Traditional foraging for ecological transition? Wild food ethnobotany among three ethnic groups in the highlands of the eastern Hindukush, North Pakistan

Khan, Amir Hasan; Adil, Muhammad; Aziz, Muhammad Abdul; Sõukand, Renata; Pieroni, Andrea

doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00581-9

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 Gathered WFPs recorded among the studied communities in Dir Kohistan; P: Pashto, G: Gujjar, K: Kohistani

From: Traditional foraging for ecological transition? Wild food ethnobotany among three ethnic groups in the highlands of the eastern Hindukush, North Pakistan

Botanical Taxon; Family; Botanical Voucher Specimen Code	Recorded Local Name	English or common name	Parts Used	Recorded Local Food Uses	Pathans	Kohistanis	Gujjars
Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook; Sapindaceae; QURTUBA 0044	Satal ^K	Indian horse-chestnut	Seeds	Raw snack ^K	–	11	–
Ziziphus jujuba Mill.; Rhamnaceae; QURTUBA 0045	Markhanray ^P	Common jujube	Fruits	Raw snack ^G	30	–	26
Ziziphus jujuba Mill.; Rhamnaceae; QURTUBA 0045	Sengri ^G	Common jujube	Fruits	Raw snack ^G	30	–	26
Allium carolinianum Redouté; Amaryllidaceae; QURTUBA 0046	Ogai ^P	Wild onion	Leaves	Salad ^P	4	–	–
Berberis lycium Royle; Berberidaceae; QURTUBA 0047	Iees ^K	Indian barberry	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P, G}	13	17	6
	Kwaray ^P
	Sumro ^G
Apteranthes tuberculata (N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede.; Apocynaceae.; QURTUBA 0048	Pamankay ^P	Chongan	Aerial parts	Cooked ^P	25	–	–
Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb.; Asteraceae; QURTUBA 0049	Mulachu/zeer ^K	Wild safflower	Seeds	Cooked ^K	–	13	–
Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb.; Asteraceae; QURTUBA 0049	Jero ^G	Wild safflower	Seeds	Tea ^G	–	13	–
Celtis caucasica Willd.; Cannabaceae; QURTUBA 0050	Boboo ^K	Caucasian hackberry	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P, G}	26	16	19
	Taghaga ^P
	But karan ^G
Chenopodium album L.; Amaranthaceae; QURTUBA 0051	Sarmi ^K	Bacon weed, Fat hen, Goosefoot, Pigweed, White goosefoot	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P, G}	23	14	11
	Sarmay ^P
	Batun ^G
Chenopodium murale L.; Amaranthaceae; QURTUBA 0052	Gunri ^K	Nettle-leaved goosefoot	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P, G}	27	10	18
	Churlai ^P
	Chuaie ^G
Cichorium intybus L.; Asteraceae; QURTUBA 0053	Shamakay ^P	Blue sailors, Chicory, Coffee weed, Common chicory, Cornflower, Italian dandelion, Succory	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P, G}	15	7	17
	Found kash ^K
	Shamokeo ^G
Cotoneaster nummularius Fisch. & C.A.Mey; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0054	Udhundor ^K	Nummular or coinwort cotoneaster	Fruits	Cooked ^K	6	11	3
	Kharawa ^P			Raw snack ^P
	Masloor ^G			Cooked ^G
Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants; Amaranthaceae; QURTUBA 0055	Khurpen ^K	Jerusalem oak goosefoot	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P, G}	20	9	15
	Kharawa ^P
	Lowar ^G
Diospyros lotus L.; Ebenaceae; QURTUBA 0056	Keshen amalok ^K	Date-plum	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P, G}	28	23	29
	Toor amlok ^P
	Kawo amlok ^G
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0057	Mayako ^G	Indian strawberry	Fruits	Raw snack ^G	–	–	5
Equisetum arvense L.; Equisetaceae; QURTUBA 0058	Darhabro ^G	Horsetail	Aerial parts	Cooked ^G	–	–	12
Eremurus himalaicus Baker; Asphodelaceae; QURTUBA 0059	Shella ^P	Foxtail lily	Aerial parts	Cooked^p	29	–	–
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.; Brassicaceae; QURTUBA 0060	Laken ^K	Arugula or rocket	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P}	4	14	–
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.; Brassicaceae; QURTUBA 0060	Jamama ^P	Arugula or rocket	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P}	4	14	–
Ficus palmata Forssk.; Moraceae; QURTUBA 0061	Sarmangol ^K	Punjab fig	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P}	29	24	–
Ficus palmata Forssk.; Moraceae; QURTUBA 0061	Inzar ^P	Punjab fig	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P}	29	24	–
Hypericum perforatum L.; Hypericaceae; QURTUBA 0062	Shen chai ^P	St. John's wort	Leaves	Tea ^{P, K}	17	12	–
Hypericum perforatum L.; Hypericaceae; QURTUBA 0062	Fotarga ^K	St. John's wort	Leaves	Tea ^{P, K}	17	12	–
Isodon rugosus (Wall.) Codd.; Lamiaceae; QURTUBA 0063	Salool ^K	Wrinkled Leaf Isodon	Aerial parts	Herbal drink ^{K, P, G}	21	12	16
	Krachay ^P
	Kurkuri ^G
Juglan regia L.; Juglandaceae; QURTUBA 0064	Chur ^K	English walnut	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P, G}	30	30	30
	Ghuz ^P
	Akhori ^G
Lactuca sativa L.; Asteraceae; QURTUBA 0065	Salad ^P	Lettuce	Aerial parts	Raw snack ^P	13	–	–
Lathyrus aphaca L.; Fabaceae; QURTUBA 0066	Kurkaman ^P	Yellow pea	Roots	Cooked ^P	23	–	–
Malva neglecta Wallr Malvaceae; QURTUBA 0067	Sechal sha ^K	Common mallow	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P, G}	24	15	10
	Panerak ^P
	Sochar ^G
Malva sylvestris L.; Malvaceae; QURTUBA 0068	Samchal ^P	Common mallow	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{P, G}	8	–	6
Malva sylvestris L.; Malvaceae; QURTUBA 0068	Suchanr ^G	Common mallow	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{P, G}	8	–	6
Marsilea quadrifolia L.; Marsileaceae; QURTUBA 0069	Chapatray ^P	Water clover	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P, G}	12	16	22
	Chuka chook ^G
	Chapatri ^K
Medicago polymorpha L.; Fabaceae; QURTUBA 0070	Speshtaray ^P	Toothed bur clover	Aerial parts	Cooked ^P	25	–	–
Mentha longifolia (L.) L.; Lamiaceae; QURTUBA 0071	Dhoop ^K	Horse mint	Aerial parts	Raw snack ^K	20	18	26
	Wenalay ^P			Herbal drink ^P
	Wenlo ^G			Raw snack ^G
Mentha spicata L.; Lamiaceae; QURTUBA 0072	Podeno ^{K, G}	Spearmint	Leaves	Tea ^K	25	15	21
Mentha spicata L.; Lamiaceae; QURTUBA 0072	Podina ^P	Spearmint	Leaves	Salad ^{G, P}	25	15	21
Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew.; Rhamnaceae; QURTUBA 0110	Enalai ^P	Pointed-leaf jujube	Fruits	Raw snack ^P	20	–	–
Morus alba L.; Moraceae; QURTUBA 0074	Spen toth ^P	White mulberry	Fruits	Raw snack ^P	24	–	–
Morus macroura var. laxiflora G.K.Upadhyay & A.A.Ansari; Moraceae; QURTUBA 0075	Shah tooth ^P	King white mulberry, shahtoot mulberry, Tibetan mulberry, or long mulberry	Leaves	Cooked ^{P, G}	8	–	3
	Kro ^G		Leaves	Cooked ^{P, G}	8	–	3
Morus nigra L.; Moraceae; QURTUBA 0076	Toor toth ^P	Black mulberry	Fruits	Raw snack ^{P, G}	22	–	26
Morus nigra L.; Moraceae; QURTUBA 0076	Kro ^G	Black mulberry	Fruits	Raw snack ^{P, G}	22	–	26
Myrtus communis L.; Myrtaceae; QURTUBA 0077	Mano ^P	Myrtle	Fruits	Raw snack ^P	16	–	–
Nasturtium officinale R.Br.; Brassicaceae; QURTUBA 0078	Chungol ^K	Watercress	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P}	24	22	–
Nasturtium officinale R.Br.; Brassicaceae; QURTUBA 0078	Tarmera ^P	Watercress	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P}	24	22	–
Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch.; Oleaceae; QURTUBA 0079	Koo ^K	Indian olive	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P, G}	28	26	29
	Khuna ^P
	Kao ^G
Oxalis corniculata L.; Oxalidaceae; QURTUBA 0080	Trewaky ^P	Creeping woodsorrel	Aerial parts	Raw snack ^P	4	–	–
Portulaca oleracea L.; Portulacaceae; QURTUBA 0081	Lunri ^K	Common purslane	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P, G}	23	26	18
	Warkharay ^P
	Lor salori ^G
Papaver rhoeas L.; Papaveraceae; QURTUBA 0082	Foond ^G	Common poppy	Shoots	Cooked ^{G, K}	–	–	12
Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D.Don.; Pinaceae; QURTUBA 0083	Shut ^K		Seeds	Raw snack ^{K, G}	–	11	17
Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D.Don.; Pinaceae; QURTUBA 0083	Chalghoza ^p	Chilgoza pine	Seeds	Raw snack ^{K, G}	–	11	17
Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth.; Lamiaceae; QURTUBA 0084	Kharwag ^P	Sage, Kashmir salvia	Fruits and aerial parts	Raw snack ^{P, G}	7	–	4
	Ghadikan ^G	Sage, Kashmir salvia	Fruits and aerial parts	Raw snack ^{P, G}	7	–	4
Piper nigrum L.; Piperaceae; QURTUBA 0085	Kajmurch ^G	Black pepper	Fruits	Raw snack ^{G, P}	20	–	15
Piper nigrum L.; Piperaceae; QURTUBA 0085	Kali march ^P	Black pepper	Fruits	Raw snack ^{G, P}	20	–	15
Prunus armeniaca L.; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0086	Zangali sharay ^p	Siberian apricot	Fruits	Raw snack ^{P, K, G}	13	4	6
	Asher ^K
	Hari ^G
Punica granatum L.; Lythraceae; QURTUBA 0087	Hanar ^K	Pomegranate	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P, G}	26	30	29
	Ananghoray ^P
	Dharek ^G
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don.; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0088	Tangay ^P	Wild Himalayan pear	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P, G}	25	23	18
	Tangeer ^K
	Tangai ^G
Quercus baloot Griff.; Fagaceae; QURTUBA 0089	Jhund/bhenaye ^k	Holly oak	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P, G}	26	28	22
	Shah balooth ^P
	Terleo ^G
Rosa moschata Hook.f.; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0090	Kwrach ^P	Musk rose	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P}	10	–	9
Rosa moschata Hook.f.; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0090	Falari ^K	Musk rose	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P}	10	–	9
Rubus ulmifolius Schott.; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0091	Baghanra ^P	Elmleaf blackberry	Fruits	Raw snack ^{P, G}	7	–	2
Rubus ulmifolius Schott.; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0091	Bakarun ^G	Elmleaf blackberry	Fruits	Raw snack ^{P, G}	7	–	2
Rubus fruticosus Hegetschw.; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0092	Mangroos ^K	Bramble	Fruit and leaves	Raw snack and cooked ^{K, G}	–	13	10
Rubus fruticosus Hegetschw.; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0092	Groose ^G	Bramble	Fruit and leaves	Raw snack and cooked ^{K, G}	–	13	10
Rubus vestitus Hegetschw.; Rosaceae; QURTUBA 0093	Kharawara ^P	European blackberry	Fruits	Raw snack ^P	19	–	–
Rumex dentatus L.; Polygonaceae; QURTUBA 0094	Ubobal ^K	Toothed dock	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P, G}	11	16	13
	Shalkhay ^P
	Holo ^G
Rumex hastatus D. Don.; Polygonaceae; QURTUBA 0095	Cheki ^K	Heartwing sorrel	Aerial parts	Raw snack ^{K, P, G}	10	7	4
	Tarokay ^P
	Tarokew ^G
Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C. Johnst.; Rhamnaceae; QURTUBA 0096	Kharo K	Chinese sweet-plum	Seeds	Raw snack ^{G, P}	15	8	12
	Gongair ^G
	Mamanra ^P
Sophora mollis (Royle) Graham ex Baker; Fabaceae; QURTUBA 0097	Cheripeer ^G	Soft sophora	Aerial parts	Cooked ^G	23	–	14
	Marghay khpa ^P	Soft sophora	Aerial parts	Raw snack ^P	23	–	14
Sideroxylon mascatense (A.DC.) T.D.Penn.; Sapotaceae; QURTUBA 0098	Gorgora ^P	Bully tree	Fruits	Raw snack ^P	30	–	–
Silene conoidea L.; Caryophyllaceae; QURTUBA 0099	Ladheer ^K	Large sand catchfly	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P}	11	2	–
Silene conoidea L.; Caryophyllaceae; QURTUBA 0099	Mangotay ^P	Large sand catchfly	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P}	11	2	–
Sisymbrium irio L.; Brassicaceae; QURTUBA 0100	Jenjar ^P	London rocket	Seeds	Tea ^P	2	–	5
Sisymbrium irio L.; Brassicaceae; QURTUBA 0100	Jhenjer ^k	London rocket	Seeds	Raw snack ^G	2	–	5
Solanum nigrum L.; Solanaceae; QURTUBA 0101	Karmach ^K	Black nightshade	Fruits	Raw snack ^{K, P, G}	11	19	23
	Karmacho ^P
	Kachmach ^G
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.; Caryophyllaceae; QURTUBA 0102	Warghastalay ^P	Common chickweed	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{K, P, G}	5	13	10
	Warghastalay ^P
	Stergeo ^G
Trianthema portulacastrum L.; Aizoaceae; QURTUBA 0103	Chongol ^K	Desert horse purslane	Aerial parts	Cooked ^K	–	10	–
Trifolium repens L.; Fabaceae; QURTUBA 0104	Shotal ^P	White clover	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{P, G}	26	10	15
Trifolium repens L.; Fabaceae; QURTUBA 0104	Shotaleo ^k	White clover	Aerial parts	Cooked ^{P, G}	26	10	15
Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop.; Asparagaceae; QURTUBA 0105	Jeej ^G	Indian squill, true squill, or sea onion	Whole plant	Raw snack ^G	–	–	18
Urtica dioica L.; Urticaceae; QURTUBA 0106	Juon ^K	Stinging nettle	Leaves	Cooked ^{K, P}	6	12	–
Urtica dioica L.; Urticaceae; QURTUBA 0106	Sezonkay ^P	Stinging nettle	Leaves	Cooked ^{K, P}	6	12	–
Vicia sativa L.; Fabaceae; QURTUBA 0107	Arwari ^P	Common vetch	Fruits	Raw snack ^P	24	–	–
Vitis heyneana Roem. & Schult.; Vitaceae; QURTUBA 0108	Gedar kwar ^P	Grape	Shoots	Raw snack ^{P, K}	3	4	–
Vitis heyneana Roem. & Schult.; Vitaceae; QURTUBA 0108	Jnagli loosh ^K	Grape	Shoots	Raw snack ^{P, K}	3	4	–
Zanthoxylum armatum DC.; Rutaceae; QURTUBA 0109	Dambara ^P	Winged prickly ash	Fruits	Raw snack ^P	27	–	–
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.; Morchellaceae; QURTUBA 0073	Guchi ^G	Common morel	Whole fruiting bodies	Soup	28	–	–
Agaricus campestris L.; Agaricaceae; QURTUBA 111	Shethi^K	Meadow mushroom	Whole fruiting bodies	Cooked^K	–	7	–

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