Table 1 A. Derivatives of “generic” names: A1. Mandragora; A2. Alraune; A3. Yabroukh
| Language/sub-category | Name | Ethnic transcription | Meaning | Selected references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | ||||
| Albanian | mandragora, madëronë, matergonë | Albanian Bible [12:163] | ||
| Armenian | [mandragora] |
| [48: 1268] | |
| Bulgarian | [mandragora] | maндpaгopa | [49: 36]; [50]; [51: 394] | |
| Catalan | mandràgola, mandràgora | [46: 190] (13th c.) | ||
| Corsican | tramangula | [52: 471] | ||
| Dutch | mandragers kruit | [“mandrake herb”] | [53: 11]; [31: 45] | |
| Dutch | mandragore | [31: 45] | ||
| English |
mandrake Spelling variations: mandrage, mandrag, mandragge, mendrage | [54: 51]; [55: 322]; [56:66]; [28: 71]; [31: 43]; [30: 333] | ||
| French | mandrigoula | [28: 71]; [31: 44] | ||
| Georgian | [mandragora] |
| Rainer Bussmann (Pers. Comm 25.1.20) | |
| Greek |
[mandragora] Spelling variations: [mandragúda, mandragúdas, matragúra, mantragúras, mandragúri, mandraúla, mandraúna, mentragúra] | μαντραγόρα Spelling variations: μαντραγούδα, μανδραγούδας, ματραγούρα, μαντραγούρας, μαντραγούρι, μανδραούλα, μανδραούνα, μεντραγούρα | [57: 173]; [58: 2509]; [59: 433,437]; [60: 408] | |
| Greek | [mandragóras] (m) | μανδραγόρας | [45: IV, 75]; [58: 2509]; [59: 440]; [61: 9,8,8]; [62: 600] | |
| Hungarian | nadraguyla | [63: I, 537]; [64: 55] | ||
| Italian |
mandragora Spelling variations: mandræela, mandràhura, mandràgura, mandràura, mandulàgrona, mandràgura | [65]; [28: 71] | ||
| Polish | matryguna, matrygan, medregula | [12: 170] | ||
| Portuguese | mandragora, mandragola | [66] | ||
| Russian | [mandragora] | Maндpaгopa | [67: 75–76]; [68: 411]; [69: 187] | |
| Serbo-Croatian | [mandragora] | Maндpaгopa | [70: 291]; [71: 20] | |
| Serbo-Croatian | [mandragula] | Maндpaгyлa | In Serbo-Croatian it is easier to pronounce “mandragula” than “mandragora” | [70: 291] |
| Serbo-Croatian | [narangulina] | Hapaнгyлинa | Probably a variation of “mandragula” | [71: 20] |
| Spanish |
mandrágora Spelling variations: mandrágora, mandracola, mandrácola | Frequently adjectivized as “mandragora macho/hembra” (male or female) or “mandragora de flor azul/blanca” (regarding flower’s color) | [66]; [72: 585] | |
| Spanish |
mandrágula, mandragula, mandrácula | [66]; [72: 585] | ||
| Turkish | mandırağa |
[“Landlord Mandir”] (folk etymology of mandrake) | [73:107] | |
| Ukranian | [mandrygula] | aндpигyлa | [12:163] | |
| A2 | ||||
| Danish | alrune | [74:160] | ||
| Dutch | alrüneken, alrunik | [75: 229]; [76, I:95] | ||
| Dutch | alruyne, alruin | [77: 333]; [74: 160]; [28: 71]; [31: 45] | ||
| Finnish | alruna | [78:64] | ||
| German |
alraun (+ ca 60 spelling variations; see text) | [79: 5]; [75: 229]; [28: 71]; [31: 41]; [30: 329]; [29: II: 336]; [27: 344]; [80: 19]; [81: 23] [82]; | ||
| Norwegian | alrune | [74: 169] | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | [alrauna, alrun] | aлpayнa, aлpyн | [71: 20] | |
| Swedish | alruna | [83: 258]; [74: 160] | ||
| Swedish | alrunsrot | [“alrune (mandrake) root”] | [63; I:23] | |
| A3 | ||||
| Arabic | [ež-žarbūḥ] | الجربوح | AGK Pers. obs. (Palestine) | |
| Arabic | [yabrūh, yabróâh] | يبروح | [84: 351] (Andalusia, 6–7th c.); [85, II: 773] (Andalusia, 11th c.) | |
| Arabic | [yabrūh, yabrūx] | يبروح ، يبروخ | [86: 207] (Arabia, 9th c.); [87: 54] (Arabia, 10–11th c.); [88: 592]; [89: 299] (Jordan); [90: 115] (Palestine); [91: 203] (Syria); [84: 351] (Andalusia, 6–7th c.); [85: II: 773] (Andalusia, 11th c.); [92: 26] (Morocco) | |
| Aramaic | [yabroukh, yabroukha, yabroukhin] |
יברוח, יברוחא, יברוחין | See text concerning the etymology of yabroukh | Onkelos (Rome, 1st c., Aramaic translation, Genesis 30:14 [93: 14]); Babylonian Talmud [94] |
| Bengali | [yebruj] | [28: 71] | ||
| Farsi | [sāyeh-borūj] | سایه بروج |
Derivative of yabroukh in Aramaic (see text) | [95: 645] |
| Turkish | Yebrûh | See text concerning the etymology of yabroukh | [73: 107]; [41: 124]; [96: 232–234] | |
| Turkish | yebrûhu’s-sanem | Idol’s yabroukh | [97: 1391]; [73: 107]; [41: 124]; [96: 232–234] | |