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Table 4 Medicinal plants used by the Agusan Manobo in Agusan del Sur, Philippines

From: Quantitative ethnopharmacological documentation and molecular confirmation of medicinal plants used by the Manobo tribe of Agusan del Sur, Philippines

Plant no.

Scientific name

Family

Local name

Voucher no.

UR

UC

UV

CIV

UD

Disease or purpose

Parts useda

Preparation and administrationb

Quantity or dosage

Administration frequency

Experienced adverse or side effects

1

Andrographis paniculata Nees

Acanthaceae

White flower

USTH 015616

480

9

1.43

3.07

2.09

Jaundice, colds, malaria; cancer; diabetes; hypertension, heart enlargement, atherosclerosis; cough, respiratory disease complex, sore throat; diarrhea, ulcer, dyspepsia, liver problem; abortifacient; fever, gas pain and flatulence

Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

Can cause abortion in pregnant women

Boils, skin rashes and itchiness, dermatitis

Wh

E

Apply decoction as wash

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

2

Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz

Acanthaceae

Marvelosa or Serpentina

USTH 015622

583

6

1.74

2.90

1.74

Colds; diabetes, beriberi; nervous breakdown; hypertension; diarrhea, stomachache; weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm

Lf

I

Drink decoction

1–3 glasses

Once a day for 3–5 days

None

3

Amaranthus spinosus L.

Amaranthaceae

Kudyapa

USTH 015589

211

9

0.63

2.75

2.06

Diabetes; anemia; cough, bronchitis; dysentery, constipation; urinary tract infection; fever

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Labor and delivery enhancer

Sd

I

Drink water-infused powdered seeds

1–3 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

Boils, psoriasis, skin rashes, eczema, pimple, acne; snake and scorpion bite

Lf

E

Apply leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

Thrice a day or as needed

None

4

Mangifera indica L.

Anacardiaceae

Mangga

USTH 015591

222

5

0.66

2.85

1.47

Constipation

Fr

I

Eat fresh fruit directly

1–3 fruits

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Cough, cough with phlegm, sore throat

Lf

I

Drink hot water-infused leaves or decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

Diarrhea, stomach trouble; headache

Bk

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

Scabies; cuts and wounds

Bk, Lf

E

Rub crushed leaves or scraped bark

3–5 leaves, 1 palm-sized bark

Twice a day or as needed

None

5

Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz

Anacardiaceae

Abihid

USTH 015599

372

4

1.11

2.33

1.39

Colds; diabetes; cough; fever

Bk, Lf

I

Drink decoction of leaves and scraped bark

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day for 3 days or as needed

None

Colds; fever

Bk, Lf

E

Bath water-infused leaves and scraped bark

1 pail

Once a day or as needed

None

6

Annona muricata L.

Annonaceae

Guyabano

USTH 015593

209

8

0.62

2.17

2.02

Cancer; diabetes; hypertension; dysentery

Fr

I

Eat fresh fruit directly

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a week or as needed

In excess can cause blood viscosity

Ascariasis; cough; stomach trouble, stomach acidity; urination difficulty, urinary tract infection

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

Skin eruptions, eczema

Lf, Sp

E

Apply leaf sap or crushed leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

7

Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson

Annonaceae

Anangilan or Ilang-ilang

USTH 015577

358

7

1.07

2.47

1.85

Colds; cough; stomach trouble, ulcer; fever, body chills

Bk, Lf

I

Drink decoction

5–7 glasses

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Scabies, athlete's foot; pimple; rheumatism, swollen muscles or swellings, muscle pain; insect bites

Fl

E

Apply oil from steamed flowers

Completely on affected part

3–5 times a day or as needed

None

8

Friesodielsia lanceolata (Merr.) Steen.

Annonaceae

Talimughat taas

USTH 015558

198

3

0.59

2.08

0.90

Muscle pain; labor and delivery enhancer, postpartum care and recovery; backache, body ache, weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm, relapse

Bk, Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day up to 3 days or as needed

None

9

Uvaria zschokkei Elmer

Annonaceae

Bigo

USTH 015662

195

5

0.58

0.70

1.56

Amoebiasis; hypertension; fever, weakness and fatigue

St

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Hair loss; insect bites

St, Sp

E

Apply stem sap

1/2–1 cup

As needed

None

10

Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don

Apocynaceae

Dita

USTH 015546

386

9

1.15

2.71

2.04

Tonic; ear congestion; cough; stomach trouble, toothache; urinary tract infection; abdominal pain, weakness and fatigue, hangover

Bk, Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Cuts and wounds, bruises and contusions, sprain

Lf

E

Apply crushed and heated leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Scabies, impetigo, ringworm; boils

Bk

E

Apply water-infused powdered bark

1 glass

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Stomachache, snake bite

Bk

E

Drink local alcohol-tinctured bark

1/2 to 1 glass

As needed

None

11

Anodendron borneense (King & Gamble) D.J.Middleton

Apocynaceae

Lunas tag-uli

USTH 015639

1134

12

3.39

3.68

2.22

Cancer; diabetes; ear infections; diarrhea, stomach trouble, ulcer, toothache; arthritis, rheumatism; pregnancy; body ache, weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm, relapse; poisoning

Sp, St

I

Drink stem sap

1–3 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

Colon and prostate cancer, cyst, tumor; diabetes; hypertension; pulmonary tuberculosis; diarrhea, stomach trouble, ulcer, toothache, swollen gums; arthritis, rheumatism; impotence and sterility, postpartum care and recovery; body ache, weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm, relapse, gas pain, and flatulence; sprain; poisoning

St

I

Drink local alcohol-tinctured or decocted stem

1/2 to 1 glass

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Scabies, warts, impetigo, typhoid fever; boils, skin eruptions, skin rashes, and itchiness; arthritis, rheumatism, swellings, muscle pain; backache, body ache, weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm, relapse gas pain and flatulence; allergy, burns, cuts and wounds, sprain, animal and insect bites, contacts with plants and animal parts

St

E

Apply coconut or Efficascent oil-infused stem

Completely on affected part

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

12

Hoya imbricata Decne.

Apocynaceae

Pikot-pikot

USTH 015618

57

2

0.17

0.86

0.69

Boils; cuts and wounds

Lf

E

Apply coconut oil-infused burned and powdered leaves

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

13

Alocasia zebrina Schott ex Van Houtte

Araceae

Lunas gabi

USTH 015614

44

1

0.13

0.60

0.00

Allergy, cuts and wounds, snake and insect bite, poisoning

Lf, Sp, St

E

Apply stem or leaf sap

Completely on affected part

Once a day or as needed

None

14

Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & K.Krause

Araceae

Payaw

USTH 015597

466

7

1.39

2.00

1.83

Colds; body ache, headache, fever

Lf, St

I/E

Sniff sliced and pounded leaf and stem or tie leaf and stem around the neck

1–3 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

Tonsillitis; pregnancy, impotence and sterility, labor and delivery enhancer

Rz

I

Drink extracted juice from crushed rhizome

1–3 cups

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Rheumatism; cuts and wounds

Rz

E

Apply extracted juice from crushed rhizome

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

Hemorrhoids

Lf

E

Insert heated young leaf

1 leaf

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

15

Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.

Araliaceae

Goto Kola

USTH 015563

263

4

0.78

1.78

1.39

Diabetes; hypertension; fever

Lf

I

Eat fresh leaves directly or drink decocted leaves

3–5 leaves; 1 cup

Once a day or as needed

In excess can cause anemia, dizziness and weakening

Cuts and wounds

Lf, Sp

E

Apply leaf sap or crushed leaves as poultice

1–3 leaves

As needed

None

16

Areca catechu L.

Arecaceae

Huling-huling

USTH 015610

42

1

0.13

0.70

0.69

Breast cancer

Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

17

Calamus megaphyllus Becc.

Arecaceae

Kapi

USTH 015608

168

4

0.50

1.65

1.28

Hypertension; asthma; diarrhea, dyspepsia, gastritis, indigestion; arthritis, rheumatism

Rz

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

18

Thottea affinis (Planch. ex Rolfe) ined.

Aristolochiaceae

Salimbagat

USTH 015643

278

3

0.83

1.75

1.10

Amoebiasis; cancer; toothache

Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

19

Dracaena roxburghiana (Schult.f.) Byng & Christenh.

Asparagaceae

Espada-espada

USTH 015647

78

2

0.23

0.67

0.69

Boils; snake bite

Lf

E

Apply leaf sap or pounded leaves as poultice

5–7 drops

As needed

None

20

Acmella grandiflora (Turcz.) R.K.Jansen

Asteraceae

Lunas pilipo

USTH 015548

396

4

1.18

2.40

1.33

Toothache; anesthetic

Fl

I

Apply fresh flower directly

1–3 flowers

As needed

None

Skin rashes and itchiness, psoriasis; cuts and wounds; anesthetic

Fl, Lf

E

Apply crushed flower or leaves as poultice

1–3 flowers, 5–7 leaves

As needed

None

21

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Asteraceae

Albahaca

USTH 015602

77

3

0.23

1.89

1.10

Abortifacient; weakness and fatigue

Lf

I

Drink decoction

1–3 cups

Once a day or as needed

Can cause abortion in pregnant women

Cuts and wounds

E

Apply pounded leaves as poultice

1–3 leaves

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

22

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Asteraceae

Helbas

USTH 015619

365

4

1.09

1.60

1.24

Asthma, cough, cough with phlegm; diarrhea, dyspepsia; delayed menstruation; relapse

Lf

I

Drink decoction

1–3 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

In excess can cause anemia, dizziness and weakening

Abdominal pain, body ache, fever, cramp, and spasm

Lf

E

Apply crushed leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

23

Bidens pilosa L.

Asteraceae

Tuway-tuway

USTH 015582

218

5

0.65

1.67

1.26

Colds; diarrhea; muscle pain; backache, body ache, fever, weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm, relapse, gas pain, and flatulence

Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day up to 3 days or as needed

None

Cuts and wounds, animal and insect bites

Lf

E

Apply crushed leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

24

Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.

Asteraceae

Gabon

USTH 015573

412

6

1.23

2.60

1.58

Hypertension; cough, cough with phlegm; urination difficulty; postpartum care and recovery; body ache, headache, fever, weakness and fatigue, gas pain and flatulence

Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day for 3 days or as needed

None

Headache

Lf

E

Apply steamed or pounded leaves in the forehead

1–3 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

Boils, skin rashes

Lf

E

Apply leaves as poultice

1–3 leaves

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

25

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.

Asteraceae

Hagonoy

USTH 015632

448

5

1.34

2.50

1.56

Tumor; hemorrhage; fever

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day for 3 days or as needed

None

Boils; burns, cuts, and wounds

Lf

E

Apply leaf sap or crushed leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

26

Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob.

Asteraceae

Kanding-kanding

USTH 015587

476

5

1.42

2.78

1.42

Colds, malaria; pulmonary tuberculosis; dog bite

Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Chicken pox, herpes simplex, measles; boils, skin eruptions, skin rashes and itchiness; weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm

Fl, Lf, Rt

E

Bath water-infused leaves and roots or burn leaves and roots as incense

1 pail as bath or 1 bowl as incense

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

27

Erechtites valerianifolius (Link ex Spreng.) DC.

Asteraceae

Gapas-gapas bae

USTH 015666

208

3

0.62

2.25

1.01

Stomachache, dyspepsia; body ache, headache, gas pain, and flatulence

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Cuts and wounds

Lf, Sp

E

Apply sap or leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

28

Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.

Asteraceae

Ashitaba

USTH 015645

215

4

0.64

2.50

1.33

Emphysema, cough; diarrhea, stomach trouble; kidney stones; abdominal pain

Lf

I

Drink brewed tea-prepared leaves or decoction

3–5 cups

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

29

Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob.

Asteraceae

Moti-moti

USTH 015543

397

6

1.19

2.75

1.67

Cough; ulcer

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

Sore eyes

Lf, Sp

I

Drop leaf sap

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

Skin rashes and itchiness; cuts and wounds, snake and scorpion bites; circumcision antiseptic

Lf

E

Apply leaf sap or crushed leaves as poultice

5–7 leaves

As needed

None

30

Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Juss.) Rohr

Asteraceae

Kukog banog

USTH 015564

500

5

1.49

2.50

1.44

Urination difficulty, kidney problem, urinary bladder swelling, delayed menstruation, urinary tract infection; fever, weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm

Lf, Rt

I

Drink brewed tea-prepared leaves or decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

Sore eyes; eczema, skin rashes, and itchiness; cuts and wounds, sprain, snake bite

Lf, Sp

E

Apply drops of leaf sap

Completely on affected part

Thrice a day or as needed

None

31

Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.

Athyriaceae

Pako-pako

USTH 015545

212

5

0.63

1.92

1.56

Colds; cough; diarrhea, dysentery; labor and delivery enhancer, postpartum care and recovery; body ache, headache, fever

Sh

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

32

Begonia contracta Warb.

Begoniaceae

Budag-budag

USTH 015654

85

2

0.25

1.33

0.64

Pimple, dandruff; burns

Fl, Lf

E

Apply crushed flower and leaves as poultice

1–3 flowers, 1–3 leaves

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

33

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

Bombacaceae

Doldol

USTH 015535

140

5

0.42

2.14

1.55

Diabetes; pulmonary tuberculosis; diarrhea, dysentery; rheumatism, swollen muscles; snake bite

Bk, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

34

Ehretia microphylla Lam.

Boraginaceae

Alangitngit or Tsaang-Gubat

USTH 015638

336

4

1.00

2.60

1.39

Diabetes; nervous breakdown; stomach acidity; food and drug allergy

Lf

I

Drink tea-prepared leaves

1/2 to 1 cup

Once a day for 3 days or as needed

None

35

Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.

Bromeliaceae

Pinya

USTH 015667

226

7

0.67

1.71

1.85

Ascariasis, amoebiasis; cancer; diabetes; hypertension; constipation, stomach acidity

Fr

I

Eat fresh fruit directly

1–3 slices

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Headache, fever, weakness, and fatigue

Lf, Sh

E

Apply crushed shoot or leaves as poultice

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

Cancer; swellings

Lf

I/E

Drink decoction or apply decocted leaves

3–5 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

36

Abroma augusta (L.) L.f.

Byttneriaceae

Samboligawn

USTH 015637

329

8

0.98

2.69

1.98

Diabetes, tonic; bronchitis; stomachache; dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation; sterility

Bk, Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

Scabies; boils, skin eruptions, dermatitis; cuts and wounds

Bk, Lf

E

Apply decoction as wash

1–3 glasses

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

37

Kleinhovia hospita L.

Byttneriaceae

Bitan-ag

USTH 015631

146

6

0.44

2.50

1.70

Tumor; asthma, pneumonia, cough; dyspepsia, liver problem; headache; baby teething

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Scabies; psoriasis

Lf

E

Apply crushed leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

38

Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf

Byttneriaceae

Banitlong

USTH 015649

265

4

0.79

1.76

1.24

Rheumatism; backache, body ache, headache

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Canker sore; burns

Lf

E

Apply leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

39

Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don

Campanulaceae

Elepanteng puti

USTH 015583

213

5

0.64

1.83

1.56

Toothache

Lf

I

Apply chewed or pounded leaves

1–3 leaves

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Nervous breakdown; asthma, bronchitis; fever

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Cuts and wounds

Lf

E

Apply decoction

1 glass

As needed

None

40

Carica papaya L.

Caricaceae

Kapayas laki

USTH 015668

659

6

1.97

2.92

1.64

Constipation, dyspepsia; milk production enhancer

Fr

I

Eat fresh fruit directly

1–3 slices

Once a day or as needed

None

Tonic; asthma; stomach problem

Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

Dengue fever

Lf, Sp

I

Drink leaf sap

5–7 leaves

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Body ache, fever, cramp, and spasm

Lf

I

Apply crushed and heated leaves as poultice

1–3 leaves

Twice a day or as needed

None

41

Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume

Clusiaceae/Guttiferae

Bansilay

USTH 015541

96

4

0.29

2.33

1.33

Colds; cough; dysentery

Bk, Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Toothache

Lf

I

Apply chewed or pounded leaves

3–5 leaves

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Impetigo; cuts and wounds

Lf

E

Apply pounded leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

42

Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) Govaerts

Costaceae

Tambabasi or Tawasi

USTH 015578

744

8

2.22

2.58

2.03

Diabetes, goiter; migraine; ear congestion; cough, lung nodule; urination difficulty, kidney problem; headache, fever

Lf, Rz

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day up to 3 days or as needed

None

Diarrhea, stomachache, dysentery

St

I

Drink stem sap

1/2 cup

As needed

None

Sore eyes

Lf

I

Apply leaf sap

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

43

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.

Crassulaceae

Hanlilika

USTH 015584

486

12

1.45

2.88

2.21

Diabetes; anemia, hypertension; asthma; cough; constipation, diarrhea, stomach trouble, hemorrhoids; kidney stone; labor and delivery enhancer; fever

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

Herpes simplex; hemorrhoids; boils, eczema; swellings; burns, cuts and wounds, bruises and contusions, insect bites

Lf

I

Apply decocted leaves as wash

1–3 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

Abdominal pain, body ache, headache, fever

Lf

E

Apply heated leaves as hot compress

1–3 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

44

Rhynchospora colorata (L.) H.Pfeiff.

Cyperaceae

Busikad

USTH 015571

254

6

0.76

1.38

1.61

Chicken pox, measles; cancer; cough; stomach acidity; fever, relapse, gas pain and flatulence; sprain

Wh

I

Drink decoction

1–3 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Baby teething

Fl

I

Drink water-infused flower

1/2–1 glass

Once to thrice a day

None

45

Stenomeris borneensis Oliv.

Dioscoreaceae

Banag

USTH 015537

540

6

1.61

2.36

1.70

Myoma; migraine; arthritis, rheumatism; urination difficulty, urinary bladder swelling; postpartum care and recovery; headache, cramp and spasm, relapse

Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day for 3 days or as needed

None

46

Euphorbia hirta L.

Euphorbiaceae

Tawa-tawa

USTH 015665

305

7

0.91

2.80

1.85

Colds, dengue fever; asthma; diarrhea, vomiting; fever

Wh

I

Drink decoction of whole plant except flowers

5–7 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

In excess can cause thrombocytopenia

Ringworm; sore eyes; boils, skin rashes, and itchiness; cuts and wounds

Lf

I/E

Apply leaf sap or decocted leaves

5–7 leaves

Thrice a day or as needed

None

47

Jatropha curcas L.

Euphorbiaceae

Tuba-tuba puti

USTH 015595

495

7

1.48

2.66

1.79

Colds; pulmonary tuberculosis; diarrhea; arthritis, rheumatism; backache, body ache, fever, weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm, relapse, gas pain, and flatulence

Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

1–3 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

Scabies, ringworm; ear infection, discharging ear; toothache; swollen muscles and swellings; cuts and wounds, fracture and dislocation, animal and insect bites

Bk, Rt

I/E

Apply decoction or pounded scraped bark as poultice

1–3 palm-sized barks, 1/2–1 arm-sized roots

As needed

None

48

Jatropha gossypifolia L.

Euphorbiaceae

Tuba-tuba tapol

USTH 015586

810

9

2.41

2.83

1.94

Colds, malaria, typhoid fever; pulmonary tuberculosis; diarrhea; arthritis, rheumatism; dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation; backache, body ache, fever, weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm, relapse, gas pain, and flatulence

Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

1–3 leaves, 1/2–1 arm-sized roots

Once a day or as needed

None

Ringworm; boils, carbuncles, dermatitis; swollen muscles and swellings, muscle pain; backache, body ache, fever; cuts and wounds

Lf

E

Bath or wash decocted leaves

1–3 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

Scabies, ringworm; ear infection, discharging ear; toothache, mouth sore; cuts and wounds, fracture and dislocation, animal and insect bites

Bk, Rt

I/E

Apply decoction or pounded scraped bark as poultice

1–3 palm-sized barks, 1/2–1 arm-sized roots

As needed

None

49

Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll.

Euphorbiaceae

Awom

USTH 015621

485

5

1.45

2.33

1.56

Beriberi; emphysema, cough; diarrhea, stomach trouble

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Fibroma; body ache, weakness, and fatigue

Bk, Fl, Lf

E

Apply fresh or heated flower, leaves, and bark; sometimes mixed with little salt

1–3 flowers, 1–3 leaves, 1–3 palm-sized barks

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

50.1

Omalanthus macradenius Pax & Hoffm.

Euphorbiaceae

Banti puti

USTH 015633

202

3

0.60

1.77

1.04

Impetigo; diarrhea, stomach trouble; cuts and wounds

Lf

E

Apply pounded leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

50.2

Omalanthus macradenius Pax & Hoffm.

Euphorbiaceae

Banti tapol

USTH 015554

203

3

0.61

1.60

1.04

Impetigo; diarrhea, stomach trouble; cuts and wounds

Lf

E

Apply pounded leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

51

Bauhinia sp.

Fabaceae

Talimughat pikas

USTH 015575

284

4

0.85

1.50

1.22

Rheumatism, muscle pain; delayed menstruation; labor and delivery enhancer, postpartum care and recovery; backache, body ache, weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm, relapse

Lf, St

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day up to 3 days or as needed

None

52

Crotalaria incana L.

Fabaceae

Sagay-sagay

USTH 015572

84

5

0.25

1.60

1.24

Myoma; hormonal imbalance; cough; constipation; fever, weakness and fatigue, relapse

Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day up to 3 days or as needed

None

53

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Steud.

Fabaceae

Madre de Cacao

USTH 015620

153

6

0.46

1.83

1.68

Scabies; boils, skin eruption, skin rashes, and itchiness; cuts and wounds

Lf, Sp

E

Apply leaf sap or pounded leaves as poultice

Completely on affected part

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Eczema, dermatitis; arthritis and rheumatism; burns, cuts and wounds, bruises and contusions

Bk, Rt, Sp

E

Apply sap or decocted bark or root

Completely on affected part

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Abortifacient, postpartum care, and recovery

Lf

E

Burn leaves as incense or apply heated leaves as hot compress

3–5 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

Body ache, headache, fever; fracture and dislocation, sprain

Bk

E

Apply scraped bark as poultice

1–3 palm-sized barks

Once a day or as needed

None

54

Mimosa pudica L.

Fabaceae

Hibi-hibi or makahiya

USTH 015570

355

8

1.06

2.29

1.97

Diabetes; hypertension; asthma, dysentery; urination difficulty; fever

Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

Baby teething

Rt

I

Drink water-infused peeled roots

1/2 to 1 cup

Once a day or as needed

None

Mumps; boils; child sleeplessness, malaise, and fatigue

Sh

E

Apply hot water-infused shoots

1/2 to 1 glass

As needed

None

55

Ormosia macrodisca Baker

Fabaceae

Bahay

USTH 015625

522

5

1.56

2.36

1.56

Atherosclerosis (high cholesterol)

Fr

I

Eat fresh fruit directly

1–3 fruits

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Typhoid fever; nervous breakdown; high cholesterol; kidney problem; fever

Bk

I

Drink decoction or local alcohol-tinctured bark

1/2 to 1 cup

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Nervousness; skin numbness

Bk, Rt

E

Apply Efficascent oil-infused bark and root

Fill a 250 ml glass bottle with bark and roots

As needed

None

56.1

Phanera semibifida (Roxb.) Benth.

Fabaceae

Alibangbang puti

USTH 015646

66

1

0.20

1.11

0.00

Internal bleeding, hemorrhage

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

56.2

Phanera semibifida (Roxb.) Benth.

Fabaceae

Alibangbang tapol

USTH 015634

53

1

0.16

1.00

0.00

Internal bleeding, hemorrhage

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

57

Callicarpa pedunculata R.Br.

Lamiaceae

Awoy

USTH 015661

378

4

1.13

1.50

1.28

Ulcer, pancreatitis, fatty liver; weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm

Lf

I

Drink hot water-infused leaves

1/2 to 1 cup

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Asthma

Lf

E

Burn leaves as incense

1–3 leaves

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Swollen muscles, muscle pain; backache, body ache

Lf

E

Apply leaves as poultice

1–3 leaves

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

58

Coleus amboinicus Lour.

Lamiaceae

Kalabo

USTH 015617

380

4

1.13

1.78

1.31

Asthma, cough, cough with phlegm; dyspepsia; abdominal pain, gas pain, and flatulence

Lf

I

Eat leaves directly or drink decoction

1/2 to 1 cup

Once to thrice a day or as needed

In excess can cause anemia, weakness, and allergy

Burns, bruised and contusions, insect bites

Lf

E

Apply water-infused leaves

1–3 glasses

As needed

None

59.1

Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth.

Lamiaceae

Mayana kanapkap

USTH 015567

260

5

0.78

1.67

1.47

Anemia; asthma, pneumonia, cough; dyspepsia; gas pain and flatulence

Lf

I

Drink decoction

1–3 glasses

Once a day for 3–5 days or as needed

None

Cuts and wounds, bruises and contusions, sprain

Lf, Sp

E

Apply leaf sap or crushed leaves as poultice

5–7 leaves

Twice a day or as needed

None

59.2

Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth.

Lamiaceae

Mayana pula

USTH 015644

414

6

1.24

2.25

1.59

Anemia; asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, pulmonary tuberculosis, cough; ulcer, dyspepsia; gas pain and flatulence

Lf

I

Drink decoction

1–3 glasses

Once a day for 3–5 days or as needed

None

Conjunctivitis

Lf

I

Apply decoction as drop

Completely on affected part

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Cuts and wounds, bruises and contusions, sprain

Lf

E

Apply crushed leaves as poultice

5–7 leaves

Twice a day or as needed

None

60

Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm.

Lamiaceae

Gmelina

USTH 015635

335

5

1.00

1.83

1.49

Toothache, gum swelling

Lf

I

Apply chewed or pounded leaves

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

Discharging ear

Fr

I

Drop extract of heated fruit

1–3 fruits

As needed

Poisonous when eaten

Stomach bloating; maternal care; headache, gas pain and flatulence; cuts and wounds

Lf

E

Apply leaves directly or as poultice

1–3 leaves

As needed

None

61

Hyptis capitata Jacq.

Lamiaceae

Sawan-sawan

USTH 015574

498

7

1.49

2.56

1.85

Colds, malaria; cough; diarrhea, stomachache; new-born baby care; fever, gas pain and flatulence

Lf

I

Drink decoction or leaf sap

3–5 glasses decoction or 1/2 cup leaf sap (adult); 1/2 cup decoction or 1 teaspoonful leaf sap (baby)

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Delayed menstruation

Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Toothache; cuts and wounds

Lf

E

Apply crushed leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

62

Mentha arvensis L.

Lamiaceae

Herba buena

USTH 015669

174

6

0.52

2.71

1.59

Measles; cough; diarrhea, dysentery; dysmenorrhea; headache, fever, cramp and spasm, gas pain and flatulence

Sh

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Asthma; dizziness and fainting

Lf

I

Sniff crushed leaves or leaves infused with hot water

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

Toothache; headache, fever; insect bites

Lf

E

Apply chewed or crushed leaves

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

63

Mentha canadensis L.

Lamiaceae

Sencia

USTH 015670

432

9

1.29

2.81

2.04

Sinusitis, cough; stomachache, vomiting; delayed menstruation; backache, body ache, headache, fever, gas pain and flatulence

Lf

I

Drink hot water-infused leaves or decoction

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Ringworm; ear infection and congestion; toothache

Lf

I/E

Apply leaf sap

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

Muscle pain, abdominal pain; cuts and wounds, dislocation, snake bite

Lf

E

Apply crushed leaves as poultice

Completely on affected part

Once a day or as needed

None

Skin rashes and itchiness, acne; rheumatism; cuts and wounds; animal and insect bites

Lf

E

Apply decoction as wash

5–7 leaves

Twice a day or as needed

None

64

Ocimum basilicum L.

Lamiaceae

Sangig

USTH 015630

385

9

1.15

2.33

2.09

Cough, cough with phlegm; constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhoids; delayed menstruation; postpartum care and recovery; headache, fever, gas pain and flatulence

Lf, Sh

I

Drink decoction or add in soup

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

Ear congestion, infection, and discharge

Lf, Sp

I

Drop leaf sap

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

Boils, skin rashes, and itchiness; arthritis, rheumatism; cuts and wounds, bruises and contusions

Lf

E

Apply decoction as wash

3–5 leaves

Twice a day or as needed

None

Toothache; cuts and wounds, snake bites

Lf, Sh

I/E

Apply crushed shoot or leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves, 1 shoot

As needed

None

65

Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.

Lamiaceae

Wachichao

USTH 015550

513

6

1.53

2.96

1.58

Diabetes; hypertension; diarrhea, stomachache; joint pain, gout, rheumatism; urination difficulty, kidney stones, kidney problem, urinary bladder swelling, prostate problem; labor and delivery enhancer

Fl, Lf

I

Drink brewed tea-prepared leaves or decoction of leaves and flower

3–5 cups

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

66

Premna odorata Blanco

Lamiaceae

Abgaw

USTH 015559

668

7

1.99

2.94

1.79

Colds; nasal congestion, sinusitis, cough, cough with phlegm; diarrhea, ulcer; rheumatism; postpartum care and recovery; weakness and fatigue, gas pain and flatulence

Lf

I

Drink water-infused leaves

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day for 3 days or as needed

None

Cuts and wounds

E

Apply crushed leaves as poultice

1–3 leaves

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

67

Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum (Merr.) Bakh.

Lamiaceae

Kulipapa

USTH 015603

128

4

0.38

1.18

1.24

Beriberi; muscle pain; labor and delivery; backache, body ache, cramp and spasm

Rt, St

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

None

68

Vitex negundo L.

Lamiaceae

Lagundi

USTH 015562

475

5

1.42

2.69

1.55

Cough, cough with phlegm; ulcer; rheumatism; postpartum care and recovery; headache, gas pain and flatulence

Lf

I

Drink decoction

1/4 glass (young leaf) or 1/2 glass (mature leaf)

Thrice a day or as needed

None

69

Cinnamomum mercadoi S.Vidal

Lauraceae

Kaningag

USTH 015585

908

8

2.71

3.22

1.93

Amoebiasis; cancer; hypertension; cough; diarrhea, stomach trouble, ulcer, stomach acidity; kidney problem, urinary tract infection; weakness and fatigue, cramp and spasm

Bk, Br, Rt

I

Drink decoction or local alcohol-tinctured bark, stem and root

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Cuts and wounds

Bk, Br, Rt

E

Apply coconut oil-infused bark, stem and root

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

70

Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook.f.

Lauraceae

Loktob

USTH 015580

307

7

0.92

2.83

1.79

Mumps; cyst, tumor, myoma; goiter; asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, cough; ulcer; arthritis; kidney problem, dysmenorrhea

Bk, Rt

I

Drink hot water-infused bark or decoction

1–3 glasses

Once a day in thrice a week for 2 months or as needed

In excess can cause anemia, dizziness and weakening

71

Machilus philippinensis Merr.

Lauraceae

Efficascent

USTH 015576

82

2

0.24

1.11

0.69

Cough; weakness and fatigue

Sp, St

I

Drink sap from rubbed stem

1/2 cup

Once a day or as needed

None

72

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.

Lythraceae

Banaba

USTH 015596

384

4

1.15

2.57

1.26

Ulcer; urination difficulty, kidney stones, high uric acid, and creatinine; maternal care; backache, body ache, fever

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

73

Gossypium hirsutum L.

Malvaceae

Gapas

USTH 015553

283

3

0.84

2.14

0.95

Hemorrhage; postpartum care and recovery; body ache, fever, body chills

Rt

I

Drink decoction

1 glass

Once a day for 3 days

In excess, can cause abnormalities in lactating mothers

74

Sida rhombifolia L.

Malvaceae

Eskuba laki

USTH 015601

768

8

2.29

2.55

1.87

Cough; stomach trouble; kidney stone, kidney problem, prostate problem, irregular menstruation

Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

Chicken pox, herpes simplex, scabies; boils; swellings; backache, body ache, headache; cuts and wounds

Lf, Rt

E

Apply leaves as poultice or leaf and bark decoction as wash

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

Fever

Bk

I

Drink decoction

1–3 palm-sized barks

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

75

Urena lobata L.

Malvaceae

Dupang bae

USTH 015664

482

7

1.44

2.06

1.80

Stomach trouble; arthritis, rheumatism; labor and delivery, postpartum care and recovery; fever; cuts and wounds, fracture and dislocation, bruises and contusion, sprain, animal bites

Wh

I/E

Drink or apply decoction or burn as incense

1 bowl

Once a day or as needed

None

Diabetes; sore throat; toothache; abdominal pain

Sh

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

76

Angiopteris evecta Sw.

Marattiaceae

Amampang

USTH 015658

126

3

0.38

1.50

0.87

Muscle pain; postpartum care and recovery; backache, body ache, weakness, and fatigue, cramp and spasm

Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

77

Medinilla teysmannii Miq.

Melastomataceae

Tampion

USTH 015581

282

3

0.84

1.25

1.04

Swollen muscles and swellings, muscle pain; gas pain and flatulence; sprain

Lf

E

Apply heated leaves as hot compress

1–3 leaves

Once a day or as needed

None

78

Melastoma malabathricum L.

Melastomataceae

Hantutuknaw puti

USTH 015588

274

3

0.82

1.89

0.96

Diarrhea, dysentery, stomachache, hemorrhoids; headache, fever

Sh

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

Toothache; cuts and wounds

Lf

I/E

Drop or drink stem sap

1–3 leaves

As needed

None

79

Lansium domesticum Correa

Meliaceae

Lansones

USTH 015565

103

4

0.31

1.52

1.28

Malaria; diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia; fever, gas pain and flatulence

Bk, Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

Insect bites

Bk

E

Apply powdered bark

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

80

Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr.

Meliaceae

Santol

USTH 015624

464

7

1.39

1.78

1.85

Tonic; hypertension; diarrhea, dysentery; postpartum care and recovery; abdominal pain, fever

Bk, Fr, Lf

I

Drink decoction of mesocarp, leaves and scraped bark

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

Toothache

Lf

I

Apply crushed leaves as poultice

1–3 leaves

As needed

None

Boils, skin rashes and itchiness, dermatitis

Lf

E

Apply decoction as wash

3–5 leaves

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Ringworm

Bk

E

Apply pounded scraped bark as poultice

1–3 palm-sized barks

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

81

Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.

Meliaceae

Mahogany

USTH 015671

334

9

1.00

2.29

2.14

Dysmenorrhea, delayed menstruation; abortifacient; abdominal pain

Sd

I

Take powdered seed or drink decoction

1–3 glasses

Once a day or as needed

Can cause abortion in pregnant women

Amoebiasis, malaria; cancer; tonic; hypertension; cough; diarrhea; miscarriage; fever

Bk

I

Drink decoction

1–3 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

82

Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.

Menispermaceae

Lagtang or Abutra

USTH 015600

922

10

2.75

3.23

2.14

Jaundice; tumor, myoma; diabetes, tonic; respiratory disease complex; diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, ulcer, appetite enhancer; dysmenorrhea, delayed menstruation; abortifacient; fever

Rt, St

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

Can cause abortion in pregnant women

Scabies; boils, skin rashes and itchiness; cuts and wounds

Rt, St

E

Apply coconut oil-infused stem

Completely on affected part

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

83

Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson

Menispermaceae

Panyawan

USTH 015566

782

9

2.33

2.68

1.95

Malaria; tonic; diarrhea, stomach trouble, vomiting, ulcer, toothache; arthritis, rheumatism; dysmenorrhea; abortifacient; abdominal pain, backache, body ache, fever

St

I

Drink local alcohol-tinctured or decocted stem

1–3 glasses

Once or twice a day or as needed

Can cause abortion in pregnant women

Scabies; sore eyes; cuts and wounds

Sp, St

E

Drop stem sap

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

Arthritis, rheumatism; abortifacient; abdominal pain, body ache; gas pain and flatulence

St

E

Apply coconut oil-infused stem or stem mixed with gasoline

Completely on affected part

As needed

Can cause abortion in pregnant women

84

Ficus botryocarpa Miq.

Moraceae

Kabiya

USTH 015672

53

1

0.16

0.96

0.00

Headache, fever

Rt

I

Drink decoction

1 arm-sized root

Twice a day or as needed

None

85

Ficus cassidyana Elmer

Moraceae

Tobog tapol

USTH 015551

492

8

1.47

3.00

1.89

Colds; diabetes; hypertension; asthma, cough, respiratory disease complex; diarrhea, stomachache; urinary tract infection; postpartum recovery, maternal care, milk production enhancer; weakness and fatigue, relapse

Bk, Rt

I

Drink decoction

1–3 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Diabetes; hypertension

Fr

I

Eat fresh fruit directly

1–3 fruits

Once a day or as needed

None

Body ache, headache, fever

Lf

E

Apply leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

86

Ficus concinna (Miq.) Miq.

Moraceae

Balete

USTH 015552

608

4

1.81

2.66

1.37

Prostate cancer, cyst, tumor; arthritis, rheumatism; kidney problem, prostate problem

Bk, Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

5–7 glasses

Once a day in thrice a week for 2 months

In excess can cause anemia, dizziness, and weakening

Cuts and wounds

Bk, Lf, Rt

E

Apply decoction as wash

1–3 glasses

As needed

None

Fracture and dislocation, sprain

Bk, Rt

E

Apply fresh and heated bark and root as poultice

1–3 palm-sized barks or 1 arm-sized root

Once a day or as needed

Bark can cause skin allergy or burn

87

Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume

Moraceae

Tobog puti

USTH 015561

480

8

1.43

1.62

1.89

Colds; diabetes; hypertension; asthma, cough, respiratory disease complex; diarrhea, stomachache; urinary tract infection; maternal care, postpartum recovery, milk production enhancer; weakness and fatigue, relapse

Bk, Rt

I

Drink decoction

1–3 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Diabetes; hypertension

Fr

I

Eat fresh fruit directly

1–3 fruits

Once a day or as needed

None

Body ache, headache, fever

Lf

E

Apply leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

88

Ficus pseudopalma Blanco

Moraceae

Lobi-lobi

USTH 015636

331

7

0.99

2.38

1.80

Diabetes; hypertension, atherosclerosis, hemorrhage; diarrhea, stomach trouble, dyspepsia; kidney stones; muscle pain; postpartum care and recovery; cramp and spasm

Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

89

Ficus septica Burm.f.

Moraceae

Lagnob

USTH 015623

576

7

1.72

2.13

1.77

Stomach trouble; asthma, sinusitis; muscle pain; backache, body ache, headache, fever, weakness, and fatigue

Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day for 3 days only

In excess can cause intestinal weakening

Warts; cataract, eye problem

Lf, Sp

E

Apply drops of leaf sap

3–5 leaves

Twice a day or as needed

None

Herpes simplex; boils

Rt, Sp, St

E

Apply stem and root sap

Completely on affected part

Thrice a day or as needed

None

90

Ficus sp.

Moraceae

Tuwa-tuwa

USTH 015642

71

1

0.21

0.98

0.00

Pregnancy, impotence and sterility, postpartum care and recovery

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day for 3–5 days or as needed

None

91

Morus alba L.

Moraceae

Tahibo

USTH 015549

277

4

0.83

2.69

1.21

Colds; asthma, pneumonia, lung nodule, cough; muscle pain; cramp and spasm, relapse

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice to thrice a day for 3–5 days

In excess can cause acid reflux and hypocupremia

92

Muntingia calabura L.

Muntingiaceae

Mansanitas

USTH 015629

169

4

0.50

1.58

1.21

Colds; diarrhea, stomachache, vomiting, ulcer; prostate problem; abdominal pain, headache

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

93

Myristica agusanensis Elmer

Myristicaceae

Duguang kahoy

USTH 015611

194

2

0.58

1.96

0.69

Measles; respiratory disease complex

Bk

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

94

Psidium guajava L.

Myrtaceae

Bayabas

USTH 015663

275

5

0.82

2.15

1.43

Diarrhea, ulcer

Bk, Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Constipation

Fr

I

Eat fresh fruit directly

1–3 fruits

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Scabies; toothache; skin eruptions; cuts and wounds

Lf

E

Apply chewed or pounded leaves

3–5 leaves

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Dandruff; cuts and wounds; circumcision antiseptic

Lf

E

Apply decocted leaves as wash

3–5 leaves

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

95

Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.

Pandanaceae

Pandantsina

USTH 015555

197

2

0.59

1.98

0.60

Heart enlargement, high cholesterol; urination difficulty, kidney stone, kidney problem, urinary bladder swelling, prostate problem

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

96

Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.

Phyllanthaceae

Talikod or Likod-likod

USTH 015590

459

9

1.37

2.35

2.01

Jaundice, colds; tonic; coughs; stomach problem; kidney stone, kidney problem, urinary bladder swelling; new-born baby care; fever

Wh

I/E

Drink decoction or apply decocted leaves as wash

3–5 glasses decoction or 1/2 cup leaf sap (adult); 1/2 cup decoction or 1 teaspoonful leaf sap (baby)

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Scabies, jaundice, ringworm; skin rashness and itchiness, dermatitis, eczema; cuts and wounds

Fr, Rt

E

Apply decoction as wash

3–5 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

None

97

Piper aduncum L.

Piperaceae

Lunas buyo

USTH 015568

193

2

0.58

1.14

0.56

Skin rashes and itchiness; cuts and wounds, animal and insect bites

Lf, St

E

Apply decoction

Completely on affected part

Once or twice a day or as needed

In excess can cause intestinal weakening

98

Piper decumanum L.

Piperaceae

Lunas bagon tapol

USTH 015544

1018

9

3.04

3.45

2.06

Typhoid fever; cancer, cyst, tumor; pulmonary tuberculosis; diarrhea, stomach trouble, ulcer; gas pain and flatulence; poisoning

St

I

Drink local alcohol-tinctured stem

1/2 to 1 glass

Once a day in thrice a week or as needed

In excess can cause intestinal weakening

Tonsillitis; toothache, gum swelling, canker sore

St

I

Gargle local alcohol-tinctured stem

1/2 to 1 glass

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Scabies, warts, impetigo; boils, skin eruptions, skin rashes and itchiness, pimple, acne; arthritis, rheumatism, swellings, muscle pain; backache, body ache, gas pain and flatulence; allergy, burns, cuts and wounds, sprain, snake, dog and insect bites, contacts with plants and animal parts; anesthetic

St

E

Apply coconut or Efficascent oil-infused stem

Completely on affected part

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

99

Piper nigrum L.

Piperaceae

Lunas bagon puti

USTH 015560

824

9

2.46

2.41

1.20

Cancer, cyst, tumor; tonsillitis; diarrhea, stomach trouble, ulcer, toothache, mouth sore, gum swelling; gas pain and flatulence; poisoning

St

I

Drink or gargle local alcohol-tinctured stem or drink decocted stem

1/2 to 1 glass of local alcohol tincture or 3–5 glasses of decoction

Once a day in thrice a week or as needed

In excess can cause intestinal weakening

          

Scabies, warts, impetigo; breast cancer; boils, skin eruptions, skin rashes and itchiness, pimple, acne; arthritis, rheumatism, swellings, muscle pain; backache, body ache, gas pain, and flatulence; skin allergy, burns, cuts and wounds, animal and insect bites, contacts with plants and animals parts; anesthetic

St

E

Apply coconut oil-infused or decocted stem

Completely on affected part

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

100

Piper sp.

Piperaceae

Buyo Pilipog

USTH 015592

296

3

0.88

1.33

1.04

Asthma, cough; rheumatism; fracture and dislocation

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

101

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Poaceae

Bilabila

USTH 015569

481

11

1.44

3.04

2.34

Measles; diabetes; internal bleeding; cough; diarrhea; arthritis; kidney problem; postpartum care and recovery; fever, cramp, and spasm; fracture and dislocation

Wh

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Ringworm; hair loss; cuts and wounds

Wh

E

Apply decoction

1 glass

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

102

Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv.

Poaceae

Kogon

USTH 015605

107

4

0.32

1.90

1.35

Urination difficulty

Sh

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Chicken pox, measles; diarrhea, toothache; fever, baby teething

Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

103

Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius

Poeaceae

Miligoy

USTH 015627

124

3

0.37

2.30

1.04

Diarrhea, dysentery

Rt

I

Drink decoction

1 handful of roots

Twice a day or as needed

None

Hair loss; cuts and wounds

Rt

E

Apply decoction as wash

1 handful of roots

Once a day or as needed

None

104

Rosa sp.

Rosaceae

Rose

USTH 015628

83

3

0.25

1.33

1.04

Colds; nasal congestion, sinusitis

Fl

I

Drink or sniff hot water-infused flowers

1 glass

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Cuts and wounds

Fl

E

Apply hot water-infused flowers as wash

1 glass

As needed

None

105

Mussaenda philippica A.Rich.

Rubiaceae

Buyon

USTH 015556

123

5

0.37

1.36

1.56

Jaundice, colds; dysentery, stomachache; fever; snake bite

Bk, Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Asthma, cough

Fl

I

Eat fresh flower directly

1–3 flowers

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

106

Uncaria lanosa Wall.

Rubiaceae

Kawilan

USTH 015557

94

1

0.28

0.93

0.00

Stomach trouble

Sp, St

I

Drink stem sap

1/2 cup

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Diarrhea

St

I

Drink local alcohol-tinctured bark

1/2 to 1 glass

As needed

None

107

Melicope latifolia (DC.) T.G.Hartley

Rutaceae

Bagaynga

USTH 015540

43

1

0.13

0.92

0.00

Cough

Bk

I

Drink decoction of scraped bark

1–3 palm-sized barks

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

108

Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr.

Rutaceae

Dahile

USTH 015660

86

2

0.26

1.31

0.64

Pulmonary tuberculosis, cough

Lf, Sp

I

Drink decoction or leaf sap

3–5 glasses or 3–5 leaves of sap

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

Snake bite

Lf, Sp

E

Apply leaf sap

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

109

Micromelum minutum (G.Forst.) Wight & Arn.

Rutaceae

Lunas kahoy

USTH 015538

955

9

2.85

3.28

2.03

Cancer, cyst; diarrhea, stomach trouble, ulcer; poisoning

Lf, St

I

Drink local alcohol-tinctured or decocted stem

1/2 to 1 glass

Once or twice a day or as needed

In excess can cause intestinal weakening

Tonsillitis; toothache, gum swelling, canker sore

Rt, St

E

Gargle local alcohol-tinctured stem

1/2 to 1 glass

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Scabies, warts, impetigo; boils, skin eruptions, skin rashes and itchiness, pimple, acne; joint pain, rheumatism, swellings, muscle pain; backache, body ache, gas pain, and flatulence; allergy, burns, cuts, and wounds; snake, dog, and insect bites; contacts with plants and animal parts; anesthetic

Rt, St

E

Apply coconut or Efficascent oil-infused stem

Completely on affected part

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

110

Capsicum annuum L.

Solanaceae

Sili na bisaya

USTH 015626

151

6

0.45

2.48

1.61

Diabetes; hypertension

Fr

I

Eat fresh fruit directly or add as spice in cooking

7 fruits

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

White spot, athlete's foot; appetite enhancer; boils, skin rashes and itchiness, psoriasis, dandruff; insect bites

Lf

E

Rub crushed leaves or leaf sap

3–5 leaves

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

111

Grewia laevigata Vahl

Sparmanniaceae

Talimughat lingin

USTH 015547

474

5

1.41

1.75

1.42

Diabetes; hypertension, heart enlargement; rheumatism; labor and delivery enhancer, postpartum care and recovery; backache, body ache, fever, weakness, and fatigue, relapse

Bk, Lf, Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day up to 3 days or as needed

None

Muscle pain; labor and delivery enhancer, postpartum care and recovery; backache, body ache, fever, cramp, and spasm; relapse

Bk, Rt

E

Apply coconut or Efficascent oil-infused bark and root

Completely on affected part

Once a day or as needed

None

112

Dendrocnide luzonensis (Wedd.) Chew

Urticaceae

Alingatong

USTH 015598

128

2

0.38

2.33

0.56

Diabetes; joint pain, swollen muscles, and swellings, muscle pain

Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

113

Leucosyke capitellata Wedd.

Urticaceae

Anagasi

USTH 015542

28

1

0.08

0.96

0.00

Stomach trouble and vomiting

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

114

Oreocnide rubescens (Blume) Miq.

Urticaceae

Kubi or Salin-ubod

USTH 015676

151

3

0.45

1.89

1.04

Cough; diarrhea, stomach trouble; fever

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

115

Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B.Rob.

Urticaceae

Handamay

USTH 015673

540

6

1.61

2.25

1.58

Depression, anxiety, nervousness; stomach acidity; backache, body ache, headache, fever, weakness, and fatigue

Lf

I

Eat fresh leaves or drink water solution of leaves

3–5 glasses

Thrice a day for a month or as needed

None

Herpes simplex, scabies; boils, dermatitis

Lf

E

Rub crushed leaves

3–5 leaves

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Skin rashes and infection; cuts and wounds

Bk

E

Apply pulp made from scraped bark as poultice

1–3 palm-sized barks

Twice a day or as needed

None

116

Poikilospermum acuminatum (Trecul.) Merr.

Urticaceae

Hanupi

USTH 015655

243

6

0.73

2.06

1.67

Sore eyes; ulcer; postpartum care and recovery; fever

Sp, St

I

Drink stem sap or decoction stem

1 arm-sized stem

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Skin rashes and itchiness; cuts and wounds; animal and insect bites

Rt, Sp

E

Apply decoction as wash

1 arm-sized root

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

117

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl

Verbenaceae

Elepanteng lingganag

USTH 015594

396

5

1.18

2.04

1.56

Ascariasis; abortifacient; fever

Rt

I

Drink decoction

1 arm-sized root

Once to thrice a day or as needed

Can cause abortion in pregnant women

Boils; bruises, sprain

Lf

E

Apply crushed leaves as poultice

3–5 glasses

As needed

None

118

Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC.

Xanthorrhoeaceae

Ikug-ikug

USTH 015656

164

3

0.35

1.39

0.95

Maternal care; postpartum care and recovery, milk production enhancer

Lf

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once a day or as needed

None

Cuts and wounds

Lf

E

Apply leaves as poultice

3–5 leaves

As needed

None

Herpes simplex

Lf, Rt

E

Apply coconut oil-infused ashes of leaf and roots

Completely on affected part

Thrice a day or as needed

None

119

Curcuma longa L.

Zingerberaceae

Duwaw yellow

USTH 015674

248

6

0.74

1.68

1.70

Diabetes; cough; arthritis, rheumatism; delayed menstruation; fever, gas pain and flatulence

Rz

I

Drink grinded and brewed rhizome

1–3 cups

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

Burns, cuts and wounds, insect bites

Rz

E

Apply extracted juice from crushed rhizome

Completely on affected part

As needed

None

120

Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc.

Zingerberaceae

Duwaw violet

USTH 015645

83

2

0.24

1.88

0.69

Cough; fever

Rz

I

Drink grinded and brewed rhizome

1–3 cups

Once or twice a day or as needed

None

121

Alpinia haenkei C.Presl

Zingiberaceae

Yanguas

USTH 015641

86

3

0.26

1.26

1.04

Cough; stomachache; urination difficulty, urinary tract infection

Rt

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Once to thrice a day or as needed

None

122

Kaempferia galanga L.

Zingiberaceae

Kisol

USTH 015579

200

7

0.60

1.44

1.89

Colds; tonic; cough, sore throat; dyspepsia, toothache; postpartum care and recovery; headache, fever

Rz

I

Drink decoction

3–5 glasses

Twice a day or as needed

None

Toothache; headache, fever

Rz

I/E

Apply grinded rhizome as poultice

1–3 rhizomes

Thrice a day or as needed

None

Tonic; postpartum care and recovery; headache, fever

Sh

E

Place washed clean shoot around the neck

1–3 shoots

Once a day or as needed

None

Cough; rheumatism, swollen muscle

Lf

E

Rub heated and crashed leaves

1–3 leaves

Thrice a day or as needed

None

  1. UR use-report, UC use category, UV use value, CIV cultural importance value, UD use diversity
  2. aBk, barks; Br, branch; Fl, flowers; Fr, fruits; Lf, leaves; Rt, roots; Rz, rhizomes; Sd, seeds; Sh, shoots; St, stems; Wh, whole plant
  3. bI, internal; E, external