Edible wild plant species used by different linguistic groups of Kohistan Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan

Amin, Muhammad; Aziz, Muhammad Abdul; Pieroni, Andrea; Nazir, Abdul; Al-Ghamdi, Abdullah Ahmed; Kangal, Aleyna; Ahmad, Khalid; Abbasi, Arshad Mehmood

doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00577-5

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 Recorded wild food plants and their local uses

From: Edible wild plant species used by different linguistic groups of Kohistan Upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan

S. no.	Scientific name/family Voucher number	Local name	Habit	Part used	UC	Preparation	UR	ULG			PRFP	PRFNR
S. no.	Scientific name/family Voucher number	Local name	Habit	Part used	UC	Preparation	UR	G	K	S	PRFP	PRFNR
1	Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. Lamiaceae CUHA-06	Bhuti^K,S,G	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Fresh aerial parts are boiled in water and consumed along with butter or ghee	74	+	+	−	No	No
2	Allium carolinianum Redouté Amaryllidaceae CUHA-231	Jangli peyaz^K, Jangli poloond^S	Herb	Ap	Consumed raw	Fresh aerial parts eaten raw as salad	23	−	+	++	Yes [5, 8]	No
3	Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthaceae CUHA-07	Gannar^K, Ganaara^S, Ganaar^G	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Fresh aerial parts are boiled in water or Buttermilk, then squeezed with hands. After that, fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and common salt	118	−	+	+	Yes [6]	No
4	Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae CUHA-08	Gha gha^K	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Fresh aerial parts are boiled in water, then squeezed with hands. After that, fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and common salt	9	−	++	–	Yes [5, 45]	No
5	Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. Brassicaceae CUHA-244	Sunnar^G	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Fresh aerial parts are boiled in water, then squeezed and fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and salt	9	++	–	–	No	No
6	Bistorta amplexicaulis D.Don. Ronse Decr. Polygonaceae CUHA-15	Roye^K, Mashlond^G	Herb	Lvs	Cooked	Fresh leaves boiled in water. Then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and salt	11	−	++	–	Yes [41]	No
7	Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don Pinaceae CUHA-17	Beech^K, Poloz^P, low^G	Tree	Res	Consumed raw	Resin is collected from trunk of the tree in sold form and chewed as babul gum. The solid resin is stored for future and is also given to friends for chewing in the lower areas. It is useful for strengthen the mouth gums and teeth	47	+	+	−	Yes [52]	No
8	Celtis caucasica (Willd.) Cannabaceae CUHA-19	Meyoon^K,S Dadoo^G	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruit is eaten as raw	61	−	+	+	Yes [46]	No
9	Celtis australis L. Cannabaceae CUHA-18	Meyo^K	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruit is eaten as raw	18	−	++	–	Yes [6]	No
10	Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae CUHA-21	Kawa^K, Pathow^G	Herb	Lvs	Cooked	Fresh leaves are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and common salt	62	−	++	–	Yes [35]	No
11	Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Asteraceae CUHA-23	Harul^K, Horal^G	Herb	Lvs	Cooked	Fresh leaves are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and common salt	42	+	++	–	Yes [5]	No
12	Citrus aurantium L. Rutaceae CUHA-25	Narang^S	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruit is eaten as raw	23	−	++	+	Yes [49]	No
13	Clematis grata Wall. Ranunculaceae CUHA-26	Zulto^K	Climber	Lvs	Cooked	Fresh leaves are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and common salt	19	−	++	–	No	No
14	Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae CUHA-27	Ero^K, Kheroon^G	Climber	Lvs	Cooked	Fresh leaves are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and common salt	56	−	++	–	Yes [5]	No
15	Diospyros lotus L. Ebenaceae CUHA-32	Amblook ^{K, S}, Amlook^G	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Ripened fruits are eaten as raw. Fruits are also dried and used in winter season	98	−	+	+	Yes [38, 40]	No
16	Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem. Rosaceae CUHA-263	Bangros^K, Makbursa^S, Dharti mian^G	Herb	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruit is eaten as raw	65	+	+	+	Yes [37]	No
17	Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Elaeagnaceae CUHA-34	Gohi^S	Herb	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruit is eaten as raw	30	−	–	+ +	No	Yes [53]
18	Ficus palmata Forssk. Moraceae CUHA-37	Phah^K, Pagoye^S, Camera^G	Tree	Lvs Fr	Cooked Consumed raw	Fresh leaves are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and common salt Ripened fruits are eaten as raw	91	−	+	+	Yes [45, 60]	No
19	Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericaceae CUHA-41	Esperke^K	Herb	Ap Lvs	Cooked Tea	Fresh aerial parts are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and common salt. Leaves are dried in shade and consume as a tea	13 3	−	++	–	Yes [35]	No
20	Impatiens edgeworthii Hook. f. Balsaminaceae CUHA-42	Khanroye^K, Benthal^G	Herb	Sed Lvs	Consumed raw Cooked	Seeds are eaten as raw Fresh leaves are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and common salt	20 9	+	++	–	No	No
21	Indigofera tinctoria L. Leguminosae CUHA-43	Kayth^K, Kasti^S, Kheenthey^G	Shrub	Fl	Consumed raw	Fresh flowers are eaten as a raw	58	−	++	−	No	No
22	Juglans regia L. Juglandaceae CUHA-45	Choo^K, Achoye^S, Akhory^G	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruit kernel is eaten as a raw. Also dried, stored, and eaten in winter as dry fruit and mixed in traditional desserts	81	−	+	−	Yes [6]	No
23	Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb. Cupressaceae CUHA-279	Cheli^S	Tree	Bk	Ash	Bark is burnt to make ash, and this as is used in snuff as flavoring agent	9	−	–	+ +	No	No
24	Leontopodium himalayanum DC. Compositae CUHA-280	Taliban ka qaleel^S	Herb	Ap	Consumed raw	Aerial parts are chewed as babul gum	11	−	–	+ +	No	No
25	Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Rosaceae CUHA-285	Bhap^K, Paloye^S, Bhabuyee^G	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruits are eaten as raw, also dried, and stored for winter season	64	+	+	+	Yes [38]	No
26	Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Lamiaceae CUHA-48	Phemel^K, Phebel^S, Podina^G	Herb	Ap Lvs	Cooked Consumed raw Tea	Fresh aerial parts are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and common salt Fresh leaves are used as salad Fresh and dried leaves are boiled in water and used as tea	106 10 9	−	+	+	Yes [36]	No
27	Morus nigra L. Moraceae CUHA-49	Marash^K, Marosh^S, Korow^G	Tree	Fr	Consume raw	Fresh fruits are eaten as raw. Fruits are also dried and stored for use in winter season	81	−	+	+	Yes [7]	No
28	Myrtus communis L. Myrtaceae CUHA-291	Ambo^K, Aob^S	Shrub	Lvs Fr	Tea Consumed raw	Fresh and dried leaves are boiled in water to make tea Fresh fruits are eaten raw	11 43	−	+	+ +	Yes [35]	No
29	Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Brassicaceae CUHA-50	Talib shah^K	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Fresh aerial parts are boiled in Buttermilk. After that fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and common salt	23	−	++	–	Yes [35]	No
30	Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch. Oleaceae CUHA-52	Kowo^K,S,G	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruits are eaten as raw	27	+	+	+	Yes [52]	No
31	Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae CUHA-53	Cheko daro^K, Chiki rang^S, Terko^G	Herb	Ap Lvs	Cooked Consumed raw	Fresh aerial parts are boiled in Buttermilk. Then fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and salt Fresh leaves are used as salad	82 17	+	+	+	Yes [6]	No
32	Oxyria digyna Hill Polygonaceae CUHA-220	Huli^S	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Aerial parts are boiled in water or Buttermilk. Then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and salt	13	−	–	+ +	No	Yes [56]
33	Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana Rehder Hamamelidaceae CUHA-294	Pashoo^K, Pashoot^S, Passat^G	Shrub	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruit are eaten as raw	30	+	+	+	No	No
34	Pedicularis oederi Vahl Orobanchaceae CUHA-296	Khana Phor^S	Herb	Lvs	Cooked	Fresh leaves are boiled in water or Buttermilk along with other edible herbs. After that, fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and salt	7	−	–	+ +	No	Yes [57]
35	Persicaria amplexicaulis (D. Don) Ronse Decr. Polygonaceae CUHA-57	Roye^K	Herb	Lvs	Cooked	Fresh leaves are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and common salt	10	−	++	–	Yes [49]	No
36	Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D.Don Pinaceae CUHA-61	Chonge^K, Tholash^S, Shentah^G	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fruits are eaten as raw, also dried, and used in winter	68	−	++	−	Yes [6]	No
37	Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Anacardiaceae CUHA-63	Khakow^K	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fruits are eaten as raw	13	−	++	–	Yes [52]	No
38	Podophyllum hexandrum Royle Berberidaceae CUHA-66	Shargoye^K, Khakori^G	Herb	Fr	Consumed raw	Fruits are eaten as raw	35	++	+	–	Yes [51]	No
39	Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae CUHA-72	Pechel^K,G	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Aerial parts are boiled in water or Buttermilk. After that fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and salt. Aerial parts are also half boiled in Buttermilk, then squeezed, dried, and stored for winter season	27	++	–	–	Yes [5]	No
40	Primula elliptica Royle Primulaceae CUHA-302	Moril^S	Herb	Ap	Flavoring agent	Aerial parts are dried, and grinded to make powder, which is used in snuff as a flavoring agent	11	−	–	+ +	No	No
41	Primula macrophylla D. Don Primulaceae CUHA-303	Kamzoor Moril^S	Herb	Ap	Flavoring agent	Aerial parts are dried, and grinded to make powder, which is used in snuff as a flavoring agent	9	−	–	+ +	No	No
42	Prunus armeniaca L. Rosaceae CUHA-73	Jarot^S, Hari^G	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruits are eaten as raw. Fruits are also dried in sun light, then stored for use in winter season	32	−	–	+ +	Yes [38]	No
43	Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Rosaceae CUHA-74	Aro^K, Aar^S, Aro^G	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruits are eaten as raw	44	−	++	−	Yes [52]	No
44	Punica granatum L. Lythraceae CUHA-78	Dango^K, Daroye^S, Daroo^G	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruits are eaten as raw	54	−	-	+	Yes [37]	No
45	Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. Fagaceae CUHA-81	Ban^K, Bani^S, Terry^G	Tree	Fr	Cooked	Fresh fruits are roasted and eaten as raw	104	−	+	+	Yes [44]	No
46	Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson Ranunculaceae CUHA-82	Marchake^K, Marchakaye^G	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Aerial parts are boiled in water. Then fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and salt	20	++	–	–	No	No
47	Rheum australe D. Don Polygonaceae CUHA-311	Chutiyal^K,S,G	Herb	Stm	Consumed raw	Fresh stem is peeled, and inner part is eaten	32	+	+	+	Yes [63]	No
48	Rheum emodi Wall. Polygonaceae CUHA-312	Chutiyal^K,S,G	Herb	Stm	Consumed raw	Fresh stem is peeled, and inner part is eaten	36	+	+	−	Yes [63]	No
49	Rubus fruticosus L. Rosaceae CUHA-88	Ancha^K, Goracha^G	Shrub	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruits are eaten	65	−	++	–	Yes [43]	No
50	Rubus niveus Thunb. Rosaceae CUHA-89	Ancha^S	Shrub	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruits are eaten	34	−	–	+ +	Yes [38, 41]	No
51	Rumex acetosa L. Polygonaceae CUHA-89	Chuki^S	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Aerial parts are boiled in water or Buttermilk along with other edible herbs. After that, fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and salt	10	−	–	+ +	No	Yes [54]
52	Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. Polygonaceae CUHA-90	Markash^K	Herb	Fr Lvs	Consumed raw Cooked	Ripened fruits are eaten Aerial parts with other edible herbs are boiled in water or Buttermilk. Then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and salt	12 10	−	++	–	No	Yes [55]
53	Rumex dentatus L. Polygonaceae CUHA-91	Babal^K, Hububal^S, Hulow^G	Herb	Lvs	Cooked	Aerial parts along with other edible herbs are boiled in water or Buttermilk. After that fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and salt	81	+	+	−	Yes [8, 45]	No
54	Rumex hastatus D. Don Polygonaceae CUHA-92	Chekow^S, Huli^G	Herb	Ap Lvs	Cooked Consumed raw	Aerial parts are boiled in water or Buttermilk. Then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and salt Fresh leaves are eaten as salad	34 10	+	–	+ +	Yes [44]	No
55	Solanum villosum Mill. Solanaceae CUHA-330	Kuchmacho^K, Kachmach^S, Kuchmacho^G	Herb	Lvs Fr	Cooked Consumed raw	Fresh leaves are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and salt Fresh fruits are eaten as raw	90 11	−	+	−	Yes [50]	No
56	Solanum nigrum Acerbi ex Dunal Solanaceae CUHA-97	Ker ker^S	Herb	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruits are eaten	35	−	–	+ +	Yes [41]	No
57	Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Taxaceae CUHA-102	Thoon^K	Tree	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruits are eaten	12	−	++	–	Yes [41]	No
58	Torilis leptophylla Rchb.f. Apiaceae CUHA-341	Dhaniyal^S,G	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Fresh aerial parts are boiled in water. After that fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and common salt	25	++	–	+	Yes [45]	No
59	Trifolium pratense L. Leguminosae CUHA-103	Kana eshpet^K, Shotal^S, Shotal^G	Herb	Lvs	Cooked	Fresh leaves are boiled in water, then fried in butter or ghee along with onion and salt	41	+	−	−	Yes [45]	No
60	Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae CUHA-104	Zahoye^K, Jam jama^S, Keyori^G	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Aerial parts are boiled in water along with other edible herbs. The fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and salt	90	+	+	−	Yes [38]	No
61	Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don Adoxaceae CUHA-107	Aoza^K	Herb	Fr	Consumed raw	Fresh fruits are eaten	10	−	++	–	Yes [38]	No
62	Viola pilosa Blume Violaceae CUHA-108	Tekro^K, Lilo^S, Ratkari^G	Herb	Ap	Cooked	Aerial parts are boiled in water along with other edible herbs. The fried in homemade butter or ghee along with onion and salt	86	+	+	+	No	Yes [47]
63	Vitis jacquemontii Roem. & Schult. Vitaceae CUHA-110	Jacha^K, Zacha^S, Daakh^G	Climber	Fr	Consumes raw	Fresh fruits are eaten	89	+	+	+	Yes [42]	No
64	Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Rhamnaceae CUHA-112	Sagee^K, Zazen^S, Sageen^G	Tree	Fr	Consumes raw	Fresh fruits are eaten. Also dried and stored for winter season	30	+	+	+	Yes [8]	No

K, Kohistani; S, Shina; G, Gujari; Ap, Aerial parts; Fr, Fruits; Lvs, Leaves; Stm, Stem; Sed, Seed; Fl, Flower; Res, Resin; Bk, Bark; UC, Use category; UR, Use report; ULG, Use in linguistic groups; – not reported; − less than 30% use reports; + less than 50% & more than 30% use reports; ++ more than 50% use reports; PRFP, Previous report as food from Pakistan; PRFNR, Previous report as food from neighboring regions

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ISSN: 1746-4269

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