

0.27

96

LS0319

Iris forrestii Dykes

Iridaceae

Herb

Root (medicine)

Cough

3–10

N

178

0.45

77

LS0417

Mentha canadensis L.

Lamiaceae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food, medicine, spice)

Hyperthermia

3–10

Spice/10

393

0.99

12

LS0403

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton

Lamiaceae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food), seed (Spice)

8–10

N

438

1.11

8

LS0292

Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz.

Lardizabalaceae

Climber

Fruit (snack)

7–8

N

236

0.60

52

LS0481

Decaisnea insignis (Griff.) Hook.f. & Thomson

Lardizabalaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack)

10–11

N

167

0.42

80

LS0200

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.

Lauraceae

Tree

Fruit and root (spice)

7–10

Spice/40

205

0.52

64

LS0561

Litsea pungens Hemsl.

Lauraceae

Tree

Fruit and root (spice)

7–10

Spice/40

343

0.87

25

LS0535

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Pradeep

Leguminosae

Climber

Root (snack)

7–10

Snack/20

183

0.46

74

LS0448

Spatholobus suberectus Dunn

Leguminosae

Climber

Stem (medicine)

Heart disease

3–10

Medicine/40

89

0.22

102

LS0457

Vicia sativa L.

Leguminosae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food)

1–12

N

189

0.48

72

LS0252

Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don

Liliaceae

Herb

Bulb (medicine)

Cough, injury

7–8

Medicine/ 2000(dry)

261

0.66

44

LS0471

Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis.

Lycopodiaceae

Herb

Whole plant (medicine)

Rheumatism, gastropathy

3–10

Medicine/50

78

0.20

103

LS0532

Lycopodium japonicum Thunb.

Lycopodiaceae

Herb

Spore powder (medicine)

Rheumatism

3–10

Medicine/200

95

0.24

101

LS0441

Malva verticillata L.

Malvaceae

Herb

Whole plant (medicine)

Delivery

1–12

N

270

0.68

40

LS0022

Paris polyphylla Sm.

Melanthiaceae

Herb

Root (medicine)

Muscle pain, injury

3–10

Medicine/600

254

0.64

46

LS0424

Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem.

Meliaceae

Tree

Tender shoot (primary food, medicine)

Diarrhea

3–5

N

354

0.89

21

LS0369

Ficus pumila L.

Moraceae

Climber

Fruit (snack)

6–8

N

115

0.29

93

LS0161

Ficus tikoua Bureau

Moraceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack)

7–8

N

295

0.74

36

LS0148

Morus australis Poir.

Moraceae

Tree

Fruit (snack)

4–5

N

253

0.64

47

LS0389

Musa basjoo Siebold & Zucc. ex Iinuma

Musaceae

Tree

Flower (medicine), fruit(snack)

Heart disease

1–12

N

207

0.52

63

LS0098

Myrica nana A. Chev.

Myricaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack)

6–8

Snack/10

198

0.50

69

LS0225

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod.

Onocleaceae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food)

3–5

Food/10

345

0.87

24

LS0272

Ophioglossum vulgatum L.

Ophioglossaceae

Herb

Whole plant (primary food, medicine)

Tonify

3–10

Medicine/200

321

0.81

34

LS0446

Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall.

Orchidaceae

Herb

Whole plant (medicine)

Cough

7–10

Medicine/40

100

0.25

98

LS0569

Gastrodia elata

Orchidaceae

Herb

Rhizome (primary food, medicine)

Headache

3–6

Medicine/100 (wet), 500 (dry)

430

1.09

9

LS0142

Osmunda japonica Thunb.

Osmundaceae

Herb

Tender shoot (primary food)

3–5

N

332

0.84

32

LS0367

Oxalis corniculata L.

Oxalidaceae

Herb

Aboveground part (snack, spice, other use)

1–12

N

461

1.16

6

LS0343

Plantago major L.

Plantaginaceae

Herb

Aboveground part (primary food, medicine)

Diarrhea, cough

3–10

Medicine/5

416

1.05

11

LS0007

Fargesia spathacea Franch.

Poaceae

Shrub

Tender shoot (primary food)

3–5

Food/14

357

0.90

17

LS0087

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.

Poaceae

Herb

Root (primary food, medicine)

Nosebleed, cough

3–10

N

295

0.74

35

LS0259

Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke

Polygonaceae

Herb

Root (medicine), leaf (culinary coagulant)

Headache

1–12

Medicine/40

222

0.56

58

LS0549

Lemmaphyllum carnosum (J. Sm. ex Hook.) C. Presl

Polypodiaceae

Herb

Aboveground part (medicine)

Cough, injury

3–10

N

163

0.41

81

LS0349

Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw.

Polypodiaceae

Herb

Whole plant (medicine)

Gallstone

3–10

N

138

0.35

88

LS0141

Lysimachia congestiflora Hemsl.

Primulaceae

Herb

Whole plant (medicine)

Gallstone

3–10

N

220

0.56

59

LS0172

Anemone vitifolia Buch.-Ham. ex DC.

Ranunculaceae

Herb

Fruit (famine food)

9–12

N

263

0.66

43

LS0328

Hovenia dulcis Thunb.

Rhamnaceae

Tree

Infructescence shaft (snack, medicine)

Tonify

8–10

Snack/14

204

0.52

66

LS0300

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.

Rosaceae

Herb

Aboveground part (medicine)

Diarrhea

1–12

N

179

0.45

75

LS0224

Crataegus scabrifolia (Franch.) Rehder

Rosaceae

Tree

Fruit (snack, medicine)

Cough

8–10

N

354

0.89

20

LS0179

Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke

Rosaceae

Herb

Fruit (snack)

6–10

N

363

0.92

16

LS0427

Fragaria nilgerrensis Schltdl. ex J.Gay

Rosaceae

Herb

Fruit (snack)

5–9

N

356

0.90

18

LS0124

Potentilla discolor Bunge

Rosaceae

Herb

Whole plant (medicine)

Diarrhea, gastropathy

3–10

N

245

0.62

50

LS0385

Prunus trichostoma Koehne

Rosaceae

Tree

Fruit (snack)

7–10

N

225

0.57

56

LS0180

Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) H.L.Li

Rosaceae

Shrub

Fruit (famine food, snack, other use)

1–12

N

741

1.87

2

LS0404

Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don

Rosaceae

Tree

Fruit (snack)

9–10

N

340

0.86

28

LS0483

Rosa omeiensis Rolfe

Rosaceae

Herb

Fruit (snack)

5–8

Snack/10

385

0.97

13

LS0337

Rosa roxburghii Tratt.

Rosaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack)

8–10

Snack/10

236

0.60

53

LS0021

Rubus ellipticus var. obcordatus (Franch.) Focke

Rosaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack)

4–5

N

333

0.84

31

LS0055

Rubus inopertus (Focke) Focke

Rosaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack)

7–8

N

343

0.87

26

LS0023

Rubus mesogaeus Focke

Rosaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack)

7–8

N

348

0.88

22

LS0566

Rubus wallichianus Wight & Arn.

Rosaceae

Shrub

Fruit (snack)

5–6

N

356

0.90

19

LS0035

Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

Saururaceae

Herb

Whole plant (primary food, medicine), root (spice)

Dyspepsia

3–10

Food/6

500

1.26

5

LS0056

Schisandra rubriflora Rehder & E.H.Wilson

Schisandraceae

Climber

Fruit (snack, medicine)

Tonify

9–12

N

264

0.67

42

LS0123

Smilax stans Maxim.

Smilacaceae

Shrub

Tender hoot (primary food)

4–8

Food/16

162

0.41

82

LS0127

Physalis alkekengi L.

Solanaceae

Herb

Fruit (snack)

6–10

N

128

0.32

92

LS0130

Vitis heyneana Roem. & Schult.

Vitaceae

Climber

Fruit (snack)

6–10

N

187

0.47

73

LS0017

Hemerocallis citrina Baroni

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Herb

Flower (primary food)

5–8

N

251

0.63

48

LS0500