Table 1 Local wild food and medicinal plants gathered and used in the study area

Acer pseudoplatanus L., Aceraceae, UNISGSANG18001

Piè

Leaves

FOO: wrapping for butter; VET: fodder for goats

N/A (remembered from the past)

Achillea herba-rotta All., A. millefolium L., and possibly A. nana L., Asteraceae, UNISGSANG15001 (A. herba-rotta) and UNISGSANG18005 (A. millefolium)

Marmin

Whole plant

HER: diuretic, febrifuge (tea)

FOO/HER: liqueurs (considered diuretic); HER: diuretic (tea); anti-hematomas and anti-bruises (poultice with lard and vinegar)

Very common

Adianthum hispidulum Sw., Pteridaceae, UNISGSANG18045

Fugèt

Aerial parts

HER: enhancing blood circulation, emmenagogue (tea)

Rare

Alcea rosea L., Malvaceae

HER: anti-kidney stones (decoction)

Alchemilla xanthochlora Rothm., Rosaceae

Cuculin

Leaves

HER: anti-dysmenorrhea (external washes)

Rare

Allium cepa L., Amaryllidaceae

Siola

Bulbs

HER: bechic (tea), digestive (broth), anti-inflammatory and panacea (cooked)

Very common

Allium sativum L., Amaryllidaceae

Ai

Bulbs

HER: vermifuge (also in necklaces to be worn during the night)

HER: hypotensive (food); vermifuge in children (slice of bread rubbed with garlic)

Fairly common

Allium schoenoprasum L., Amaryllidaceae

Erba cipollina

Leaves

FOO: seasoning

Rare

Allium ursinum L., Amaryllidaceae

Aiet

Leaves

FOO: salads, soups

Rare

Alnus incana (L.) Moench, Betulaceae, UNISGSANG15002

Verna

Leaves

HER: anti-back pain (compress of dried leaves)

Rare

Aloysia citrodora Palau, Verbenaceae, UNISGSANG18057

Limonaria

Leaves

HER: digestive (tea)

Rare

Althaea officinalis L., Malvaceae, UNISGSANG15003

Redaui

Roots

HER: anti-kidney stones (decoction)

HER: anti-toothache in children (tea made from fresh roots)

Rare

Angelica archangelica L. and A. sylvestris L., Apiaceae

Angelica

Roots and aerial parts

HER: digestive (liqueur made from the roots)

HER: anti-carbuncles (compress of aerial parts)

Rare

Apium graveolens L., Apiaceae

Serli

Leaves

HER: male aphrodisiac (consumed)

Rare

Arctium lappa L., Asteraceae, UNISGSANG15004

Cicapuoi

Leaves

HER: bechic (decoction)

HER: hepato-protector (decoction)

Rare

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Ericaceae

Leaves

HER: anti-urinary tract infections (decoction)

Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) P.Kumm., Physalacriaceae

Famiole

Fruiting body

FOO: pickled in oil

Very common

Arnica montana L., Asteraceae, UNISGSANG18006, UNISGSANG15005

Arnica, Bertolica

Flowers

HER: for treating many skin inflammations, anti-bruises, anti-rheumatic (oleolite or alcoholic macerate, externally applied); anti-flu (inhaled)

Very common

Artemisa absinthium L., Asteraceae, UNISGSANG15007

Erba banci, Incens

Leaves and flowers

HER: vermifuge (decoction)

VET: enhancing placenta expulsion (fodder in cows)

Rare

Artemisia genipi Weber ex Stechm. and possibly A. glacialis L. and A. umbelliformis Lam., Asteraceae, UNISGSANG15006 (A. genipi)

Genepì (A. genipi), Genepì fumela (A. glacialis and umbelliformis)

Aerial parts

HER: digestive (tea)

FOO/HER: liqueurs (considered digestive); HER: digestive (tea)

Fairly common

Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald., Rosaceae

Spars servai

Shoots

FOO: boiled

Fairly common

Betula pendula Roth, Betulaceae, UNISGSANG18010

Bès

Sap

HER: blood depurative (drunk)

Rare

Boletus aureus Schaeff., Boletaceae

Moru

Fruiting body

FOO: salads, sautéed, fried, pickled

Very common

Boletus edulis Bull., Boletaceae

Bouloi

Fruiting body

FOO: salads, sautéed, fried, pickled

Very common

Brassica oleracea L. var. sabauda, Brassicaceae

Coi

Leaves

HER: anti-bruises (topically applied)

Rare

Brassica rapa L., Brassicaceae

Rava

Roots

HER: bechic (also for whooping cough; slices of the root mixed with honey and left to macerate 3 days)

FOO: external “peel” dried and cooked in milk when vegetables were scarce in the spring

N/A (remembered from the past)

Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, Ericaceae, UNISGSANG15009

Bruri

Leaves

HER: anti-diarrhoeic (decoction); VET: fodder for rabbits

Rare

Carlina acanthifolia All., Asteraceae, UNISGSANG18007

Cardun, Pugnu

Flowers and flower receptacles

FOO: snack (flower receptacles); FOO/HER: digestive (liqueur made from the flowers)

Fairly common (FOO); rare (FOO/HER)

Carum carvi L., Apiaceae, UNISGSANG15010

Cumino, Cümmel

Fruits

FOO/HER: liqueur (considered digestive)

Rare

Castanea sativa Mill., Fagaceae, UNISGSANG18022

Castagn

Fruits

FOO: soups with milk and potatoes, roasted, jams, sweets, liqueurs

Very common

Ceterach officinarum Willd., Aspleniaceae

Aerial parts

HER: diuretic, vermifuge (decoction, taste sometimes improved with a few mint leaves)

Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach., Parmeliaceae, UNISGSANG15011

Lica

Thallus (traditionally gathered in fields over 2,000 m a.s.l. on the 2nd Sunday of July)

HER: bechic and demulcent (decoction, sometimes together with lime tree flowers)

HER: bechic and anti-inflammatory of the respiratory tract (decoction or syrup)

Fairly common

Chantarellus cibarius Fr., Cantharellaceae

Garitula

Fruiting body

FOO: soups, sautéed, fried

Very common

Chelidonius majus L., Papaveraceae

Erba di poret

Latex

HER: anti-warts (topically applied)

Chenopodium bonus-henricus L., Amaranthaceae, UNISGSANG18014

Spinas sarvai

Leaves

FOO: cooked

Fairly common

Cichorium intybus L., Asteraceae

Cicoria

Leaves

HER: depurative (decoction)

Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Rosaceae, UNISGSANG15012

Bosu

Leaves and flowers

HER: tranquilizing, hypotensive (tea)

Rare

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Poaceae, UNISGSANG18037, UNISGSANG15013

Gramon, Grmon

Whole plant

HER: diuretic (tea, often mixed with corn stigmas and bearberry leaves)

HER: diuretic (tea)

Fairly common

Daphne mezereum L., Thymelaeceae

Roots

VET: purgative (tea)

Eleagnus rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson

Fruits

HER: astringent and anti-hemorrhagic (crushed fruits, consumed or topically applied)

Epilobium angustifolium L., Onagraceae, UNISGSANG15014

Epilobio

Leaves

HER: anti-cancer

Rare

Equisetum arvense L., Equisetaceae, UNISGSANG18015

Coa d’aval Erba cavaligna Erba cavallina

Aerial parts

HER: diuretic, improving blood circulation (decoction)

HER: diuretic, improving joints

Rare

Erica arborea L., Ericaceae, UNISGSANG15016

Erica

Flowering tops

HER: diuretic (tea)

Rare

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim., Rosaceae

Flowering tops

HER: diuretic (tea)

Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With., Fistulinaceae

Lenghe

Fruiting body

FOO: salads

Fairly common

Fragaria vesca L., Rosaceae, UNISGSANG18047

Frola

Fruits

FOO: snack; FOO/HER: for treating intestinal discomforts (consumed)

Very common (FOO); rare (FOO/HER)

Fumaria officinalis L., Papaveraceae

Fumaria

Leaves

HER: for treating eye inflammations, decoction (topically applied)

Rare

Gentiana acaulis L. and G. verna L., Gentianaceae, UNISGSANG18025 and UNISGSANG15018, respectively

Cücüc, Giansanela

Roots and whole plant (G. acaulis);Flower buds (G. verna)

FOO/HER: aromatized wines made from the roots of G. acaulis (considered digestive)

FOO/HER: aromatized wine and liqueurs made from the whole plant of G. acaulis or the flower buds of G. verna (considered appetizing, digestive, and reconstituent)

Fairly common

Gentiana lutea L., Gentianaceae, UNISGSANG18027

Giansana

Giansena

Roots

FOO/HER: aromatized wines (considered digestive and hepato- protector)

FOO/HER: aromatized (white) wines, sometimes adding lemon peels (considered appetizing, digestive, and reconstituent); VET: appetizing and digestive (cows)

Very common

Geranium robertianum L., Geraniaceae, UNISGSANG15019

Erba roberta

Flowers

HER: to treat menstrual pains (decoction)

Rare

Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray, Grifolaceae

Mutun

Fruiting body

FOO: pickled in oil

Fairly common

Hedera helix L., Araliaceae

Edera

Leaves

HER: wounds (often with St. John’s Wort oleolite)

HER: for treating cradle cap (tea, externally applied)

Rare

Helminthoteca echioides (L.) Holub, Asteraceae

Patacun, Scagnet

Leaves

FOO: soups; VET: fodder for rabbits

Fairly common

Hepatica nobilis Mill., Ranunculaceae

Leaves

HER: anti-horsefly bites (crushed leaves topically applied)

Humulus lupulus L., Cannabaceae, UNISGSANG15020, UNISGSANG18012

Luvertin,Lüvertin

Shoots

FOO: risotto, omelettes

Very common

Hypericum perforatum L., Hypericaceae, UNISGSANG15021, UNISGSANG18027

Erba d’San Giuan, Milapertus, Stafurà, Trafurera Tucram

Aerial parts and flowers

FOO/HER: liqueurs made from the leaves (considered digestive and intestinal spasmolytic);digestive, hepato-protector, cholagogue (decoction of the flowers); for treating all skin inflammations (including burns and wounds; oleolite, often extracted in walnut oil and mixed with ivy leaves, topically applied); VET: for treating leg infections in calves, sheep, and goats (oleolite mixed with bran topically applied)

FOO/HER: aromatized wines made from the whole aerial parts (considered tranquilizing), liqueurs made from the flowers (considered tranquilizing and anti-cholesterolemic); HER: anti-burns and anti-wounds (oleolite, topically applied); anti-stomach ache and anti-cystitis (oleolite, drunk)

Very common

Hyssopus officinalis L., Lamiaceae

Issop

Flowers

HER: bechic (tea)

Juglans regia L., Juglandaceae, UNISGSANG1828

Nus

Unripe fruits and kernels

FOO/HER: liqueurs made from unripe fruits (considered digestive); sweets, salads with garlic, vinegar, and salt (kernels)

Very common

Juniperus communis L., Cupressaceae, UNISGSANG15022

Genevru

Branches, bark and galbules

FOO: roasted meat seasoning (galbules); grappa seasoning (branches); VET: general sickness (galbules as fodder for cows and bark as fodder for rabbits)

Very common (FOO); rare (VET)

Laburnum anagyroides L., Fabaceae, UNISGSANG18020

Aburn

Branches, leaves and flowers

VET: insect repellent (hang in the hen-house)

Rare

Lapsana communis L., Asteraceae, UNISGSANG18060

Burasa russa, Scina rusa

Leaves

FOO: soups

Rare

Larix decidua Mill., Pinaceae

Pin

Resin and young shoots

HER: muscular pains and arthritis (oleolite, externally applied); bechic (decoction)

Laserpitium siler L., Apiaceae

Apia

Leaves

HER: anti-bruises (crushed leaves mixed with pork fat and topically applied)

Leccinum scabrum (Bull.) Gray, Boletaceae

Crava

FOO: sautéed, fried

Fairly common

Malva sylvestris L., Malvaceae, UNISGSANG15025, UNISGSANG18033

Malva, Marva, Riondela

Leaves and flowers

HER: tranquilizing, anti-neuralgic, bechic (tea)

FOO: soups (young leaves); HER: digestive, anti-inflammatory, anti-cystitis (tea); for treating eye inflammation (anti-stye; tea, externally applied)

Very common

Matricaria chamomilla L., Asteraceae

Canamia

Flowering tops

HER: tranquilizing, digestive (tea)

HER: tranquilizing (tea); for treating eye and ear inflammations (oleolite, externally applied); to treat abdominal pains (hot compress applied to the belly)

Very common

Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae, UNISGSANG15026, UNISGSANG18029

Limonaria, Mlissa

Leaves

FOO: seasoning; HER: digestive, emmenagogue (tea)

Very common

Mentha spicata L. and possibly other Mentha spp., Lamiaceae, UNISGSANG18030

Menta

Leaves

HER: digestive (tea)

FOO/HER: liqueurs (considered digestive); HER: digestive (tea); VET: anti-lice in hens

Very common (vet use rare)

Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. (Boraginaceae), UNISGSANG18011

Non ti scordar di me

Flowers

FOO: salads; HER: for treating eye inflammations (topically applied)

Rare

Nasturtium officinale R. Br., Brassicaceae, UNISGSANG18012

Grisun

Aerial parts

FOO: salads (considered blood depurative)

Fairly common

Neoboletus luridiformis (Rostk.) Gelardi, Simonini & Vizzini, Boletaceae

Fre

Fruiting body

FOO: cooked

Rare

Oxalis acetosella L., Oxalidaceae, UNISSANG15027

Trampis, Trampin

FOO: omelettes

Fairly common

Papaver rhoeas L., Papaveraceae

Papaver

Petals

HER: tranquilizing, febrifuge (tea)

Parietaria officinalis L., Urticaceae

Aerialparts

HER: anti-kidney stones (decoction)

HER: diuretic, anti-kidney stones, for treating shingles (decoction)

Fairly common

Persicaria bistorta L. Samp., Polygonaceae, UNISGSANG18041

Lenghe buine

Leaves

FOO: cooked; VET: fodder for goats

Fairly common

Picea abies (L.) H.Karst., Pinaceae

Sapin

Resin and young shoots

HER: muscular pains and arthritis (oleolite, externally applied); bechic (decoction)

Pinguicula grandiflora Lam., and possibly other Pinguicola spp., Lentibulariaceae, UNISSANG15028 (P. grandiflora)

Viola tajarda

Leaves

HER: anti-bruises (chopped leaves mixed with lard and topically applied)

HER: vulnerary (topically applied)

Rare

Pinus mugo Turra and possibly other Pinus spp.,. Pinaceae, UNISGSANG15029 (P. mugo)

Pin

Resin and young shoots

HER: muscular pains and arthritis (oleolite, externally applied); bechic (decoction)

FOO/HER: syrups, liqueurs (considered bechic)

Rare

Plantago coronopus L., Plantaginaceae, UNISGSANG15030

Piota de galign

Leaves

FOO: soups

Fairly common

Plantago lanceolata L., Plantaginaceae, UNISGSANG15031, UNISGSANG18036

Cüjet, Erba dii canarin, Urie du giari

Leaves

HER: anti-carbuncles, (crushed leaves, topically applied)

FOO: soups; HER: anti-carbuncles, anti-haemorrhoids, (compress, externally applied)

Fairly common

Plantago major L., Plantaginaceae, UNISGSANG15037

Piantagn

Leaves

FOO: soups; HER: diuretic (leaves)

Rare

Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All., Asparagaceae

Rhizomes

HER: anti-carbuncles (externally applied)

Polypodium vulgare L., Polypodiaceae, UNISGSANG15032, UNISGSANG18043

Argalisia

Rhizomes

FOO: snack

Rare

Potentilla anserina L., Rosaceae, UNISGSANG15033

Erb del set virtü

Rhizomes

HER: anti-diarrheic, febrifuge, anti-stomach ache, bechic (decoction)

Fairly common

Primula vulgaris Huds. and possibly P. veris L., Primulaceae, UNISGSANG15034, UNISSANG18044 (P. vulgaris)

Piumbera,

Ptrine

Flowers and roots

HER: bechic (decoction of the roots)

FOO: soups (flowers)

Fairly common

Prunus avium L., Rosaceae

Cerese, Cerse büshas

Fruit peduncles and fruits

HER: febrifuge (tea of the peduncles)

FOO: snack, jams, preserved (fruits); HER: anti-inflammatory, diuretic (decoction of the peduncles)

Very common

Prunus cerasus L., Rosaceae

Griutera

Fruits

FOO: snack

Very common

Prunus domestica L., Rosaceae

Bergna

Kernels

HER: vermifuge (crushed kernels mixed with honey and consumed)

Prunus padus L., Rosaceae

Bark

HER: febrifuge (tea)

Pulmonaria officinalis L., Boraginaceae

Leaves

HER: bechic (tea)

Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and possibly Q. robur L., Fagaceae, UNISGSANG18024 (Q. petraea)

Rol, Rul

Leaves, bark and acorns

VET: astringent (decoction of bark and acorns for calves)

VET: galactagogue (dried leaves as fodder for goats)

Rare

Ranunculus acris L. Ranunculaceae, UNISGSANG15035

Ranuncolo

Flowers

HER: rubefacient (applied under the feet to artificially generate a rash for avoiding compulsory military service)

N/A (remembered from the past)

Rhododendron hirsitum L. and possibly R. ferrugineum, Ericaceae, UNISGSANG15036 (R. hirsitum)

Brunsai

Flowers

HER: bechic (decoction); anti-kidney stones (tea)

HER: diuretic (decoction)

Rare

Robinia pseudoacacia L.Fabaceae, UNISGSANG18021

Gasia

Inflorescences

FOO: deep fried

Fairly common

Rosa canina L., Rosaceae, UNISGSANG18050

Gratacul, Gratacü

Pseudo-fruits

HER: astringent (tea)

FOO: jams, liqueurs;HER: diuretic (decoction)

Fairly common

Rubus idaeus L., Rosaceae, UNISGSANG18051

Àmpula

Fruits

FOO: snack, jams, liqueurs

Very common

Rubus ulmifolius Schott., Rosaceae, UNISSANG15037, UNISGSANG18052

Runza

Young shoots, unripe and ripe fruits

FOO: jams (fruits);soups (young shoots);

HER: anti-hoarseness (gargles of a decoction of the unripe fruits); anti-diarrheic (decoction of the young shoots); vulnerary and anti-septic (alcoholic macerate of the young shoots, externally applied)

Fairly common

Rumex acetosa L., Polygonaceae, UNISGSANG15038, UNISGSANG18042

Esileu, Isiule

Leaves

FOO: salads, omelettes, sauce (mixed with milk and ghees) for accompanying polenta; HER: diuretic (tea)

Fairly common

Rumex alpinus L., Polygonaceae, UNISGSANG15039

Ariei, Lapas, Rebarbar d’montagna

Leaves, inflorescences and roots

HER: digestive (tea of the leaves and inflorescences)

FOO: soups,wrapping for butter (leaves); HER: digestive (root decoction)

Fairly common (FOO; wrapping for butter remembered from the past); rare (HER)

Ruta graveolens L., Rutaceae

Ruta

Leaves

FOO: grappa seasoning

Fairly common

Salix caprea L., Salicaceae

Sales

Leaves and bark

HER: anti-callus (crushed, externally applied)

Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae, UNISGSANG18031

Sarvia

Leaves

HER: digestive (decoction and liqueur)

HER: tranquilizing, digestive, reconstituent (decoction, not to be used during pregnancy); anti-septic (washes)

Very common(old local saying: “Se la fumna a savèisa la virtü d’la salvia, a saria mai malavia” = “If a woman knew the virtues of sage, she would never be ill”)

Sambucus nigra L. and S. racemosa L., Adoxaceae, UNISSANG15040 (S. nigra)

Sambur

Young branches, flowers and fruits

FOO/HER: aromatized wines made from the flowers and fruits (considered depurative);HER: anti-rheumatic (oleolite of the flowers, externally applied)

FOO: jams (fruits or flowers), soups (flowers); HER: anti-herpes, anti-burns, for treating skin inflammations, anti-haemorrhoids (poultice mixing bee wax and young branches); anti-toothache (flowers, externally applied); diuretic and febrifuge (decoction of the flowers); anti-toothache and anti-rheumatic (decoction of the flowers in milk, externally applied)

Very common

Scabiosa columbaria L., Caryophyllaceae, UNISGSANG15056, UNISGSANAG18059

Gialina grasa, Gialina grasa

Whorls

FOO: soups

Rare

Sedum telephium L., Crassulaceae, UNISSANG15043

Erba dei calli

Aerial parts

HER: anti-callus (oleolite, externally applied)

Rare

Sempervivum sp., Crassulaceae

Leaves

HER: anti-callus (crushed leaves topically applied)

Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, Caryophyllaceae, UNISGSANG15044

Ciuchinot, Cöiet

Leaves

FOO: soup

Fairly common

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Asteraceae, UNISGSANG15045

Cardun

Leaves

HER: hepato-protector (decoction)

Rare

Solanum dulcamara L., Solanaceae

Dulcamara

Fruits

HER: bechic (decoction with apples)

Rare

Solanum nigrum L., Solanaceae, UNISGSANG15046

Erba morela

Leaves and fruits

HER: anti-arthritis and anti-rheumatic (poultice)

HER: anti-carbuncles (fresh leaves directly applied)

Rare

Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Caryophyllaceae

Purota

Aerial parts

FOO: salads

Rare

Suillus granulatus (L.) Rousell, Suillaceae

Pinaiolo

Fruiting body

FOO: cooked

Rare

Tanacetum vulgare L., Asteraceae

T’nea

Leaves

HER: hypotensive (tea)

VET: digestive and antidote against Veratrum spp. ingestion (cows)

Rare

Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg, Asteraceae, UNISSANG15048

Cicoria de pra, Girasui, Taracun

Leaves and flowers

FOO: salads, omelettes, soups;HER: diuretic, liver protector (tea); bechic (flower syrup)

Very common

Thymus serpyllum L., Lamiaceae,UNISGSANG15049, UNISGSANG18032

Serpolet, Serpul

Leaves and flowers

HER: anti-stomatitis (mouthwash)

FOO: meat, soups, and mushroom salads seasoning; smoked with tobacco; FOO/HER: aromatized wines (considered digestive); HER: digestive and tonic (tea); flu (external compress); oral antiseptic (mouthwash of decoction); FOO/HER: liqueurs (considered digestive); VET: fodder for rabbits before they are butchered (for enhancing flavour)

Fairly common

Tilia cordata Mill., Malvaceae, UNISGSANG15050

Tij

Leaves and flowers (tiöl)

HER: bechic and febrifuge (tea)

HER: bechic (tea)

Very common

Tragopogon pratensis L., Asteraceae, UNISGSANG18051

Barbaboch

Leaves

HER: depurative (decoction)

FOO: boiled, soup

Fairly common

Tussilago farfara L., Asteraceae

Pata d’asu

Leaves

HER: whooping cough (fumigations); for treating insect bites (compress of the fresh leaves)

Urtica dioica L., Urticaceae, UNISGSANG18055

Urtia, Ürtia

Leaves and roots

HER: anti-dysmenorrhea (decoction of the roots)

FOO: soups, risotto, omelettes, salads (leaves); HER: cicatrizing, anti-bruises (external applications of chopped leaves); anti-alopecia and hair strengthening (decoction, externally applied); VER: enhancing egg production (fodder for hens)

Very common

Vaccinium myrtillus L., Ericaceae, UNISGSANG15057, UNISSANG18017

Ambrune

Fruits

FOO: jams; FOO/HER: snack (“good for the eyes”), liqueurs (considered anti-diarrhoeic); HER: anti-prostatitis, antiphlogistic of the urinary tract

Very common

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Ericaceae, UNISGSANG18018

Anghertin

Fruits

FOO: snack

Rare

Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr., Valerianaceae,UNISGSANG15058, UNISGSANG18055

Saladet, Saladet dle funtene

Young leaves

FOO: salads

Very common

Verbascum thapsus L., Scrophulariaceae

Verbasco

Leaves and flowers

HER: bechic (infusion of the flowers); anti-arthritis (leaves, externally applied)

Veronica allionii Vill., Plantaginaceae

Te d’montagna

Leaves

HER: tonic (tea)

Veronica chamaedrys L. and V. officinalis L., Plantaginaceae

Fiori

HER: febrifuge (tea)

Viola calcarata L., Violaceae

Viola, Viuletta d’muntagna

Flowers

HER: bechic (tea)

HER: bechic, laxative, intestinal anti-inflammatory (tea)

Fairly common

Viola canina subsp. montana (L.) Hartm., Violaceae, UNISGSANG18057

Viulëtta

Flowers

FOO: soup (“müshe morte” = “dead flies”, as the cooked violets resemble flies)

Rare

Viola odorata L., Violaceae, UNISGSANG15059

Viola mammola

Flowers

FOO: soups

Rare

Viola tricolor L., Violaceae

Viola d’l pensé

Flowers

HER: febrifuge, tranquillizer (tea)

Zea mays L., Poaceae

Stigma

HER: diuretic and antiphlogistic against urinary tract infections (tea);