Table 1 Medicinal plants traded in public markets of the Mata, Agreste, Borborema, and Sertão mesoregions of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, indications, and categories of medicinal use and relative importance (RI) of each species

Acanthaceae

Justicia pectoralis Jacq

Chachambá

RES (cough, hoarseness, expectoration);

DIS (indigestion)

Mata [6]

0.47

Adoxaceae

Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl

Sabugueira

NES (tranquilizer), UDS (fever), BCS (high blood pressure), PAD (measles, infection), RES (cough, flu)

Mata [3]; Agreste [5]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [5]

0.81

Alismataceae

Echinodorus sp.

Chapéu de couro

ENM (diabetes, weight loss, uric acid); BCS (immunity); MSS (bone pain, joints); UDS (pain)

Mata [2]; Sertão [3]

0.88

Amaranthaceae

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Mentruz

RES (flu, expectoration), PAD (worm infection)

Borborema [1]

0.22

Gomphrena demissa Mart

Capitãozinho

RES (cough, flu, expectoration)

Sertão [3]

0.3

Amaryllidaceae

Allium sativum L

Alho

ENM (cholesterol, "reduce the levels," weight loss); RSS (erectile dysfunction); BCS (anticoagulant, stroke); PAD (worm infection); RES (tiredness)

Mata [1]; Sertão [1]

1.06

Allium sp.

Cebolinha branca

RES (cough, flu, hoarseness, expectoration, bronchitis, sinusitis, common cold); UDS (fever); DIS (baby colic); URS (diuretic)

Mata [9]; Agreste [8]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [4]

1.07

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium occidentale L

Cajú roxo

SST (wound healing); UDS (inflammation);

DIS (intestine inflammation); EXI (stop bleeding); PAD (antibiotic); RSS (uterus inflammation, vaginal discharge, prostate)

Mata [7]; Agreste [5]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [7]

1.17

Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão

Aroeira

UDS (inflammation); URS (prostate); SST (wound healing, pruritus); DIS (gastritis); EXI (stop bleeding); MSS (bone inflammation); PAD (antibiotic); ENM (menopause); BCS (high blood pressure, blood)

Mata [2]; Agreste [4]; Sertão [6]

1.69

Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi

Aroeira

UDS (inflammation); SST (wound healing); DIS (intestine inflammation)

Mata [4]

0.52

Schnopsis brasiliensis Engl

Baraúna

UDS (inflammation); SST (wound healing); URS (kidneys); MSS (spine); RSS (prostate)

Mata [1]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [3]

0.87

Annonaceae

Annona muricata L

Graviola

DIS (gastritis); NEO (cancer); ENM ("reduce the levels” diabetes); UDS (inflammation)

Mata [2]; Sertão [3]

0.76

Xylopia aromática (Lam.) Mart

Imbira

DIS (bellyache, indigestion, stomach, stomach ache); UDS (pain); RSS (menstrual cramps); MSS (back pain)

Mata [3]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [4]

0.88

Apiaceae

Anethum graveolens L

Endro

NES (tranquilizer, insomnia); UDS (pain); BCS (heart, jaundice, high blood pressure, tachycardia); DIS (intestinal colic, stomach ache, gallbladder pain, constipation, indigestion); RSS (menstrual cramps)

Mata [4]; Agreste [1]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [8]

1.37

Centella sp.

Centelha asiática

ENM (weight loss)

Mata [1]; Sertão [1]

0.17

Coriandrum sativum L

Coentro

BCS (high blood pressure); ENM (cholesterol, menopause); DIS (indigestion, throat problems); UDS (dizziness, headache); SES (labyrinthitis)

Mata [1]; Agreste [1]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [3]

1.06

Foeniculum vulgare Mill

Erva doce

NES (tranquilizer, depression, insomnia); RES (sinusitis, runny nose); BCS (high blood pressure, heart); UDS (fever, dizziness, headache); INT (Intoxication); ENM (menopause); DIS (bellyache)

Mata [13]; Agreste [10]; Borborema [4]; Sertão [8]

1.59

Pimpinella anisum L

Erva doce

NES (tranquilizer, depression, insomnia); RES (sinusitis, runny nose); BCS (high blood pressure, heart); UDS (fever, dizziness, headache); INT (Intoxication); ENM (menopause); DIS (bellyache)

Mata [13]; Agreste [10]; Borborema [4]; Sertão [7]

1.59

Apocynaceae

Hancornia speciosa Gomes

Mangaba

BCS (high blood pressure)

Mata [1]

0.17

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex sp.

Chá mate

DIS (indigestion)

Mata [2]; Borborema [1]

0.17

Arecaceae

Cocos nucifera L

Côco

BCS (jaundice); URS (diuretic)

Sertão [1]

0.35

Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E. Moore

Carnaúba

URS (kidneys)

Sertão [2]

0.17

Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc

Côco catolé

MSS (spine); URS (kidneys, kidney stones, urinary tract infection); DIS (gallstones)

Mata [1]; Agreste [3]; Sertão [5]

0.65

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia sp.

Cipó-de-mil-homem

DIS (indigestion)

Mata [1]

0.17

Asparagaceae

Agave sp.

Agave branco

UDS (inflammation); ENM (cholesterol)

Agreste [1]; Sertão [1]

0.35

Sansevieria trifasciata Prain

Espada de São Jorge

URS (kidneys); UDS (inflammation)

Sertão [1]

0.35

Asphodelaceae

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f

Babosa

SST (wound healing)

Mata [1]

0.17

Asteraceae

Acanthospermum hispidum DC

Espinho de cigano

RES (flu, bronchitis)

Sertão [1]

0.24

Ageratum conyzoides L

Mentraste

RSS (regulation of menstruation); UDS (inflammation)

Sertão [2]

0.35

Artemisia sp.

Artemísia

UDS (inflammation)

Mata [1]

0.17

Baccharis sp.

Carqueja

ENM (liver, liver fat, weight loss, diabetes, cholesterol, blood fat); URS (diuretic, kidneys)

Mata [8]; Agreste [1]; Borborema 1]; Sertão [4]

0.72

Bidens pilosa L

Picão preto

UDS (inflammation)

Mata [1]

0.17

Egletes viscosa (L.) Less

Macela

DIS (indigestion, diarrhea, stomach, liver, intestine, intestinal infection); ENM (diabetes)

Mata [9]; Agreste [3]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [7]

0.66

Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip. ex Walp

Alcachofra

ENM (cholesterol, diabetes, liver inflammation, liver fat)

Mata [3]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [4]

0.36

Helianthus annuus L

Girassol

UDS (dizziness); SES (labyrinthitis); BCS (thrombosis, CVA); musculoskeletal system (rheumatism, bursitis); BCS (high blood pressure)

Mata [6]; Agreste [7]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [5]

0.99

Matricaria chamomilla L

Camomila

NES (tranquilizer, depression, insomnia); UDS (fever); NEO (cancer); URS (urethral inflammation); SST (lighten skin spots); BCS (high blood pressure)

Mata [12]; Agreste [9]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [7]

1.17

Solidago chilensis Meyen

Arnica

UDS (pain); MSS (joints); EXI (wounds, blood clot)

Mata [1]; Sertão [3]

0.58

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg

Dente de leão

ENM (liver fat, weight loss); NES (memory); MSS (joints); DIS (intestine); BCS (blood circulation)

Mata [2]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [2]

0.93

Vernonanthura phosphorica (Vell.) H. Rob

Assa peixe

URS (kidneys)

Mata [1]

0.17

Bignoniaceae

Anemopaegma sp.

Catuaba

UDS (inflammation); RSS (aphrodisiac); MSS (bone pain)

Mata [2]; Sertão [2]

0.52

Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos

Pau d'arco roxo

UDS (pain, inflammation); NEO (cancer); RSS (cysts, myoma, ovary problems); MSS (rheumatism)

Mata [3]; Sertão [2]

0.88

Handroanthus sp.

Pau d'arco

URS (kidneys)

Agreste [1]

0.17

Jacaranda sp.

Caroba

SST (pruritus, skin irritation); BCS (depurative)

Sertão [2]

0.41

Bixaceae

Bixa orellana L

Urucum

ENM (reduce cholesterol)

Mata [2]; Sertão [1]

0.17

Boraginaceae

Heliotropium indicum L

Fedegoso

PRP ("female cleaning after childbirth")

Sertão [2]

0.17

Heliotropium nicotianaefolium Poir

Sete Sangrias

URS (kidneys)

Mata [1]; Sertão [4]

0.17

Symphytum officinale L

Confrei

ENM (uric acid); SES (labyrinthitis); UDS (inflammation)

Mata [2]; Sertão [1]

0.52

Varronia curassavica Jacq

Erva balieira

UDS (inflammation)

Mata [1]

0.17

Brassicaceae

Brassica sp.

Mostarda

BCS (thrombosis, CVA, stroke, circulation); MSS (rheumatism); UDS (pain, headache, swelling)

Mata [6]; Agreste [4]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [2]

0.83

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek

Agrião

RES (bronchitis, asthma)

Sertão [1]

0.24

Burseraceae

Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett

Imburana

RES (flu), MSS (osteoarthritis)

Mata [1]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [2]

0.35

Cactaceae

Cereus jamacaru DC

Cardeiro

URS (kidneys)

Sertão [2]

0.17

Melocactus zehntneri (Britton & Rose) Luetzelb

Coroa de Frade

RES (tiredness, asthma)

Mata [1]

0.24

Capparaceae

Cynophalla flexuosa (L.) J. Presl

Feijão brabo

MSS (back pain)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Caprifoliaceae

Valeriana sp.

Valeriana

NES (tranquilizer)

Mata [1]

0.17

Caryocaraceae

Caryocar sp.

Pequi

RES (flu, cough)

Sertão [1]

0.24

Celastraceae

Monteverdia rigida (Mart.) Biral

Bom nome

UDS (pain, inflammation, infection), MSS (fracture healing, joints); EXI (bumps); URS (kidneys, urinary tract infection)

Mata [1]; Sertão [2]; Agreste [4]

0.94

Monteverdia ilicifolia (Mart. ex Reissek) Biral

Espinheira santa

DIS (stomach, stomach pain, gastritis, ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux, heartburn, hepatitis, cirrhosis); MSS (joint pain); UDS (inflammation); BCS (anticoagulant)

Mata [8]; Agreste [7]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [5]

1.13

Chrysobalanaceae

Microdesmia rigida (Benth.) Sothers & Prance

Oiticica

ENM (diabetes), MSS (muscle strain)

Mata [5]; Sertão [3]

0.35

Cleomaceae

Cleome spinosa Jacq

Mussambê

RES (expectoration, cough)

Sertão [1]

0.24

Combretaceae

Combretum fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz

Mufumbo

RES (flu, cough)

Sertão [1]

0.24

Combretum glaucocarpum Mart

João Mole

BCS (swollen heart)

Mata [1]

0.17

Convolvulaceae

Operculina macrocarpa (L.) Urb

Batata de purga

DIS (purgative), BCS (anticoagulant, hemorrhoids), UDS (inflammation)

Mata [1]; Agreste [3]; Sertão [2]

0.58

Costaceae

Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw

Cana da índia

URS (kidney problems, urinary tract infection)

Mata [1]

0.24

Cucurbitaceae

Luffa operculata (L.) Cogn

Cabacinha

RES (sinusitis); SST (shrink lumps)

Mata [3]; Agreste [2]; Sertão [3]

0.35

Momordica charantia L

Melão de São Caetano

BCS (hemorrhoids)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Sicana odorifera (Vell.) Naudin

Croá

RSS (cysts, myoma), ENM (thyroid), URS (kidney stones), UDS (inflammation)

Mata [1]; Agreste [1]

0.76

Wilbrandia sp.

Cabeça de negro

ENM (blood clotting), SST (shrink lumps)

Mata [1]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [2]

0.35

Erythroxylaceae

Erythroxylum sp.

Rompe gibão

MSS (back pain, joints), NES (nerves)

Sertão [3]

0.41

Equisetaceae

Equisetum giganteum L

Cavalinha

URS (kidney stones, urinary tract infection, kidneys, diuretic), ENM (weight loss); UDS (infection); NEO (breast cysts); RSS (prostate); UDS (inflammation)

Mata [9]; Sertão [5]

1.17

Euphorbiaceae

Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl

Favela

UDS (inflammation); URS (kidney stones); DIS (gastritis, ulcer); RSS (vaginal discharge, myoma, cysts, prostate)

Agreste [3]; Sertão [3]

0.94

Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur

Urtiga branca

URS (urinary tract infection, urine cleaning); MSS (spine inflammation); UDS (inflammation, infection); SST (wound healing); DIS (appendix); RSS (prostate); NEO (cancer); RES (cough)

Mata [6]; Agreste [2]; Sertão [2]

1.51

Croton sp.

Velame branco

MSS (bone pain, rheumatism);

Agreste [2]; Sertão [2]

0.24

Fabaceae

Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J.W. Grimes

Babatenom

UDS (inflammation); SST (wound healing); NEO (cancer); PAD (antibiotic); RSS (uterus inflammation); MSS (bone inflammation); DIS (gastritis)

Mata [6]; Agreste [5]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [6]

1.22

Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith

Cumarú

RES (expectorant, sinusitis, flu, cough); BCS (hemorrhoid); UDS (inflammation)

Mata [5]; Agreste [3]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [6]

0.71

Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan

Angico

RES (cough, flu, expectorant); UDS (inflammation)

Mata [3]; Agreste [3]; Sertão [3]

0.47

Bauhinia sp.¹

Mororó

ENM (diabetes, cholesterol)

Mata [3]; Sertão [5]

0.24

Bauhinia sp.²

Pata de vaca

ENM (diabetes, cholesterol); MSS (spine problems); UDS (inflammation)

Mata [2]; Agreste [1]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [2]

0.58

Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth

Feijão gandú

NEO (intestinal cancer), ENM (diabetes), BCS (thrombosis)

Mata [1]

0.52

Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) E. Gagnon & G.P. Lewis

Catingueira

RES (cough, flu); DIS (bellyache); ENM (cholesterol)

Agreste [1]; Sertão [4]

0.58

Erythrina velutina Willd

Mulungú

NES (insomnia, tranquilizer, nerve weakness, memory); RES (cough)

Mata [4]; Agreste [2]; Sertão [5]

0.53

Glycyrrhiza glabra L

Alcaçuz

RES (expectoration)

Mata [1]

0.17

Hymenaea courbaril L

Jatobá

RES (expectoration, cough, flu); RSS (prostate inflammation; cysts; erectile dysfunction); URS (kidney problems); BCS (anemia); ENM (fortifying, rickets) UDS (inflammation, pain)

Mata [5]; Agreste [3]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [5]

1.42

Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz

Jucá

MSS (bone pain, spine, tendinitis, bursitis, spine inflammation); URS (kidney pain); SST (lumps); RSS (cysts); UDS (inflammation); RES (expectorant)

Mata [1]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [5]

1.29

Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir

Jurema preta

UDS (inflammation); SST (wound healing); BCS (hemorrhoid)

Mata [2]; Sertão [3]

0.52

Mimosa sp.

Malícia

SST (wound healing)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Mucuna urens (L.) Medik

Coronha

UDS (inflammation, pain); MSS (herniated disc, spine inflammation)

Agreste [1]; Sertão [2]

0.65

Myroxylon peruiferum L. f

Bálsamo

RES (expectorant)

Mata [1]; Sertão [1]

0.17

Piptadenia sp.

Jurema branca

DIS (gastritis)

Sertão [2]

0.17

Pterodon emarginatus (Vogel.) Kunth

Sucupira

MSS (spine pain, spine inflammation, herniated disc, joint pain, bone pain, bone inflammation, osteoarthritis), DIS (sore throat); ENM (diabetes); BCS (thrombosis; high blood pressure); RES (sinusitis, tonsillitis); URS (kidneys)

Mata [7]; Agreste [4]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [5]

1.54

Senna sp.

Sena

DIS (indigestion; constipation, "release dry feces," intestinal colic); ENM (weight loss); RES (cough); PAD (worm infection); UDS (fever, infection)

Mata [6]; Agreste [2]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [7]

1.12

Tamarindus indica L

Tamarindo

BCS (anemia)

Mata [2]; Sertão [2]

0.17

Humiriaceae

Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec

Uxi amarelo

RSS (uterus, cysts, polycysts, myoma, uterus inflammation)

Mata [1]; Sertão [4]

0.42

Illiaceae

Illicium verum Hooker

Anil estrelado

BCS (heart, high blood pressure); MSS (bone pain, back pain); DIS (indigestion, bellyache, liver, stomach ache); UDS (pain); RSS (colic)

Mata [4]; Agreste [6]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [3]

1.18

Lamiaceae

Lavandula angustifolia Mill

Alfazema

DIS (baby colic, constipation, intestine); RES (cough); NES (tranquilizer), UDS (colic, pain, fever), CUD (“evil eye”), BCS (jaundice); PAD (infection)

Mata [7]; Agreste [3]; Borborema [2]; Sertão [4]

1.4

Melissa officinalis L

Melissa

NES (tranquilizer)

Mata [1]

0.17

Mentha sp.

Hortelã

RES (flu, expectoration); ENM (weight loss); PAD (“bacteria in the stomach”); BCS (prevent strokes)

Mata [1]; Sertão [2]

0.76

Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze

Alfazema braba

DIS (bellyache, constipation, intestine); ENM (cholesterol, diabetes, weight loss)

Sertão [1]

0.6

Ocimum sp.¹

Manjericão

CUD ("bad air"); RES (flu)

Mata [2]; Sertão [1]

0.35

Ocimum sp.²

Alfavaca

RES (sinusitis)

Mata [2]

0.17

Origanum sp.

Orégano

ENM (menopause); NEO (cancer); DIS (constipation); NES (insomnia); PAD (candidiasis); RES (cough)

Mata [2]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [1]

1.04

Rosmarinus officinalis L

Alecrim

BCS (arrhythmia, high blood pressure, heart problems, circulation, CVA); DIS (stomach ache, constipation, indigestion); NES (depression, tranquilizer, meningitis); UDS (headache); RES (sinusitis, tiredness, asthma); ENM (thyroid)

Mata [10]; Agreste [6]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [4]

1.67

Salvia hispanica L

Chia

ENM (weight loss, appetite suppressant, menopause); DIS (intestinal regulation)

Mata [3]; Agreste [1]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [3]

0.47

Salvia officinalis L

Sálvia

ENM (weight loss)

Mata [1]

0.17

Vitex gardneriana Schauer

Jaramataia

URS (kidneys, prostate), ENM (diabetes, cholesterol)

Sertão [4]

0.47

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum sp.

Canela

NES (tranquilizer, stimulant); ENM (weight loss, diabetes); BCS (low blood pressure, prevent blood clotting); DIS (throat, stomach ache); RES (hoarseness); UDS (vomiting); MSS (bones); EXI (bumps)

Mata [7]; Agreste [6]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [8]

1.64

Laurus nobilis L

Louro

DIS (diarrhea, indigestion, stomach); UDS (headache); URS (kidneys); UDS (headache)

Mata [6]; Agreste [4]; Borborema [2]; Sertão [3]

0.82

Persea americana Mill

Abacate

BCS (heart); URS (kidneys)

Agreste [1]; Borborema [2]; Sertão [2]

0.35

Lecythidaceae

Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl

Castanha do Pará

ENM (liver fat)

Mata [1]; Sertão [1]

0.17

Linaceae

Linum usitatissimum L

Linhaça

DIS (constipation, intestinal regulation); BCS (thrombosis, CVA); MSS (rheumatism); ENM (weight loss)

Mata [2]; Agreste[2]; Sertão [2]

0.82

Lyrthaceae

Punica granatum L

Romã

DIS (sore throat, gastritis, stomach, heartburn); RES (hoarseness, cough; tonsillitis); RSS (prostate, erectile dysfunction); BCS (heart); ENM (liver fat); UDS (inflammation); PAD (antibiotic); SST (wound healing); URS (kidneys)

Mata [7]; Agreste [4]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [3]

2

Malvaceae

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

Quiabo

BCS (CVA); MSS (bones)

Sertão [2]

0.35

Chorisia glaziovii (Kuntze) E. Santos

Barriguda

MSS (spine); URS (kidneys)

Sertão [3]

0.35

Gossypium herbaceum L

Algodão

SST (furuncles)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Hibiscus sp.

Hibisco

ENM (diabetes, cholesterol, triglycerides, liver fat, weight loss); URS (diuretic); BCS (blood circulation, swelling, low immunity, blood pressure, prevent blood clotting); UDS (inflammation); DIS (liver inflammation)

Mata [10]; Agreste [2]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [8]

1.37

Pseudobombax marginatum (A. St.-Hil., Juss. & Cambess.) A. Robyns

Imbiratanha

MSS (spine); URS (kidneys, kidney inflammation)

Sertão [5]

0.41

Melastomataceae

Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana

Canela de velho

MSS (arthritis, osteoarthritis, bursitis, herniated disc, bone pain, joint pain, tendinitis, rheumatism, bone inflammation); UDS (pain, infection, headache, inflammation); PAD (Chikungunya)

Mata [10]; Agreste [3]; Borborema [2]; Sertão [4]

1.21

Meliaceae

Cedrela odorata L

Cedro

DIS (intestinal problems, constipation, bellyache); UDS (pain, inflammation)

Mata [2]; Sertão [1]

0.53

Menispermaceae

Cissampelos sympodialis Eichler

Milona

RES (cough, flu); ENM (diabetes, liver fat)

Sertão [3]

0.47

Monimiaceae

Peumus boldus Molina

Boldo do Chile

DIS (diarrhea, liver problems, stomach ache, indigestion, intestine, stomach problems, sulfur burps, gastritis); URS (kidneys); MBD (hangover); ENM (liver fat)

Mata [13]; Agreste [9]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [8]

1.13

Moraceae

Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul

Mamica de cadela

SST (Vitiligo)

Mata [1]

0.17

Morus sp.

Amora

ENM (diabetes, menopause, weight loss, cholesterol); URS (diuretic); BCS (boost immunity, high blood pressure); UDS (inflammation)

Mata [7]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [4]

0.94

Moringaceae

Moringa sp.

Moringa

NES (memory); NEO (cancer)

Sertão [1]

0.35

Musaceae

Musa x paradisiaca L

Banana

RES (cough)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Myristicaceae

Myristica fragans Houtt

Noz moscada

SES (labyrinthitis); BCS (prevent strokes)

Mata [1]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [1]

0.35

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Eucalipto

RES (sinusitis, common cold, flu, expectorant); NES (tranquilizer); DIS (bellyache); UDS (fever); MSS (bone pain)

Mata [4]; Agreste [4]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [5]

1.06

Eugenia uniflora L

Pitanga

DIS (bellyache)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Myrcia speciosa (Amshoff) McVaugh

Pedra-hume-kar

ENM (diabetes)

Mata [1]

0.17

Psidium guajava L

Guava

DIS (bellyache)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry

Cravo

UDS (headache, dizziness, bad breath); DIS (indigestion; toothache); SES (Labyrinthitis); NES (Insomnia, tranquilizer); BCS (high blood pressure)

Mata [4]; Agreste [3]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [3]

1.18

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Oliveira

ENM (weight loss, "reduce the levels"); NEO (cancer)

Sertão [2]

0.41

Nyctaginaceae

Boerhavia diffusa L

Pega pinto

URS (kidneys, urinary tract infection)

Sertão [1]

0.24

Olacaceae

Ximenia americana L

Ameixa

DIS (gastritis); UDS (inflammation); SST (wound healing); ENM (cholesterol)

Mata [1]; Agreste [2]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [6]

0.69

Opiliaceae

Agonandra brasiliensis Miers ex Benth. & Hook. f

Marfim

RES (cough, flu)

Mata [1]

0.24

Papaveraceea

Argemone mexicana L

Cardo santo

BCS (CVA, thrombosis)

Mata [3]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [1]

0.24

Passifloraceae

Turnera subulata Smith

Chanana

URS (urinary tract infection)

Sertão [2]

0.17

Pedaliaceae

Sesamum orientale L

Gergelim preto

BCS (thrombosis, CVA); MSS (bone pain, joint pain, rheumatism, bone calcium); UDS (numbness); DIS (intestinal regulation); ENM (menopause, appetite suppressant, weight loss)

Mata [5]; Agreste [5]; Sertão [3]

1.24

Petiveriaceae

Petiveria alliacea L

Tipi

MSS (rheumatism)

Mata [1]; Sertão [1]

0.17

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus niruri L

Quebra pedra

URS (kidney stones, kidney problems); DIS (liver, gallstones); EXI (bumps)

Mata [2]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [2]

0.65

Piperaceae

Piper nigrum L

Pimenta do reino

NES (labyrinthitis); UDS (headache)

Mata [2]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [1]

0.35

Poaceae

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf

Capim santo

NES (tranquilizer, stimulant); DIS (bellyache); BCS (high blood pressure)

Mata [2]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [2]

0.58

Zea mays L

Milho

URS (kidneys), BCS (jaundice)

Sertão [1]

0.35

Polygonaceae

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx

Erva de bicho

URS (kidneys)

Mata [1]

0.17

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus joazeiro Mart

Juá

SST (dandruff); DIS (gum disease)

Mata [2]; Sertão [3]

0.35

Rubiaceae

Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K. Schum

Quina quina

ENM (diabetes, blood clotting), RES (sinusitis), MSS (rheumatism), UDS (fever)

Mata [3]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [5]

0.76

Genipa americana L

Jenipapo

MSS (fracture healing); BCS (increase blood platelets)

Sertão [3]

0.35

Guettarda sp.

Angélica

RSS (menstrual cramps)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Morinda citrifolia L

Noni

ENM (diabetes, weight loss); NEO (cancer); BCS (blood circulation; fluid retention, hemorrhoids, high blood pressure); DIS (gastritis); RSS (uterus inflammation)

Agreste [1]; Sertão [1]

1.12

Uncaria sp.

Unha de gato

UDS (inflammation); RSS (cysts, nodule, myoma, polycysts, uterus inflammation); MSS (bone inflammation)

Mata [4]; Agreste [2]; Sertão [4]

0.77

Rutaceae

Citrus aurantium L

Laranja

NES (tranquilizer)

Mata [1]; Sertão [2]

0.17

Pilocarpus sp.

Jaborandi

UDS (fever)

Mata [1]

0.17

Sapotaceae

Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult.) T.D. Penn

Quixaba

UDS (inflammation, pain); MSS (spine inflammation); SST (wound healing); URS (kidneys); EXI (bumps)

Mata [5]; Agreste [6]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [5]

0.93

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring

Mão fechada

RES (cough, flu)

Sertão [1]

0.24

Smilacaceae

Smilax sp.

Japecanga

SST (vitiligo); MSS (spine inflammation)

Mata [1]

0.35

Solanaceae

Solanum americanum Mill

Erva moura

SST (wound healing)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Solanum paniculatum L

Jurubeba

DIS (liver, gastritis); ENM (diabetes); RSS (menstrual cramps)

Sertão [2]

0.58

Theaceae

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze

Chá verde/Chá preto

ENM (cholesterol, diuretic, weight loss, loss of appetite); NES (nervousness); UDS (inflammation, fever); DIS (bellyache, intestine, intestinal infection); SES (vision problems); URS (diuretic)

Mata [9]; Agreste [4]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [6]

1.42

Verbenaceae

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson

Erva cidreira

RES (expectoration); BCS (anemia); DIS (indigestion, bellyache); NES (tranquilizer, insomnia); ENM (whet the appetite)

Mata [8]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [5]

0.99

Violaceae

Pombalia lanata (A. St.-Hil.) Paula-Souza

Papaconha

RES (expectoration, cough, flu); PAD (worm infection); UDS (fever)

Mata [1]; Borborema [1]; Sertão [6]

0.65

Vitaceae

Cissus sp.

Parreira

URS (kidneys); MSS (spine)

Sertão [3]

0.35

Zingiberaceae

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm

Colônia

UDS (fever); RES (expectoration)

Mata [1]; Sertão [2]

0.35

Curcuma longa L

Cúrcuma

UDS (inflammation); BCS (hepatitis; jaundice); PAD (antibiotic); RES (flu); MSS (bones)

Mata [4]; Sertão [1]

0.93

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Gengibre

BCS (high blood pressure, prevent blood clotting); DIS (throat pain, sore throat, stomach); RES (cough, expectoration, flu, hoarseness); ENM (liver fat, cholesterol, weight loss); UDS (pain, inflammation); NES (stimulant); URS (diuretic)

Mata [9]; Agreste [7]; Borborema [3]; Sertão [4]

1.78

Indeterminated

Indeterminated 1

Baço

RES (cough, flu, tiredness), UDS (pain)

Mata [1];

Borborema [1]; Sertão [1]

0.47

Indeterminated 2

Caninana

SST (wound healing)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Indeterminated 3

Catinga branca

DIS (diarrhea)

Borborema [1]

0.17

Indeterminated 4

Cauaçú

DIS (gastritis, ulcer)

Borborema [1]

0.24

Indeterminated 5

Chocalho de vaqueiro

MSS (bone pain, joint pain, rheumatism)

Sertão [4]

0.3

Indeterminated 6

Cipó de cruz

MSS (joints, rheumatism, spine), UDS (inflammation)

Sertão [2]

0.47

Indeterminated 7

Espriteira

RES (common cold, flu)

Agreste [1]

0.24

Indeterminated 8

Jalapa

ENM (diabetes)

Mata [1]

Indeterminated 9

Junço

UDS (pain)

Sertão [1]

0.17

Indeterminated 10

Mapirunga

MSS (rheumatism), UDS (pain)

Agreste [1]

0.28

Indeterminated 11

Maria leite

URS (kidney stones), DIS (gallstone)

Mata [1]

0.34

Indeterminated 12

Pau tenente

ENM (diabetes, cholesterol), UDS (inflammation)

Mata [1]; Sertão [3]

0.41

Indeterminated 13

Pimenta parda

RES (throat)

Agreste [1]

0.17

Indeterminated 14

Porangaba

ENM (cholesterol, blood clotting, diabetes), DIS (intestine)

Mata [2]; Agreste [1]; Sertão [4]

0.47

Indeterminated 15

Quebra faca

ENM (diabetes, cholesterol), SST (pruritus)

Sertão [2]

0.41

Indeterminated 16

Sassafrás

URS (urinary tract infection, kidneys)

Sertão [2]

0.24

Indeterminated 17

Urinana

URS (urinary tract infection), ENM (retained fat)

Mata [1]

0.35