Ethnobotany for food security and ecological transition: wild food plant gathering and consumption among four cultural groups in Kurram District, NW Pakistan

Hussain, Sayed Taufiq; Muhammad, Sayed; Khan, Sheharyar; Hussain, Wahid; Pieroni, Andrea

doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00607-2

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 Foraged wild food plants and mushrooms among the studied groups of Kurram District, NW Pakistan

From: Ethnobotany for food security and ecological transition: wild food plant gathering and consumption among four cultural groups in Kurram District, NW Pakistan

Botanical Taxon, Family, and Botanical Voucher Code	Local Name	Used Plant Part(s)	Traditional Food Use	Tur	Khu	Haz	Chr	Other Reports in Pakistan
Allium griffithianum Boiss., Amaryllidaceae, M.T.171.GPGC.PCR	Pizaki	Whole plant	Seasoning	+	−	+	−	[24, 32]
Amaranthus viridis L Amaranthaceae, M.T.172.GPGC.PCR	Rinzaka	Leaves	Cooked	+	−	−	−	[31,32,33]
Asparagus officinalis L Asparagaceae, M.T.173.GPGC.PCR	Lakhtey	Stems	Cooked	−	+	−	−	[24]
Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae, M.T.174.GPGC.PCR	Toorwokay	Fruit	Raw	+	+	+	−	[15, 20, 34]
Bistorta amplexicaulis (D.Don) Greene Polygonaceae, M.T.175.GPGC.PCR	Sarka	Leaves	Raw	−	+	+	−	[24, 33]
Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnst Boraginaceae, M.T.176.GPGC.PCR	Spir saba	Leaves	Cooked	+	−	−	−	[24]
Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br Apocynaceae, M.T.177.GPGC.PCR	Pamani	Whole plant	Raw in salads	+	+	+	−	[31,32,33,34,35]
Celtis australis L Cannabaceae, M.T.178.GPGC.PCR	Toogh	Fruit	Raw	+	+	+	−	[20, 31]
Chaerophyllum reflexum Aitch Apiaceae, M.T.179.GPGC.PCR	Zanrrkay	Leaves	Cooked	−	+	+	+	[15,16,17,18,19, 24]
Chenopodium album L Amaranthaceae, M.T.180.GPGC.PCR	Sormay	Leaves	Cooked	+	−	−	−	[15, 31,32,33,34]
Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall.ex Lindl Rosaceae, M.T.181.GPGC.PCR	Kherawaa	Fruit	Raw	+	+	+	−	[19]
Crataegus oxyacantha L Rosaceae, M.T.182.GPGC.PCR	Ghowanza	Fruit	Raw	+	+	+	−
Diospyros lotus L Ebenaceae, M.T.183.GPGC.PCR	Toor amlook	Fruit	Raw	+	+	+	+	[20, 34, 36]
Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Elaeagnaceae, M.T.184.GPGC.PCR	Seenzala	Fruit	Raw	+	+	+	−	[18]
Eremurus himalaicus Baker, Asphodelaceae/Xanthorrhoeaceae, M.T.185.GPGC.PCR	Hazee	Leaves	Cooked	−	−	+	−	[24]
Ficus carica L Moraceae, M.T.186.GPGC.PCR	Inzaar	Fruit	Raw and cooked	+	+	+	−	[20, 34, 36]
Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Rosaceae, M.T.187.GPGC.PCR	Waraa Manzakhaka	Fruit	Raw	+	−	−	−	[15, 24, 34]
Lathyrus aphaca L Fabaceae, M.T.188.GPGC.PCR	Marghayo hpay	Leaves	Cooked	+	−	−	−	[24, 31]
Lepidium draba L Brassicaceae M.T.189.GPGC.PCR	Bashkay	Leaves	Cooked	−	−	+	−	[24]
Lepidium virginicum L Brassicaceae, M.T.190.GPGC.PCR	Zangali Teraba	Leaves	Raw in salads	+	−	+	−	[24]
Lithospermum officinale L Boraginaceae, M.T.191.GPGC.PCR	Noraki Saba	Whorls of growth	Cooked	−	−	+	−	[25]
Medicago polymorpha L Fabaceae, M.T.192.GPGC.PCR	Kundi	Leaves	Cooked	−	+	−	−	[31, 33]
Mentha longifolia (L) L Lamiaceae, M.T.193.GPGC.PCR	Villanay	Leaves	Raw in salads	−	+	+	−	[15, 24, 20, 31]
Mentha spicata L Lamiaceae, M.T.194.GPGC.PCR	Podina	Leaves	Raw in salads	+	−	+	+	[32,33,34]
Morus alba L Moraceae, M.T.195.GPGC.PCR	Speen toot	Fruit	Raw in salads	−	−	+	−	[20, 36]
Morus Nigra L., Moraceae, M.T.196.GPGC.PCR	Toor toot	Fruit	Raw in salads	+	+	+	−	[20, 36]
Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch Arecaceae, M.T.197.GPGC.PCR	Pataweey	Fruit	Raw	+	−	−	−	[18, 37]
Nasturtium officinale R.Br Brassicaceae, W.A.198.GPGC.PCR	Shiree	Young stems and leaves	Raw in salads	+	+	+	−	[24, 31, 33]
Pinus gerardiana Wall.ex D.Don Pinaceae, M.T.199.GPGC.PCR	Chalghoza	Seeds	Raw	+	+	+	+	[35]
Pinus wallichiana A.B Jacks Pinaceae, M.T.200.GPGC.PCR	Neenjaraa	Seeds	Raw	+	+	+	+	[20, 34]
Plantago lanceolata L Plantaginaceae, M.T.201.GPGC.PCR	Poly spor	Leaves	Cooked	−	+	−	−	[15, 24, 20, 34]
Plantago major L Plantaginaceae, M.T.202.GPGC.PCR	Ghayo Zhabey	Leaves	Cooked	+	+	+	−	[15, 24, 20, 34]
Podophyllum emodi wall.ex Hook.f. & Thomson, Berberidaceae, M.T.203.GPGC.PCR	Ghara marchaka	Fruit	Raw	−	+	−	−	[34]
Polygonum plebeium R.Br., Polygonaceae, M.T.204.GPGC.PCR	Bandoki	Stems	Cooked	+	+	+	−	[24, 34]
Portulaca oleracea L., Portulaceae, M.T.205.GPGC.PCR	Varhori	Leaves and stems	Cooked	+	+	+	+	[24, 34, 35]
Prunus jacquemontii Hook.f Rosaceae, M.T.206.GPGC.PCR	Arghenja	Fruit	Raw	+	+	+	+	[18]
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Dennstaedtiaceae, M.T.207.GPGC.PCR	Kawsay	Leaves	Cooked	+	+	+	−	[24]
Punica granatum L., Punicaceae, M.T.208.GPGC.PCR	Wangaar	Fruit	Raw	−	+	+	+	[20, 31, 34]
Quercus ilex L., Fagaceae, M.T.209.GPGC.PCR	Pargee	Seeds	Cooked	+	−	+	−	[20]
Rubus fruticosus G.N.Jones., Rosaceae, M.T.210.GPGC.PCR	Spengir	Fruit	Raw	−	+	−	+	[18, 20]
Rumex chalepensis Mill., Polygonaceae, M.T.211.GPGC.PCR	Spin Zamda	Leaves	Cooked	−	+	+	−	[24, 32]
Rumex dentatus L., Polygonaceae, M.T.212.GPGC.PCR	Zamda	Leaves	Cooked	+	+	+	+	[19, 20]
Sambucus nigra L., Adoxaceae, M.T.213.GPGC.PCR	Lantus	Fruit	Raw	+	−	−	+	[20]
Scorpiurus muricatus L., Fabaceae, M.T.214.GPGC.PCR	Spinki saba	Leaves	Cooked	+	−	−	−	[24]
Scorzonera raddeana C. Winkl., Asteraceae, M.T.215.GPGC.PCR	Mutayer	Leaves	Cooked	+	+	+	−	[24]
Sideroxylon mascatense (A.DC.) T.D.Penn Sapotaceae, M.T.216.GPGC.PCR	Gorgoray	Fruit	Raw	−	−	+	−	[37]
Solanum nigrum L., Solanaceae, M.T.217.GPGC.PCR	Toor Parsubay	Fruit and leaves	Raw	+	−	−	−	[18, 24, 34]
Solanum villosum Mill., Solanaceae, M.T.218.GPGC.PCR	Soor Parsubay	Fruit and leaves	Raw	+	−	−	−	[24]
Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Caryophyllaceae, M.T.219.GPGC.PCR	Vilaghori/ Badsha saba	Leaves	Cooked	+	+	−	−	[24]
Tanacetum artemisioides Sch.Bip. ex Hook.f Asteraceae, M.T.220.GPGC.PCR	Zaveel	Leaves	Raw	+	+	+	−	[20]
Thymus linearis Benth Lamiaceae, M.T.221.GPGC.PCR	Panni	Leaves and stems	Seasoning	+	+	+	−	[15, 20, 34, 39]
Urtica dioica L Urticaceae, M.T.222.GPGC.PCR	Sezoonki	Leaves	Cooked	−	+	−	−	[15, 34, 39]
Veronica anagallisL Plantaginaceae, M.T.223.GPGC.PCR	Obo Saba	Leaves	Cooked	+	−	−	−	[24]
Calvatia gigantea (BatschexPers.) Lloyd, Agaricaceae, M.T.224.GPGC.PCR	Sheeshtee	Fruiting body	Cooked	+	+	+	−
Morchella esculenta Fr., Morchellaceae, M.T.225.GPGC.PCR	Kilkichok	Fruiting body	Cooked	+	+	+	−
Pisolithus albus (priest ex Bougher & K.Syme.) Sclerodermataceae, M.T.226.GPGC.PCR		Fruiting body	Cooked	+	−	−	−
Tulostoma squamosum (J.F.Gmel.) Pres Agaricomycetes, M.T.227.GPGC.PCR		Fruiting body	Cooked	+	−	−	−

Tur Turis, Khu Khushis, Haz Hazaras, Chr Christians; + recorded gathering/food use; − no recorded gathering/food use

Back to article page

ISSN: 1746-4269

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com