Table 2 Ethnobotanical inventory of wild edible plants used by Daqinggou locals in Inner Mongolia

Abutilon theophrasti Medic.

Qīng má 青麻

Him-a

Grain

Seed, dried and used as grain

M/H

D1909-001

Adenophora remotiflora (Sieb. et Zucc.) Miq.

Waī bó caì 歪脖菜, tǔ dǎng shēn 土党参

Uhilahu nogug-a

Vegetable/beverage

Tender leaf, fried, consumed as soup. Root, soaked with wine

M/H

D1806-032

Adenophora polyantha Nakai

Shā shēn 沙参

Uhilahu nogug-a

Vegetable/beverage

Tender leaf, to make soup or fried. Root, soaked with wine

M/H

D1806-036

Allium macrostemon Bunge

Xiǎo gēn suàn 小根蒜

Jiecong (BN), togdausu

Vegetable/condiment

Tender aerial parts and bulb, fried, dipped in sauce. Tender aerial parts, used for seasoning

M/H

D1806-011

Allium ramosum L.

Shān jiǔ cài 山韭菜

Heger-e in gogud

Vegetable/condiment

Tender aerial parts, fried, boiled as stuffing for pasta. Tender aerial parts and inflorescence, salted (consumed as leek flower sauce)

M/H

D1709-002

Allium senescens L.

Máng gé ěr (BN) 芒格尔

Manggir

Vegetable/condiment

Tender aerial parts, fried, boiled as stuffing for pasta, dipped in sauce or used for seasoning

M/H

D1806-013

Amaranthus retroflexus L.

Xiàn cài 苋菜

arbai

Vegetable/grain

Tender stem and leaf, consumed as soup, boiled as stuffing for pasta. Seed, dried and used as grain

M/H

D1806-003

Armeniaca sibirica (L.) Lam.

Shān xìng 山杏

Heger-e in guilesu

Vegetable/fruit/oil and fats

Seed, salted. Fruit, eaten raw. Kernel, oil extracted

M/H

D1805-002

Artemisia frigida Willd.

Xiǎo bái hāo 小白蒿

Cagan siralzi

Vegetable

Tender aerial parts, steamed with flour, consumed as soup

M/H

D1806-015

Athyrium brevifrons Nakai ex Kitag.

Shān jué cài 山蕨菜, lǎo yīng bǎng zi老鹰膀子

Juecai (BN), togus in segul

Vegetable

Leaf, cold and dressed with sauce, salted, fried, consumed as soup or boiled as stuffing for pasta

M/H

D1805-009

Caltha palustris L. var. sibirica Regel

Lǘ tí cài 驴蹄菜

Vegetable

Leaf, cold and dressed with sauce or fried

H

D1806-029

Cannabis sativa L.f. ruderalis (Janisch.) Chu

Olusus

Oil and fats

Seed, oil extracted

M

D1810-003

Cerasus humilis (Bunge) Sok.

ōu lǐ 欧李

Ulagan-a

Fruit/beverage

Fruit, eaten raw. Root, soaked with wine

M/H

D1906-001

Chenopodium acuminatum Willd.

Huī cài 灰菜

Gurbalzin noil

Vegetable

Tender stem and leaf, boiled as stuffing for pasta, boiled and mixed with cream

M/H

D1805-005

Chenopodium album L.

huī cài 灰菜

Noil

Vegetable

Tender stem and leaf, boiled as stuffing for pasta, boiled and mixed with cream

M/H

D1806-001

Cirsium setosum (Willd.) MB.

Cinu-a in haltar

Vegetable

Tender leaf, fried

M

D1806-014

Codonopsis lanceolata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Trautv.

Sun orhudai

Vegetable

Root, salted

M

D1806-025

Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv.

Zhēn zi 榛子

Sid

Snack

Fruit, eaten raw, fried

M/H

D1810-002

Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge. var. major N.E. Br.

Shān lǐ hóng 山里红

Dolugun-a

Vegetable/fruit

Tender leaf, steamed with flour, consumed as soup. Fruit, eaten raw

M/H

D1805-003

Cynanchum chinense R. Br.

Temegen hөhu

Snack

Young fruit, eaten raw

M

D1806-006

Cynanchum thesioides (Freyn) K. Schum.

Lǎo piáo老瓢, lǎo guā piáo老瓜瓢

Temegen hөhu

Vegetable/snack

Young fruit, dipped in sauce, eaten raw

M/H

D1806-018

Dendranthema indicum (L.) Des Moul.

Yě jú huā 野菊花

Beverage

Flower, dried and made into tea

H

D1810-004

Ephedra sinica Stapf

Má huáng 麻黄

Zegergen-e

Fruit

Mature female cone, eaten raw

M/H

D1810-005

Erodium stephanianum Willd.

Hóng gēn 红根

manziuhai

Snack

Root, eaten raw

M/H

D1808-002

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench

Qiáo mài huā 荞麦花

Sagad

Grain

Flower, boiled and mixed with flour

M/H

D1808-001

Ferula bungeana Kitag.

Shān huí xiāng 山茴香

Vegetable/condiment

Tender aerial parts, boiled as stuffing for pasta, made into gruel or used for seasoning

H

D1806-019

Hemerocallis minor Mill.

Huáng huā zi 黄花子

Huanghuacai (BN), honghu huwar, sir-a huwar

Vegetable

Flower, consumed as soup, fried, boiled and mixed with cream

M/H

D1806-016

Hemiptelea davidii (Hance) Planch.

Har-a sanduu

Vegetable

Tender leaf and young fruit, consumed as soup

M

D1806-024

Juglans mandshurica Maxim.

Shān hé tao 山核桃

Husig-a, noyan modu

Snack

Fruit, eaten raw

M/H

D1808-003

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.

Sào zhou cài 扫帚菜

Šugur nogo

Vegetable

Tender aerial parts, fried, steamed with flour

M/H

D1806-028

Lespedeza davurica (Laxm.) Schindl.

Hurbhei

Vegetable/beverage

Tender stem and leaf, fried, steamed with flour. Shoot, dried in the shade or baked and made into tea

M

D1806-030

Lilium pumilum DC.

Hóng huā zi 红花子, bǎi hé 百合

Saralang huwar

Vegetable

Flower, fried. Bulb, consumed as soup

M/H

D1709-001

Lycium chinense Mill.

Gǒu qǐ 枸杞

Gouqi (BN)

Beverage

Fruit, soaked with wine

M/H

D1806-034

Malus baccata (L.) Borkh.

Shān dìng zi 山定子

uril

Fruit

Fruit, eaten raw

M/H

D1805-004

Malva verticillata L.

Har-a nogug-a, tugur nogug-a

Vegetable

Leaf, consumed as soup, steamed with flour

M

D1806-005

Oenanthe javanica (Bl.) DC.

Shān qín cài 山芹菜

Cogur nogug-a

Vegetable

Stem and leaf, cold and dressed with sauce, fried, boiled as stuffing for pasta

M/H

D1806-031

Orostachys malacophylla (Pall.) Fisch.

Suān tǎ 酸塔

Muur in himusu

Snack

Tender aerial parts, eaten raw

M/H

D1806-023

Padus avium Mill.

Chòu lǐ zi 臭李子

Moil

Fruit

Fruit, eaten raw

M/H

D1805-007

Paeonia lactiflora Pall.

Bái shóu 白芍

Can-a

Beverage

Flower, dried and made into tea

M/H

D1906-002

Periploca sepium Bunge

Yáng nǎi zi 羊奶子

Imag-an eber, Šugusu modu

Vegetable/snack

Tender leaf steamed with flour. Tender fruit, eaten raw

M/H

D1806-007

Plantago depressa Willd.

Chē gū lu cài 车轱辘菜, chē lún cài 车轮菜

Chegulucai(BN), elzigen cihi

Vegetable

Tender leaf, steamed with flour, consumed as soup

M/H

D1806-008

Plantago asiatica L.

Chē gū lu cài 车轱辘菜, chē lún cài 车轮菜

Chegulucai (BN), Elzigen cihi

Vegetable

Tender leaf, steamed with flour, consumed as soup

M/H

D1806-035

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce

Yù zhú 玉竹

Vegetable

Tender leaf, cold and dressed with sauce

H

D1810-007

Polygonum aviculare L.

Bianduya ebesu (BN)

Vegetable

Tender aerial parts, made into gruel or fried

M

D1806-027

Polygonum divaricatum L.

Suān bu liū 酸不溜

Simeldeg

Snack

Tender stem, eaten raw

M/H

D1806-022

Portulaca oleracea L.

Mǎ lián cài马莲菜, mà zha cài 蚂蚱菜

Majincai (BN)

Vegetable

Tender stem and leaf, dipped in sauce

M/H

D1806-004

Potentilla longifolia Willd. ex Schlecht.

Taulai in tangnai

Vegetable

Tender stem and leaf, consumed as soup or steamed with flour

M

D1806-017

Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.

Shān lí 山梨

Heger-e in ilam-a

Fruit

Fruit, eaten raw

M/H

D1810-006

Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.

Xiàng zi橡子, zuó shù 柞树

Carasu

Grain/beverage/oil and fats/snack

Seed, dried and ground into flour, made wine, oil extracted or fried

M/H

D1810-001

Salsola collina Pall.

Zhū máo cài 猪毛菜, zhā bù leng 扎不楞

Hamhuul

Vegetable

Tender aerial parts, consumed as soup

M/H

D1806-002

Solanum nigrum L.

Nohai in Yзэm

Fruit/beverage

Fruit, eaten raw, soaked with wine

M

D1806-020

Sonchus wightianus DC.

Qǔ má cài 取麻菜

gasigun nogug-a

Vegetable/beverage

Tender stem and leaf, dipped in sauce, cold and dressed with sauce, made into tea

M/H

D1806-009

Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. -Mazz.

Pó pó dīng 婆婆丁

Bobodeng (BN)

Vegetable/beverage

Tender stem and leaf, dipped in sauce, cold and dressed with sauce or fried. Flower and root, dried and made into tea

M/H

D1806-010

Thymus quinquecostatus Cêlak. var. asiaticus (Kitagawa) C.Y. Wu & Y.C. Huang

Shān huā jiāo山花椒

Huajiao (BN), huaju ebesu (BN)

Condiment

Aerial parts, used for seasoning

M/H

D1806-012

Tilia mongolica Maxim.

Duàn shù 椴树

Domu modu

Vegetable

Tender leaf, steamed with flour, consumed as soup

M/H

D1805-006

Ulmus macrocarpa Hance

Yú shù 榆树

Deltu

Vegetable

Tender leaf and fruit, consumed as soup

M/H

D1805-001

Ulmus pumila L.

Yú shù 榆树

Hailasu

Vegetable/grain

Tender leaf and fruit consumed as soup. Bark, dried and ground into flour

M/H

D1805-008

Urtica angustifolia Fisch. ex Hornem.

Usun halagai

Vegetable

Tender stem and leaf, consumed as soup

M

D1806-026

Urtica cannabina L.

Hā lā hǎi cài (BN) 哈拉嗨菜

Halagai

Vegetable

Tender stem and leaf, consumed as soup

M/H

D1806-033

Vitis amurensis Rupr.

Shān pú tao 山葡萄

Heger-e in Yзэm

Vegetable/fruit/beverage

Tender leaf steamed with flour. Fruit, eaten raw, made wine

M/H

D1806-021

Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge

Sengdeng modu

Snack

Seed, eaten raw, fried

M

D1808-004