Table 2 Taxonomic diversity of plants used as ethnomedicines by the local communities of Kashmir
Sr. no | Plant name | Family | Voucher number | Local name | Parts used | UV | RFC | Ailments | Mode of preparation and administration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sambucus wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn | Adoxaceae | EMP-10507 | Ghinola | Ar, L | 0.23 | 0.23 | Wound healing | Paste made from the root is applied to the injured parts for wound healing |
2 | Allium humile Kunth | Amaryllidaceae | EMP-10443 | Mali Da Pyaz | Wp | 1.29 | 0.78 | Stomach, gas trouble | 30–40 gm of dried plant powder is used with 3–5 sips of warm water for 5 days and is also used as a flavouring agent in all dishes |
3 | Angelica archangelica L | Apiaceae | EMP-10446 | Palhaar | R | 0.50 | 0.50 | Wound healing | Roots are crushed and then pasted on the wound site |
4 | Angelica cyclocarpa (C.Norman) M.Hiroe | Apiaceae | EMP-10447 | Morchar | Rh | 0.44 | 0.24 | Influenza, cough, constipation, cold, asthma | 20–40 gm of dried rhizome boiled in a cup of tea and taken before bed for 5–6 days |
5 | Angelica glauca Edgew | Apiaceae | EMP-10448 | Chora | R, L | 0.92 | 0.49 | Stomach, acute abdominal pain, hepatitis rheumatism | Dried powder containing about 15–20 mg is used before breakfast, and a cup of tea made from 10–15 mg roots is used twice a week |
6 | Bupleurum longicaule Wall. & DC | Apiaceae | EMP-10456 | kali jari | R | 0.19 | 0.19 | Headache | 50Â mg of crushed roots with a half glass of water are used to cure headaches twice a day |
7 | Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. & DC | Apiaceae | EMP-10458 | Hasbay di Jar | Rh | 0.30 | 0.23 | Antibacterial, skin diseases, typhoid fever | Rhizomes have antifungal and antibacterial activity; a paste of the rhizome is given to cure typhoid fever and skin diseases |
8 | Hymenidium brunonis Lindl | Apiaceae | EMP-10479 | Chorial | Rh | 0.39 | 0.27 | Influenza abdominal problems, cough, cold, | Root paste with sugar is used to cure the abdominal pain, cold, influenza, and cough of animals |
9 | Hymenolaena candollei DC | Apiaceae | EMP-10524 | Palhaar | Wp | 0.19 | 0.17 | Fever | Fresh and dried plant powders are used for the treatment of fever |
10 | Selinum vaginatum C.B.Clarke | Apiaceae | EMP-10534 | Mutakheshi | Wp | 0.12 | 0.12 | Cold | An extract of the whole plant is used directly on the chest and neck region for the treatment of colds |
11 | Arisaema jacquemontii Blume | Araceae | EMP-10449 | Surm gaanda | R | 0.45 | 0.40 | Cough, General weakness intestinal | The middle part of the boiled rhizome is separated and cut into small pieces; 2–3 small pieces are taken daily |
12 | Asparagus racemosus Willd | Asparagaceae | EMP-10513 | Sanspee | R | 0.11 | 0.11 | Fever | A cup of juice made from 15–20 mg of grinded root was used to cure fever twice a day for one week |
13 | Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All | Asparagaceae | EMP-10525 | Kawar Gandal | L, R | 0.18 | 0.16 | Cough, headache | 5–10 mg of the dried rhizomes and leaves are mashed in a mortar, and then plant parts paste is used for the treatment of cough and headache |
14 | Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All | Asparagaceae | EMP-10526 | Kawar Gandal | L, R | 0.14 | 0.14 | Cough, fever | 5–10 mg of the dried rhizomes and leaves are mashed in a mortar, and then plant parts paste is used for the treatment of cough and headache |
15 | Achillea milliefolium L | Asteraceae | EMP-10436 | Dand juri | L, Rh | 0.67 | 0.43 | Stomach problems, toothache, urinary problems, antiseptic | Fresh leaves are chewed twice daily, mashed in mortar, and used directly on the aching or wound site |
16 | Inula royleana DC | Asteraceae | EMP-10468 | Poshgar | R | 0.28 | 0.25 | abdominal problems, worm killing | Roots are soaked in water; an infusion is obtained and used early in the morning on an empty stomach for 6–8 days |
17 | Dolomiaea macrocephala DC. ex Royle | Asteraceae | EMP-10469 | Gugal Dhoop | Rh | 0.48 | 0.37 | Joint pains, digestion, diarrhoea, backache, | Rhizome paste is used to cure digestion, backache, diarrhoea, and joint pains. Rhizome paste is eaten after being cooked in rice or flour |
18 | Aucklandia costus Falc | Asteraceae | EMP-10489 | Kouth | Rh | 0.52 | 0.43 | Constipation, joint pain, antiseptic, toothache, body weakness, backache, worm killing | Dried rhizome (20–30 mg) is grinded into powder form. A half spoon of powder is taken mostly before breakfast on an empty stomach for 5–10 days. 3–4 pieces of rhizome are cooked with rice and used to cure backache and joint problems |
19 | Ligularia jacquemontiana (Decne.) M.A.Rau | Asteraceae | EMP-10490 | Muta-khaesh | R | 0.61 | 0.47 | Gynae problems, gas trouble | Dried root powder, about 10–15 mg, is taken after meals to cure gas trouble in humans and is also used in the release of milk after birth in animals |
20 | Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg | Asteraceae | EMP-10492 | Hand | L, R | 0.27 | 0.22 | Diabetes, cold, cough, kidney issues | 0.5–1 kg of fresh leaves are cooked as vegetables to cure diabetes and kidney problems. 10–15 gm of dried root powder are used twice a day for one week to cure colds and coughs |
21 | Taraxacum tibetanum Hand. -Mazz | Asteraceae | EMP-10493 | Bhoti Hand | Wp | 0.26 | 0.18 | Diabetes | 0.5–1 kg of fresh leaves are cooked as a vegetable to cure diarrhoea twice a week |
22 | Inula racemosa Hook.f | Asteraceae | EMP-10505 | Poshkara | R | 0.21 | 0.17 | Blood pressure, intestine problems | Roots oil, about 10–15 ml, is mixed with local dishes and used to lower blood pressure as well as stimulate peristalsis in the intestine |
23 | Sonchus oleraceus L | Asteraceae | EMP-10540 | Hand | Wp | 0.18 | 0.16 | Wound healings, swellings | 4–5 Drops of extract are used directly on the skin surface to cure wounds and swellings |
24 | Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC | Asteraceae | EMP-10544 | Hand/Boti | R | 0.39 | 0.31 | Digestion, backache, joint pains, diarrhoea, | Root paste is used to cure digestion problems, backaches, diarrhoea, and joint pains. Root paste is eaten after being cooked in rice or flour |
25 | Diplazium maximum (D.Don) C.Chr | Athyriaceae | EMP-10535 | Neeli Chaal | Wp | 0.19 | 0.19 | Body pain | 20–30 mg of whole plant decoction is used to cure whole body pain; it is also used as a wild vegetable |
26 | Berberis umbellata Wall. ex G.Don | Berberidaceae | EMP-10452 | Sumbal | R, B, F | 1.04 | 0.56 | Eye diseases, skin diseases, backache, piles, jaundice, joint pains, stomach problems, malaria, bone fractures | Root bark is soaked overnight in water; an infusion is obtained and used before breakfast for 20Â days |
27 | Berberis jaeschkeana Schneider | Berberidaceae | EMP-10453 | Kala Sumbal | B | 0.44 | 0.21 | Cancer, vertebral column pain, bleeding | 100 gm of root bark is soaked overnight in water; an infusion is obtained and used for 10–15 days |
28 | Podophyllum hexandrum Royle | Berberidaceae | EMP-10508 | Ban-khakri | L, R | 0.23 | 0.18 | Skin problems | Leaves and roots are crushed and applied for skin problems. Fruits are eaten raw |
29 | Betula utilis D.Don | Betulaceae | EMP-10533 | Bhurji | Ra, L, B | 0.40 | 0.22 | Wounds, jaundice, haematuria, bone fracture | Extracted resins are used for the treatment of wounds; decoction of leaves is used for jaundice; and a wooden triangle is used for the treatment of haematuria (blood in the urine) in animals |
30 | Corylus colurna L | Betulaceae | EMP-10537 | Jungli Doda | L | 0.28 | 0.14 | Fever, jaundice | A decoction of fresh leaves is used for the treatment of fever and jaundice |
31 | Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.Don) I.M.Johnst | Boraginaceae | EMP-10450 | Gow zaban | Rh | 0.51 | 0.35 | Fever, joint pain, fever, stomach-ache, ulcer | Crushed rhizomes are brewed in tea and used for 5–10 days |
32 | Lindelofia longiflora Baill | Boraginaceae | EMP-10471 | Lhendi | Fl, R | 0.24 | 0.24 | Female diseases | Decoction of 10–15 gm of roots and flowers is used to cure female diseases for one month |
33 | Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik | Bracicaceae | EMP-10457 | Pahn Pencha | Ar | 0.27 | 0.17 | Stomach | Aerial parts of the plant are cooked as a vegetable to cure stomach problems |
34 | Amaranthus viridis L | Chenopodiaceae | EMP-10445 | Ganhiyar | Ar, Se | 0.53 | 0.39 | Backache, joint pain, stomach | Above ground, parts are used as vegetables, while seeds and other medicinal plants are used for 10Â days |
35 | Cuscuta reflexa Roxb | Convolvulaceae | EMP-10510 | Nela-thari | Wp | 0.22 | 0.16 | Jaundice, fever | 40–50 gm of the whole plant is soaked in an open pot overnight, then water is used to cure jaundice and fever |
36 | Rhodiola fastigiata (Hook.f. & Thomson) Fu | Crrassulaceae | EMP-10486 | Bagu Masti | Rh | 0.46 | 0.38 | Stomach, headache | 15–30 mg of rhizome is soaked in the water overnight; an infusion is obtained and used on an empty stomach for 10 days |
37 | Dioscorea deltoidea Wall | Dioscoraceae | EMP-10459 | Karens | Rh | 0.17 | 0.11 | Fever | 5–10 gm of rhizome is soaked overnight in water; an infusion is obtained and used 2–3 times daily for 3–4 days |
38 | Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott | Dryopteridaceae | EMP-10460 | Langroo | Wp | 0.58 | 0.45 | Cholera, dysentery | Crushed whole plants are used for the treatment of cholera and dysentery |
39 | Equisetum arvense L | Equesetaceae | EMP-10461 | Band kiya | Ar | 0.25 | 0.18 | Hepatitis, jaundice | Aerial parts are soaked in water; an infusion is obtained and used on an empty stomach early in the morning to cure hepatitis and jaundice |
40 | Gaultheria trichophylla Royle | Ericaceae | EMP-10517 | Ferozi Boti | L, Fl | 0.21 | 0.17 | Forehead | The leaf and flower are mashed in a mortar, and the paste is applied to the forehead twice a week |
41 | Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don | Ericaceae | EMP-10529 | Nychree | Fl, L | 0.12 | 0.12 | Muscular pain | Dried flowers and leaves Powder is mixed with oil (Desi ghee) and used for massage to cure muscular pain |
42 | Euphorbia wallichii Hook.f | Euphorbiaceae | EMP-10516 | Jungli Dhodhal | R | 0.12 | 0.12 | Constipation | 15–20 mg of dried root soaked in a cup of water is obtained and used for the treatment of severe constipation for 1–2 days |
43 | Lotus corniculatus L | Fabaceae | EMP-10522 | Peela Phool | Wp | 0.11 | 0.11 | Skin surface | A 100Â mg whole plant extract was applied directly to the skin's surface |
44 | Quercus semecarpifolia Sm | Fagaceae | EMP-10528 | Mali da Choor | L | 0.11 | 0.11 | Gaseous bloat | 1–1.5 kg of leaves is used for the treatment of gaseous bloat, especially in cattle |
45 | Gentiana alii (Omer & Qaiser) T.N.Ho | Gentianaceae | EMP-10465 | Bhangrii | R | 0.11 | 0.11 | Leucorrhoea | Root extract is used to inhibit the pathogenic activity of yeast and is also used to cure lecoria |
46 | Swertia petiolata Royle | Gentianaceae | EMP-10499 | Rech Endeh | Wp | 0.38 | 0.35 | Fever, stomach | 4–5 young plants are grinded, and paste is used twice daily for 4–6 days |
47 | Gentiana kurroo Royle | Gentianaceae | EMP-10504 | Bhangri | Wp | 0.18 | 0.18 | Blood purifier | Whole plant (40–70 gm) is dried, and the paste is used as a blood purifier |
48 | Geranium nepalense Sweet | Geraniaceae | EMP-10466 | Ratan Jog | Wp | 0.84 | 0.60 | Gynae problems, toothache, throat, joint pain, constipation, digestion | Oil is astringent and applied as a massage around the throat. Decoction is used for the treatment of joint pain, gynaecological problems, constipation, and digestion |
49 | Geranium wallichianum D.Don | Geraniaceae | EMP-10538 | Ratan Jog | Wp | 0.57 | 0.49 | Gynae problems, tonsillitis, toothache, joint pain, constipation, digestion, throat, | Oil is astringent and applied as a massage around the throat. Decoction is used for the treatment of joint pain, gynaecological problems, constipation, and digestion |
50 | Geranium caespitosum E.James | Geraniaceae | EMP-10539 | Ratan Jog | Wp | 0.58 | 0.45 | Gynae problems, tonsillitis, toothache, throat, joint pain, constipation, digestion | Oil is astringent and applied as a massage around the throat. Decoction is used for the treatment of joint pain, gynaecological problems, constipation, and digestion |
51 | Hypericum perfotatum L | Hypericaceae | EMP-10511 | Dudh-Jari | L | 0.28 | 0.23 | Anxiety, depression | A decoction of leaves is taken in cases of anxiety and depression as well as to boost the mood. Green tea is made by using 20–30 gm of dried leaves |
52 | Iris hookeriana Foster | Iridaceae | EMP-10519 | Gahory Ghaa | R | 0.32 | 0.28 | Snake bites | 5–10 mg of crushed root paste is used directly on body parts against snake bites 2–3 times |
53 | Ajuga integrifolia Buch. -Ham | Lammiaceae | EMP-10442 | Jan-Adam | Wp | 0.80 | 0.58 | Skin diseases, diabetes, worm killing, blood purification, burning sensation of stomach | Decoction of 8–12 gm of crushed whole plant mixed with one glass of water and a small addition of sugar is given before breakfast (locally called Naroui Jarri) |
54 | Mentha longifolia (L.) L | Lammiaceae | EMP-10473 | Podena | Wp | 0.45 | 0.34 | Digestion, diarrhoea, vomiting | Dried leaf powder 20–30 gm is taken with 3–4 sips of water to treat digestion and diarrhoea. Decoction of leaves is used to stop vomiting |
55 | Origanum vulgare L | Lammiaceae | EMP-10474 | Ban Babri | Wp, Se | 0.39 | 0.28 | Skin diseases, fever, cough, intestinal, rheumatism | A decoction made by boiling 30–50 gm of fresh plant is taken 3–4 times daily to cure skin diseases, fever, cough, and rheumatism. Volatile oil is used to kill harmful intestinal worms |
56 | Thymus linearis Benth | Lammiaceae | EMP-10495 | Ban jomair | L, Fl | 0.73 | 0.55 | Body shivering, urine, constipation | Decoction of 20–35 gm of leaves and flowers is used daily for 5–8 days |
57 | Lamium flexuosum Ten | Lammiaceae | EMP-10520 | Sonhri Boti | Fl | 0.17 | 0.17 | Cough | A flower decoction is used for the treatment of cough, usually before going to bed in the evening |
58 | Salvia hians Royle | Lammiaceae | EMP-10530 | Thandi juri | L | 0.09 | 0.09 | Eye disease | 1–3 drops of fresh leaf extract are usually used against eye treatment, usually in the morning and evening until it cures |
59 | Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don | Liliaceae | EMP-10464 | Jungli thoom | Bu | 1.34 | 0.70 | Stomach, cancer | 100 mg of dried roots are grinded and taken as a half spoon daily with 2–3 sips of water for one month |
60 | Lilium polyphyllum D.Don | Liliaceae | EMP-10521 | Juri | Tu | 0.13 | 0.13 | Body pain | A decoction of 10–15 mg tubers is used for the treatment of body pain for 2–4 days in a week |
61 | Alcea rosea L | Malvaceae | EMP-10444 | Gul khaar | R | 0.29 | 0.22 | Red urination, burning of feet, liver, stomach | Decoction of 50–70 gm crushed roots with half a glass of water is given before breakfast or after meals |
62 | Malva parviflora L | Malvaceae | EMP-10472 | Dag Sonchal | Wp, Se | 0.28 | 0.18 | Cough, ulcers | 1.5–2.5 kg of fresh, whole plant cooked as a vegetable to cure cough and ulcers in the bladder, for 2–3 days before bedtime, apply seed paste to the chest to relieve cold symptoms |
63 | Trillium georgianum S.B.Farmer | Melanthiaceae | EMP-10496 | Tira-Patra | Rh, Ar | 0.60 | 0.48 | Heart diseases, rheumatism, joint pain, birth control, eye pain, blood cancer | Extracts of the rhizome and aerial parts have antifungal activity and are also used to cure rheumatism, practise birth control, and prepare sex-like hormones. They are also used to treat eye pain, joint pain, rheumatism, heart diseases, and blood cancer |
64 | Habenaria pectinata D.Don | Orchidaceae | EMP-10467 | Nar-Mada | Rh | 0.22 | 0.15 | Fever | 10–15 gm of crushed rhizome in a cup of tea are used for 2–3 days |
65 | Herminium edgeworthii (Hook.f. exCollett) | Orchidaceae | EMP-10518 | Nar-Mada | Tu | 0.11 | 0.11 | Diabetes | Infusion of tubers used for the treatment of diabetes |
66 | Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soó | Orchidaceae | EMP-10542 | Nar-Mada | Rh | 0.07 | 0.07 | Ringworm | 10–15 gm of crushed rhizome in a cup of tea are used for 2–3 days |
67 | Oxalis corniculata L | Oxalidaceae | EMP-10506 | Khatibooti | Ar, L | 0.41 | 0.33 | Hook worms, skin problems | An infusion of aerial parts (5–10 mg) is given to children for the removal of hook worms. Fresh leaves are eaten raw for their flavour and to stimulate the salivary glands. Leaves are crushed with onions to obtain a half cup of juice, which is used to treat skin warts |
68 | Meconopsis aculeata Royle | Papaveraceae | EMP-10523 | Kant | Fl | 0.10 | 0.10 | Fits | 5–8 gm of flowers are soaked in water overnight and then used orally twice a week for the treatment of fits in children |
69 | Corydalis govaniana Wall | Papaveraceae | EMP-10543 | Peela Phool | L | 0.18 | 0.13 | Joint pian, joint swelling | An extract of 10–15 gm of fresh leaves is used around the joints before going to bed in the evening, twice a week |
70 | Phytolacca acinosa Roxb | Phytolaccaceae | EMP-10476 | Lubbar | Ar, R | 0.21 | 0.14 | Infections, swellings, joint pains, wounds, weight loss, asthma, dysentery | 1–1.5 kg of fresh or dried aerial parts are cooked as vegetables; 20–25 mg of crushed root paste is taken with warm water for 1 day a week |
71 | Abies pindrow Royle | Pinaceae | EMP-10435 | Rever/Tung | B, Ra | 1.05 | 0.38 | Fever, cough, stomach pain | Bark is boiled in tea (Qehwa) and used for one week, 2–3 times daily |
72 | Plantago lanceolata L | Plantaginaceae | EMP-10478 | Chamchi Patr | Fl, L | 0.30 | 0.22 | Dysentery | Fresh leaves cooked as vegetables; flowers as an alternate to ispaghol in dysentery |
73 | Plantago major L | Plantaginaceae | EMP-10512 | Chamchi Patar | L, R | 0.30 | 0.22 | Snake bite, feet healing | Paste made from the root is applied to the skin as an antidote for snakebite. 15–25 mg of fresh leaves are crushed and applied on feet for healing the heel. Leaves are cooked as vegetables |
74 | Wulfeniopsis amherstiana (Benth.) D.Y.Hong | Plantaginaceae | EMP-10532 | Booti | L | 0.15 | 0.13 | Fever, headache | Decoction of fresh leaves is used for the treatment of headache and fever |
75 | Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur | Polygonaceae | EMP-10439 | Pan cholla | Ar, R | 0.35 | 0.28 | Leucorrhoea | Extract of 5–8 mg of crushed roots is used with a half glass of water |
76 | Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) Ronse Decr | Polygonaceae | EMP-10455 | Mali di Masloonr | Rh, F | 0.63 | 0.48 | Weakness, diarrhoea, stomach problem, dysentery, haemoptysis, | Roots are used for general weakness and for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, and haemoptysis. Dried flower, 10–15 gm in tea, is used to treat stomach problems |
77 | Fagopyrum esculentum Moench | Polygonaceae | EMP-10462 | Tarumba | L | 0.31 | 0.22 | Constipation, weakness | Fresh leaves are collected and cooked as vegetables for the treatment of diarrhoea and constipation |
78 | Oxyria digyna Hill | Polygonaceae | EMP-10475 | Khat-kurla | Ar | 0.31 | 0.22 | Stomach, constipation | 1–2 kg of fresh aerial parts are cooked as vegetables for stomach problems and constipation |
79 | Rumex alpinus L | Polygonaceae | EMP-10480 | Chikron | Ar, R, Se, S | 0.51 | 0.43 | Pain relief, constipation, ulcers | 1 kg of aerial parts are cooked as vegetables. Seeds are used for relieving the gripping pain of colic. Root paste is used as an astringent. Stalk is soaked in water, and an infusion is obtained and used 3–4 times daily for 2–3 days to cure ulcers and constipation |
80 | Polygonum aviculare L | Polygonaceae | EMP-10481 | Masloon | Rh | 0.28 | 0.23 | Antibacterial activity, stomach | 70–80 gm Dried rhizome tea is used twice a day for several weeks |
81 | Rheum australe D.Don | Polygonaceae | EMP-10484 | Goal Chotial | L. Rh, S | 0.85 | 0.55 | Dysentery, muscular injury, wounds, headache, mumps, stomach, constipation, swelling of throats, blood purification | 1–2 kg of fresh aerial parts are cooked as vegetables; 50–60 mg of rhizome are ground into a paste and taken early in the morning before breakfast or twice a day for one week |
82 | Rheum webbianum Royle | Polygonaceae | EMP-10485 | Chapti Chotial | L, Rh, S | 0.53 | 0.44 | Dysentery, muscular injury, wounds, headache, mumps, stomach, earache, constipation, swelling of throats, blood purification | 1–2 kg of young stem of plant are cooked as a vegetable, and 20–40 mg of root paste is applied externally to muscular injuries, cuts, and wounds for 5–10 days |
83 | Rumex nepalensis Spreng | Polygonaceae | EMP-10488 | Hola | L, Rh | 0.21 | 0.14 | Constipation, anti-lice | 2–3 kg of young leaves are collected and then air dried for 10–15 days. In the winter, they are cooked as vegetables to cure constipation in humans and animals. Root paste is used as an anti-lice agent |
84 | Primula denticulata Sm | Primulaceae | EMP-10483 | Mamera | L, Wp | 0.27 | 0.17 | Eye diseases, urination | Extract of 25–40 40 gm of fresh leaves mixed with water is used to cure eye diseases. A whole plant decoction of 70–100 mg is used for the treatment of urination problems in animals |
85 | Primula macrophylla D.Don | Primulaceae | EMP-10527 | Tareri Paatar | Fl | 0.18 | 0.18 | Cough, fever | Powder made from dried flowers is used for the treatment of fever and cough for one week |
86 | Caltha palustris L | Ranuanculaceae | EMP-10514 | Pani Patrr | L | 0.17 | 0.17 | Menstrual disorder | Dried leaf powder is fried in oil (ghee) and then used for the treatment of female menstrual disorders for 5–8 days |
87 | Clematis napaulensis DC | Ranuanculaceae | EMP-10515 | Boty-bail | Fl | 0.16 | 0.16 | fever | A cup of juice extracted from 50–70 mg of fresh leaves is used for the treatment of fever for 2–3 days |
88 | Aconitum hetrophyllum Wall | Ranunaculaceae | EMP-10437 | Patrees | Rh | 0.88 | 0.68 | Pneumonia, cold, fever, headache, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, diabetes | Rhizome paste is applied to the chest, and 5–8 gm of rhizome boiled in a cup of tea is used twice a day for five days |
89 | Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Stapf | Ranunaculaceae | EMP-10541 | Patrees | Rh | 0.43 | 0.39 | Pneumonia, fever, headache and diabetes | A cup of tea made with 10–15 gm of rhizome mixed with other medicinal plants is taken for one week |
90 | Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf | Ranunculaceae | EMP-10438 | Mohree | Fl, Rh | 0.80 | 0.60 | Asthma, mukhar in animals | 1–2 mg of dried flowers mixed with honey, then a spoonful of honey used twice a day for 15 days |
91 | Actaea spicata L | Ranunculaceae | EMP-10440 | Muniree | R, F, | 0.28 | 0.18 | Anti-lice | Decoction of roots and fruit was used for one week |
92 | Fragaria nubicola Lindl | Rosaceae | EMP-10463 | Khan merchant | F, R | 0.64 | 0.44 | Jaundice, typhoid | Fruit eaten as a strawberry, a decoction of roots weighing about 30 gm is used to cure jaundice and typhoid |
93 | Potentilla atrosanguinea Lodd., G.Lodd. & W.Lodd | Rosaceae | EMP-10482 | Mali di cha | R | 0.41 | 0.34 | Stomach | To treat stomach problems, a cup of tea made from 10 to 15 gm of root mixed with other medicinal plants is consumed |
94 | Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle | Rosaceae | EMP-10487 | Gulab | Fl | 0.23 | 0.17 | Massage in pain | Decoction of flowers (50–70 mg) is used for massage to cure body pain |
95 | Skimmia laureola (DC.) Decne | Rutaceae | EMP-10491 | Neera | L | 0.68 | 0.55 | Obesity, insect repellent, dysentery, cough, body strengthening | Decoction of leaves was used to reduce obesity. A 5–10 mg paste is mixed with honey to cure coughing and taken before going to bed in the evening. Tea is also used for strengthening the body |
96 | Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook | Sapindaceae | EMP-10441 | Bun Khor | F | 0.30 | 0.20 | Body weakness | Fruit is used twice a week |
97 | Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis | Sapindaceae | EMP-10503 | Tra-kana | Ar | 0.29 | 0.15 | Stomach | 5–10 mg of leaf paste is used to cure stomach problems; wood is used for making furniture and is also used as fuel, to make utensils, and as agricultural tools |
98 | Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.f. & Thomson) Engl | Saxifragaceae | EMP-10454 | Bat Phewa | Rh | 1.20 | 0.54 | Burns, ulcer dysentery, kidney stone, diabetes, piles, heart diseases, backache, obesities | Root paste is used for the cure of burns, kidney stones, diabetes, ulcers, and heart disease. 50 gm of crushed roots are mixed with milk for the cure of backache. Dried root powder mixed with water or milk is used to reduce obesity |
99 | Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb | Saxifragaceae | EMP-10536 | Bat Phaewa | Rh | 0.44 | 0.18 | Burns, ulcer dysentery, kidney stone, diabetes, piles, heart diseases, backache, obesities | Root paste is used on burns, in kidney stones, piles, diabetes, ulcer dysentery, and heart diseases. Crushed roots are mixed with milk and given as a backache. A half spoon of root powder with water or milk is taken on an empty stomach to cure stomach problems |
100 | Lagotis cashmeriana Rupr | Scrophularaceae | EMP-10470 | Kali hand | Ar | 0.60 | 0.49 | Diabetes | Tea made from aerial parts 15–20 gm of plant is taken twice a day for 3–4 days |
101 | Verbascum thapsus L | Scrophularaceae | EMP-10501 | Gady-Kan | L, Fl | 0.31 | 0.23 | Relaxation, wound healing, cold, dysentery, dye | 250–400 mg of dried leaves is smoked to induce relaxation (locally known as Hukka or Chilam). A paste of 10–20 gm of leaves is applied externally for wound healing. Tea made from dried leaves is given to cure the common cold and dysentery. Flowers are used as dye by crushing them in water |
102 | Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle | Scrophulariaceae | EMP-10477 | Koohr | Rh | 0.33 | 0.29 | Fever, jaundice, urinary, asthma, diabetes, cough, leukoderma, burning sensation | 200 mg of dried roots are grinded into powder; a half spoon of powder is taken twice a day with milk, lassi, or water for 20–30 days |
103 | Atropa acuminata Royle ex Lindl | Solanaceae | EMP-10451 | Lubar | L, R | 0.28 | 0.18 | Cough, fever, pyrexia | Decoction of leaf and root is used for the treatment of cough and fever |
104 | Taxus wallichiana Zucc | Taxaceae | EMP-10494 | Thoonri/Burmi | L, B | 0.85 | 0.29 | Antiseptic, asthma, epilepsy, bronchitis, cough | Leaf extracts are sedative and antiseptic. 40–50 mg of bark tea is used to cure asthma, cough, epilepsy, and bronchitis |
105 | Urtica dioica L | Urticaceae | EMP-10502 | Kayari | L, R | 0.28 | 0.17 | Diuretic, anti-allergic, wounds healing | 20–50 gm Roots are crushed, and paste is applied to cuts and wounds for 4–5 days. Leaves are used as diuretics and anti-allergens. Paralysed parts of the body are treated by applying paste to the affected parts |
106 | Valeriana jatamansi Jones | Valirianaceae | EMP-10497 | Musk-e-Bala | Rh | 0.23 | 0.17 | Mental disorders, fever, insecticide, joints pain, eye, ear, pneumonia | 20–30 gm of rhizome paste is used daily for 5–6 days; an extract of rhizome is used externally as a massage around joints for 5 days, mostly before going to bed in the evening |
107 | Valeriana himalayana Grubov | Valirianaceae | EMP-10531 | Mushka Baala | R | 0.13 | 0.13 | Fever, headache | Crushed roots are used for the treatment of fever and headache |
108 | Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC | Viburnaceae | EMP-10500 | Ikloo | Wp, Fl | 0.57 | 0.28 | Blood purifier | A glass of juice extracted from 200–400 gm of fruit is taken as a blood purifier for 3–4 days; fruits are eaten raw; the whole plant is used as fuelwood; shoot branches are used as ropes |
109 | Viola canescens Wall | Violaceae | EMP-10498 | Banafsha | Fl | 0.25 | 0.20 | Earache, jaundice, hepatitis | For one week, a 10–15 gm decoction of fresh flowers is mixed with sugar 1–2 times |
110 | Viola biflora L | Violaceae | EMP-10509 | Banafsha | L, Fl | 0.25 | 0.22 | Malaria | A decoction of the entire plant mixed with sugar is given to Malaria patients or anyone suffering from a fever for any reason. Crushed leaves and flowers are given as vegetables to cure liver problems |