Table 2 List of plant species, local name, part used; preparation, form, mode of use, traditional cultural use across the four ethnic groups from the Western Himalayas

Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes Acon.cha/

Ranunculaceae/SH-16

Patrees, Patis

Rhizome

Topically

Sun-dried rhizome is powdered and mixed with lukewarm water to make a paste

Paste, Raw

Abdominal infection/

Teda dard

(G,B,P)

Yed doud

(K), Toothache/Dand doud (K)

Dand nal dard

(G)

–

8

(0.718)

6 (0.439)

10 (0.521)

12 (0.323)

 × 

36

0.44

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle/Acon.het/Ranunculaceae/

SH-05

Pewak, Patris

Leaves

Orally

Leaves are dried are used raw

As whole

Stomach problem/

Yed doud

(K)

Leaves used as vegetables

25 (0.044)

25 (0.042)

8 (0.393)

6 (0.571)

 × 

62

0.86

Rhizome

Orally

Rhizome is dried in the sun and then turned into a powder to be consumed with water

Powder

Indigestion/

Badhazmi

(G,P,B)

Piles/

Bawaseri

(K)

Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf./Acon.vio/Ranunculaceae/SH-11

Mohand, DudhiAtees

Fruit

Orally

Fruits are powdered after being dried and consumed with water

Powder

Intestinal infection/

Andramn doud

(K),

Asthma/

Asthma (K,P,B)

Leaves are used as vegetables

5 (0.808)

6 (0.429)

9 (0.601)

11 (0.413)

 × 

31

0.38

Androsace rotundifolia Hardw./Andr.rot/

Primulaceae/SH-23

Uzm posh, Uzm

Rhizome

Orally

After being dried in the shade and ground into a powder, rhizomes are consumed with water

Powder

Eye inflammation/

Ankh suje di

(G, P, B)

Aech doud

(K)

–

4 (0.891)

5 (0.451)

6 (0.725)

6 (0.606)

 × 

21

0.26

Angelica glauca Edgew./Ange.gla/Apiaceae/SH-18

Sapsade, Chora

Rhizome

Orally

Rhizomes are taken with water after being shade-dried and ground to a powder

Powder

Epilepsy/

Jala

(G, P)

Stomach cramps/

Peechi

(K)

Badhazmi (P,B)

Rhizome used for eradication of rodents

8 (0.893)

4 (0.373)

10 (0.516)

11 (0.414)

 × 

33

0.40

Aquilegia nivalis (Baker) Falc. ex B.D. Jacks./Aqui.niv/Ranunculaceae/

SH-13

Zoaneil, Columbine

Rhizome

Topically

Squeezed raw rhizome produces a fine liquid

Liquid

Foot inflammation/

Pau suj de

(G,P,B)

–

8

(0.717)

__

06 (0.719)

16 (0.151)

 × 

30

0.37

Arisaema jacquemontii Blume/Aris.jac/Araceae/SH-38

Hapatmakai, Hapetgogej

Fruit

Topically

Fruits are powdered and shade-dried, then combined with lime juice to make a paste

Paste

Leprosy/

Daney pad gayeah

(G, B)

–

17 (0.218)

__

__

20 (0.131)

√

37

0.45

Seeds

Orally

Dryed seeds are ground into a paste and combined with honey

Paste

Bronchitis/

Fefda vich dard

(B)

Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) I.M. Johnst./Arne.ben/Boraginaceae/SH-32

Khazaban, Gawzaban

Leaves

Orally

To obtain liquid, freshly picked leaves are squeezed

Liquid

High fever/Taap

(G, P),

Taaf

(K)

Abdominal pain/

Teda daed

(B, P)

Mead doud

(K)

Tea is obtained from flowers

22 (0.126)

23 (0.066)

2 (0.826)

5 (0.625)

 × 

53

0.65

Flowers

Orally

To obtain liquid, flowers are squeezed

Liquid

Brain tonic/

Epilepsy Jala di

(G, P),

Cold/

Sardi

(B, P)

Zukam

(K)

Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindl./Atro.cum/Solanaceae/SH-02

Mait brand/Yabrooj

Rhizome

Orally

Rhizome is ground into a powder and shade dried before being consumed on an empty stomach

Powder

Neuro-tonic/

Dimag khrab

(G,P,K)

–

9 (0.649)

8 (0.066)

11 (0.448)

__

 × 

28

0.34

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb

Zakhmihayat, Bud mawe

Leaves, Rhizome

Topically

Rhizome and leaves are ground into a paste and combined with water

Paste

Injuries/

Zakhim

(G, P, B)

Leaves used as lid for utensils. Rhizome is used for herbal tea

23 (0.092)

__

22 (0.373)

7 (0.481)

 × 

42

0.51

Bunium persicum (Boiss.) B. Fedtsch./Buni.per/Apiaceae/SH-09

Zeeur, Kalazeera

Seeds

Orally

After drying, seeds are powdered

Powder

Indigestion/

Badhazmi

(G,K,P)

Seeds are used as spice

4 (0.886)

18

(0.128)

3 (0.804)

__

 × 

25

0.31

Corydalis cashmeriana Royle/Cory.cas/Papaveraceae/SH-35

Haz posh, Mast kul

Rhizome

Orally

Dry, powdered rhizome is consumed with water

Powder

Liver disease/

Kalaji di dard

(G, P, B)

–

9 (0.365)

__

12 (0.432)

11 (0.412)

 × 

32

0.39

Corydalis govianiana Wall./Cory.gov/Papaveraceae/SH- 44

Sang e-harb, Bhutya

Rhizome

Topically

Dried, powdered rhizome is combined with water

Powder

Hair loss/

Bal nikaldey (P, G)

Mas narun

(K)

Lice infestation in animals/

Jue

(P, B)

Zuw dawa

(K)

–

14 (0.365)

6 (0.432)

4 (0.778)

7 (0.565)

 × 

31

0.38

Delphinium cashmerianum Royle/Delp.cas/Ranunculaceae/SH-07

Mori, Noori

Leaves

Orally

The dried and powdered leaves are consumed with lukewarm water

Powder

Paralysis/

Waj

(G, K)

Harkat

(B,P)

–

13 (0.411)

3 (0.499)

8 (0.625)

7 (0.569)

 × 

31

0.38

Orally

Dryed leaves are ground up and combined with water to create paste

Powder

Heart tonic/

Dil dawa

(K)

Dipsacu sinermis Wall./Dips.ine/Caprifoliaceae/SH-01

Wapalhakh, Wopalhakh

Leaves

Orally

To get liquid, fresh leaves are squeezed

Liquid

Body inflammation/

Sujan

(G, B, P)

Internal injuries/

Zakhim

(P, B) Constipations/

Marood

(G,P)

Fodder

9 (0.658)

__

16 (0.205)

7 (0.567)

 × 

32

0.39

Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) Kasana& A.K. Pandey/Dolo.cos/Asteraceae/SH-10

Kuth, Kooth

Leaves

Orally

Powdered leaves are ground from shade-dried leaves and taken with lukewarm water

Powder

Arthritis/

Harkat

(G, P, B)

Reh

(K)

Leaves are used as vegetables

28 (0.041)

9 (0.325)

7 (0.657)

6 (0.608)

 × 

47

0.57

Rhizome

Sun-dried rhizome is powdered and consumed with lukewarm water

Powder

Dolomiaea macrocephala DC. ex Royle/Dolo.mac/Asteraceae/SH-26

Dope, Gugal

Rhizome

Orally

Rhizome is sun-dried, ground up, and consumed with lukewarm water

Powder

Neurological disorders/

Makax doud

(K)

Roots are used as vegetables

6 (0.757)

3 (0.503)

4 (0.777)

23 (0.062)

 × 

36

0.44

Root

Orally

Sun-dried roots are ground into a powder and taken with lukewarm water

Powder

Fever/

Taap

(G, B, P)

Taaf

(K),

Back pain/

Lakh vich dard

(G, P)

Kamras doud

(K)

Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f./Euph.wal/Euphorbiaceae/SH-30

Gudsochal, Kaaliheerbi

Stem Latex

–

–

Latex

Warts/

Poori

(G, P)

Skin diseases/

Khushe

(G)

–

10 (0.561)

__

15 (0.289)

__

√

25

0.30

Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke/Feru.jae/Apiaceae/SH-03

Heng, Hingpatri

Root

Orally

Sun-dried roots were ground into a powder and mixed with lukewarm water

Powder

Snake bite/

Saaf ka dasna

(P)

Gastric problem/

Ted dard

(G, P)

–

16 (0.265)

__

13 (0.396)

__

 × 

29

0.35

Fragaria nubicola (Hoof. f) L./Frag.nub/Rosaceae/SH-08

Yangtaesh, Briij

Fruit

Orally

In order to obtain a liquid, raw fruits are squeezed

Liquid

Neurological disorders/

Demag khrab

(K)

Fruit are used as food, and fodder

11 (0.524)

17 (0.173)

9 (0.606)

__

 × 

37

0.33

Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don/Frit.cir/Liliaceae/SH-22

Sheethkhar, Kakoli

Rhizome

Orally

Rhizome is taken with lukewarm water after being sun-dried, stored for months, and ground to powder

Powder

Tuberculosis/

Tee-Bee

(G, P, K) Abdominal pain/

Yed doud

(K)

–

8

(0.721)

9 (0.338)

25 (0.043)

10 (0.431)

 × 

52

0.63

Fritillaria imperialis L./Frit.imp/Liliaceae/SH-20

Banud, Hapat posh

Bulb, Flower

Topically

Flowers and bulbs are combined, dried, then ground with water and applied

Powder

Frost bite/

Sho

(P, K)

Flowers are used for decoration

__

17 (0.178)

13 (0.39)

__

√

30

0.37

Gentiana kurroo Royle/Gent.kur/Gentianaceae/SH-31

Neelibuti, Nilkanth

Leaves

Topically

To make paste, fresh leaves are ground

Paste

Skin allergies/

Alergy

(G, K)

–

13 (0.414)

15 (0.258)

__

__

 × 

28

0.34

Orally

The powdered leaves are taken with water after being shade-dried

Powder

Liver problem/

Kalaji vich dard

(G)

Khranmaz khrab

(K)

Gastric pain/

Maid doud

(K)

Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet/Gera.wal/Geraniaceae/SH-37

Ratanjote, Laljar

Rhizome

Orally

Rhizomes are sun-dried, ground, and consumed with water

Powder

Inflammation of gall bladder/

Tilpita vich sujan

(G, P)

Arthritis/

Harkat

(B)

Rhizomes are ground to obtain sap, used as dye

12 (0.437)

23 (0.066)

14 (0.303)

 × 

49

0.60

Inula racemose Hook. f./Inul.rac/Asteraceae/SH-33

Maleen, Chakiphool

Rhizome

Orally

Powdered, shade-dried rhizomes are consumed with water.

Powder

Dysentery/

Marood

(G)

Nose bleeding/

Nak nal loo

(P)

–

14 (0.361)

__

15 (0.289)

__

 × 

29

0.35

Iris hookeriana Foster/Iris.hoo/Iridaceae/SH-46

Mazarmund, Mazamond

Rhizome

Orally

Rhizomes are sun-dried, ground, and consumed with water

Powder

Rheumatism/

Reh pay gaye

(P, B)

Roots are used as rodenticide

__

__

10 (5.211)

21 (2.141)

 × 

31

0.38

Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss./Juri.dol/Asteraceae/SH-42

Duphe, Guggal

Roots

Orally

The powdered roots are taken in the morning with water

Powder

Diabetes/

Sugar

(G, B, P)

Raw roots are used for tooth cleaning

24

(0.064)

__

9 (0.617)

15 (0.212)

 × 

48

0.59

Lagotis cashmeriana Rupr./Lago.cas/Scrophulariaceae/SH-06

Chilkaur, Tragbol

Rhizome

Orally

To obtain liquid, fresh rhizome is crushed and squeezed

Liquid

Dyspepsia/

Teda vich jalan

(G, P, B)

–

7 (0.742)

__

9 (0.617)

15 (0.215)

 × 

31

0.38

Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC./Mori.lon/Caprifoliaceae/SH-15

Kandiyari/kim

Leaves

Orally

The leaves are powdered after being dried and consumed with lemon water

Powder

Neurological disorders/

Dimag vich dard

(G, P, B) Anthelminthic/

Malap

(G,P,B)

–

5 (0.807)

__

6 (0.712)

14 (0.297)

 × 

25

0.30

Phytolacca acinosa Roxb./Phyt.aci/Phytolaccaceae/SH-39

Hapatfal, Rechkaguch

Roots

Topically

Powdered dried roots are used

Powder

Pus in feet/

Poo

(G, P)

–

11 (0.527)

__

15 (0.279)

__

√

26

0.32

Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth./Picr.kur/Polygonaceae/SH-12

Koud, Kutki

Leaves

Orally

Sun-dried leaves are ground into a powder and consumed with lukewarm water

Powder

Intestinal infection/

Anthadi vich dard

(P, B)

–

__

__

15 (0.281)

14 (0.294)

 × 

29

0.35

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle/Podo.hex/Berberidaceae/SH-19

Wanwangun, Khakdi

Leaves, Fruits

Topically

Fresh leaves are ground into a paste and combined with lemon drops

Paste

Warts/

Poori

(G, B, P)

Heart disease/

Dil dard

(P)

Fruits are also used as food

18 (0.215)

__

18 (0.143)

15 (0.217)

√

33

0.40

Potentilla nepalensis Hook./Pote.nep/Rosaceae/SH-17

Chai kul, Chaekulll

Rhizome

Orally

To obtain liquid, fresh rhizome is ground and squeezed

Liquid

Neurological disorders/

Dimag dard

(G, P, B)

–

11 (0.524)

__

14 (0.307)

11 (0.412)

 × 

36

0.44

Primula denticulata Sm./Prim.den/Primulaceae/SH- 25

Childer, wan posh

Roots

Orally

Roots are dried powdered and taken with fresh spring water

Powder

Urinary infection/

Muth nal kharbi

(G, P)

–

14 (0.364)

__

17 (0.173)

__

 × 

31

0.38

Prunella vulgaris L./Prun.vul/Lamiaceae/SH-21

Kalyuth, kalyuth

Flower

Topically

Fresh flowers are ground to obtain paste

Paste

Migraine/

Mygran

(K)

Cold and fever/

Taff te teer

(K),

Foot fever/

Khuran taaf

(K)

Stomach gas

Madis gas

(K)

__

__

35 (0.023)

__

__

 × 

35

0.43

Rheum spiciforme Royle/Rheu.spi/Polygonaceae/SH-29

Pamichari

Leaves

Topically

Leaves are dried, ground to obtain powder

Powder

Injuries/

Zakhmi

(P, B)

Leaves are used as vegetables

__

__

25 (0.044)

24 (0.046)

 × 

49

0.60

Rhizome

Orally

Fresh rhizome is ground and squeezed to obtain liquid

Liquid

Leprosy/

Dand pey gayeah

(P)

CarbuncleDaney

(B)

Rheum webbianum Royle/Rheu.web/Polygonaceae/SH-24

Pumbchalan, Pamichari

Leaves

Orally

The powdered leaves are taken with spring water after being dried and ground

Powder

Rheumatism/

Reh

(G,B,P,K)

–

4 (0.892)

20 (0.112)

20 (0.107)

8 (0.466)

 × 

52

0.63

Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don/Rhod.cam/Ericaceae/SH-40

Inga, Ingae

Bark

–

Fresh bark is used

Raw

Tooth pain/

Dand dard

(G,P,B)

Stems used as fuel

9

(0.653)

__

5

(0.74)

24 (0.049)

38

0.46

Orally

Sun-dried bark is ground up and powdered

Powder

Drug addiction

Saussurea simpsoniana (Fielding & Gardner) Lipsch./Saus.sim/Asteraceae/SH-14

Jogibadshah, Jogipadshah

Leaves, Flower

Orally

The dried, powdered leaves and flowers are both taken with milk

Powder

Infertility/

Mardana Kamzoori

(G,B)

Flowers presented to anybody are a wish for good luck

10 (0.563)

__

__

22

(0.089)

 × 

32

0.39

Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall/Swer.chi/Gentianaceae/SH-28

Chirayata, Chirayeta

Roots

Orally

The roots are powdered and taken with lukewarm water after being dried

Powder

High fever/

Taap

(G, P)

–

15 (0.302)

__

13 (0.394)

__

 × 

28

0.34

Thymus linearis Benth/Thym.lin/Lamiaceae/SH-34

Jayeen, Junglijayen

Seeds

Orally

Dried and powdered seeds are consumed along with lukewarm water

Powder

Fever/

Taaf

(K)

Abdominal pain/

Teda dard

(G, P)

Mead doud

(K)

Seeds are used as spice

19 (0.149)

15 (0.258)

__

14 (0.434)

 × 

48

0.59

Leaves

Orally

To extract liquid, young leaves are squeezed

Liquid

Leg pain/

Zang doud

(K)

Trigonella emodi Benth./Trig.emo/Leguminosae/SH-41

Junglimeeth, Boti

Leaves

The powdered, dried leaves are consumed with goat milk

Powder

Body weakness/

Kamzoori

(P, G)

–

11 (0.528)

__

18 (0.151)

__

 × 

29

0.35

Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don/Tril.gov/Melanthiaceae/SH-27

Tulhakh, Tripater

Leaves

Orally

To obtain liquid, freshly picked leaves are squeezed

Liquid

Leg pain/

Zang doud

(K)

Tang pach gaye

(G, P)

Leaves used as vegetables

22 (0.149)

12 (0.274)

12 (0.434)

__

 × 

46

0.56

Rhizome

Rhizome is sun-dried, powdered, and consumed with curd

` Powder

Valeriana jatamansi Jones/Vale.jat/Caprifoliaceae/SH-36

Musk bala, Khasi

Leaves

Orally

To get liquid, fresh leaves are squeezed

Liquid

Abdominal pain/

Teda dard

(G)

Mead doud

(K)

Fever/

Taaf

(K)

–

18 (0.217)

16 (0.227)

__

__

 × 

34

0.41

Verbascum thapsus L./Verb.tha/Scrophulariaceae/SH-43

Wan tamook, Janglitamook

Seeds, Stem

Orally, Topically

The seeds are powdered, dried, and consumed with warm water

Powder, Paste

Chronic respiratory diseases/

Sush khrab

(K)

Skin burns

Saad gaya

(P)

Dazun

(K)

–

16 (0.257)

20 (0.104)

__

__

 × 

36

0.44

Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC/Vibu.gra/Adoxaceae/SH-45

Kulmosh/Kuch/SH- 35

Leaves

Orally

Fresh leaves are used

Raw

Muscle sprain/

Maas pach gaya

(G)

Maaz fatun

(K)

Ripe fruits eaten as food and branches as fuel wood. And leaves as fodder

15 (0.293)

16 (0.214)

__

__

 × 

31

0.38

Fruits

Orally

Ripe fruits are used

Raw

Spinal cord

strain/

Reck-adig doud

(K)