Keeping their own and integrating the other: medicinal plant use among Ormurs and Pathans in South Waziristan, Pakistan

Aziz, Muhammad Abdul; Hassan, Musheerul; Ullah, Aman; Ullah, Zahid; Sõukand, Renata; Pieroni, Andrea

doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00634-z

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 1 Ethnomedicinal uses of plants quoted by the two studied communities

From: Keeping their own and integrating the other: medicinal plant use among Ormurs and Pathans in South Waziristan, Pakistan

Botanical name (Family) Voucher number	Recorded local name	Origin of the taxa	Ethnic Communities
Botanical name (Family) Voucher number	Recorded local name	Origin of the taxa	Ormurs (O)				Pathans (P)
Plants
			Part used	Preparation	Use	Use reports	Part used	Preparation	Use	Use reports
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Pteridaceae) SWAT004625	Ashupere Sunrye/De bibiaadeSunrye^O	Locally grown; wild	Aerial parts	Eaten with bread	Abnormal menstruation	4	–	–	–	–
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. (Pteridaceae) SWAT004625	Ashupere Sunrye/De bibiaadeSunrye^O	Locally grown; wild	Aerial parts	Eaten with bread	Join pain	4	–	–	–	–
Ajuga parviflora Benth. (Lamiaceae) SWAT004626	Syed butai^{O, P}	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten with water	Skin rashes; infertility; diabetes	5	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten with water	Skin rashes	2
Ajuga parviflora Benth. (Lamiaceae) SWAT004626	Syed butai^{O, P}	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Paste	Pus	5	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten with water	Skin rashes	2
Allium longifolium (Kunt) Spreng. (Amaryllidaceae) SWAT004627	Khukh^O Yov-ree^P	Locally grown; wild	Bulbs	Bulbs are consumed as a snack	Digestion; blood thinner; abdominal gas and pain	1	Bulbs	Bulbs are consumed as a salad	Weakness	1
Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae) SWAT004628	Ozzha^O Yaza^P	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are cooked with vegetables	Obesity	14	Seeds	Seeds are cooked with vegetables	Obesity	12
				Seeds are made into tea	Abdominal pain			Seeds are made into tea	Abdominal gas
				Juice is made from the seeds	Heart problems			Juice is made from the seeds	Heart problems
Allium schoenoprasum L. (Amaryllidaceae) SWAT004629	Gandana^O	Bought	Aerial parts	Eaten as a salad	Digestive problems	1	–	–	–	–
Allium spp. (Amaryllidaceae) SWAT004630	Sareesh^O Shabye^P	Locally grown; wild	Bulbs	Eaten as a snack	Digestive problems	2		Consumed as a salad	Digestion problems	2
Allium spp. (Amaryllidaceae) SWAT004631	Payaz^O	Locally grown; wild	Bulbs	Eaten as a snack	Sexual tonic	1	–	–	–	–
Amaranthus blitum L. (Amaranthaceae) SWAT004632	Sakaak^O Ranzaka^P	Locally grown; wild	Seeds	Seeds are consumed raw, eaten with water	Stop urine during the night (in children); constipation; skin dryness	9	Seeds	Seeds are cooked with vegetables	Stop urine during the night (in children)	4
Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) SWAT004634	Kajo/Badyan^O	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is dried and consumed	Improve eyesight; immune booster; improve sexual desire; brain tonic	1	–	–	–	–
Apteranthes tuberculata (N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede (Apocynaceae) SWAT004638	Pamanai^{O, P} Pamonai^O	Bought	Leaves	Fresh leaves are consumed as a salad	Diabetes	10	Leaves	Fresh leaves are consumed as salad	Diabetes	6
Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) SWAT004635	Bangara^O	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are dried and consumed	Cough	1	–		–	–
Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) SWAT004635	Bangara^O	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are kept in water, and the water is then consumed	Remove sputum; respiratory tract infections; high blood pressure; digestion problems; brain tonic	1	–		–	–
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. (Apocynaceae) SWAT004636	Spalmeka^O Saplme^P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Milk like substance is extracted from the leaves, applied topically	Skin rashes; snake bites	1	Leaves	Leaves are made into a paste and applied topically	Joint pain	1
				Leaves are made into a paste and applied topically	Joint pain
				eaves are consumed with water	Diabetes
Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) SWAT004637	Sheen Morch^O Sheen March^P	Bought	Fruit	Consumed as vegetables	Fever	1	Fruit	Consumed as vegetables	Fever	1
Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae) SWAT004639	Chumbarkhayan^O Turlargai^P Ghras goon^O	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is kept in water, and the water is then consumed	Abdominal pain	6	Fruit	Fruit is kept in water, and the water is then consumed	Abdominal pain or gas	3
Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae) SWAT004639	Chumbarkhayan^O Turlargai^P Ghras goon^O	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is added to milk, and the milk is then consumed	Constipation	6	Fruit	Fruit is added to milk, and the milk is then consumed	Constipation	3
Chenopodium boscianum Moq. (Amaranthaceae) SWAT004640	SaagO Jungli saag^P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed as a salad or vegetables	Gastric problems; diabetes	3	Leaves	Leaves are consumed as a salad or vegetables	Acidity; diabetes	2
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae) SWAT004641	Maraghunyee^O Maraghenyee^P	Locally grown; wild	Seeds	Seeds are peeled and consumed with water	Abdominal pain; diabetes	5	Seeds	Seeds are peeled and consumed with water	Abdominal pain; diabetes	5
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai. (Cucurbitaceae) SWAT004642	Andwana^O	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Chest infections; kidney problems; respiratory tract infections; COVID-19	1	–	–	–	–
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) SWAT004643	Neembo^{O, P}	Bought	Fruit	Juice is extracted and drizzled on a salad; the extract is also used to make tea	Fever	5	Fruit	Juice is extracted and drizzled on a salad; the extract is also used to make tea	Fever; blood thinner	5
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae) SWAT004643	Neembo^{O, P}	Bought	Fruit	Juice	Blood thinner; digestion problems	5	Fruit	Juice	Digestion problems	5
Citrus × aurantium L. (Rutaceae) SWAT004644	Malta^{O, P}	Bought	Fruits	Fruit is eaten raw	Common cold	2	Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw	Common cold	1
Citrus × aurantium L. (Rutaceae) SWAT004644	Malta^{O, P}	Bought	Fruit fibre or cover	Fruit cover or fibre is dried and consumed with water	Diabetes	2	Fruit fibre or cover	Fruit cover or fibre is dried and consumed with water	Diabetes	1
Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) SWAT004645	Kopra^O,P Gari^O	Bought	Fruit	Water is obtained from the unripe fruit and consumed	Leucorrhoea	6	Fruit	Water is obtained from the unripe fruit and consumed	Leucorrhoea	4
Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae) SWAT004646	Kadi^O	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw or cooked as vegetables	Urinary tract infections	3	–	–	–	–
Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) SWAT004647	Danya^{O, P}	Locally grown; cultivated	Aerial parts	Aerial parts are made into tea	Chest infections; COVID-19	1	Aerial parts	Aerial parts are made into tea	Chest infections	1
Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) SWAT004647	Danya^{O, P}	Locally grown; cultivated	Aerial parts	Aerial parts are made into a sauce-like substance locally called chutney	COVID-19	1	Aerial parts	Aerial parts are made into tea	Chest infections	1
Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae) SWAT004648	Badring^O Badrang^P	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Hepatitis; diuretic; digestive problems	5	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Hepatitis; diuretic; digestion problems	3
Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae) SWAT004648	Badring^O Badrang^P	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Small circular pies are used as a scrub	Cosmetics	5	Fruit	Small circular pies are used as a scrub	Face smoothness	3
Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) SWAT004649	Guleskhand^O Korkaman^P	Bought	Rhizome	Rhizome is made into a powder and used topically	Wounds	3	Rhizome	Rhizome is made into a powder and used topically	Wounds; skin rashes	3
Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) SWAT004649	Guleskhand^O Korkaman^P	Bought	Rhizome	The powdered rhizome is mixed with milk and consumed	Believed to be a strong antibiotic	3	Rhizome	The powdered rhizome is mixed with hot milk and consumed	Believed to be a strong antibiotic	3
Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones ex Roxb.) Schult. (Poaceae) SWAT004650	Sakhosargari^{O, P}	Locally grown; wild	Aerial parts	Aerial parts are dried and consumed with water	Malaria; typhoid	3	Aerial parts	Aerial parts are dried and consumed with water	Malaria; typhoid	2
Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) SWAT004651	Inzir^O Tugha^P	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw	Weakness	14	Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw	Weakness	10
Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) SWAT004651	Inzir^O Tugha^P	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is dried and consumed with milk	Piles; constipation	14	Fruit	Fruit is dried and consumed with milk	Piles Constipation	10
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) SWAT004652	Kalvo^{O, P}	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are added to vegetables	Digestion problems	1	Seeds	Seeds are added to vegetables	Digestive problems	2
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) SWAT004652	Kalvo^{O, P}	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with water	Cold fever	1	Seeds	Seeds are added to vegetables	Digestive problems	2
Ferula assa-foetida L. (Apiaceae) SWAT004653	Eng^O Aang^P	Bought	Resin	Applied topically on gums and teeth	Infected teeth	6	Resin	Applied topically on gums and teeth	Infected teeth	2
Ferula assa-foetida L. (Apiaceae) SWAT004653	Eng^O Aang^P	Bought	Resin	Mixed with water and then taken orally	Pain; digestion problems; worm infestation	6	Resin	Applied topically on gums and teeth	Infected teeth	2
Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) SWAT004655	Matak^{O, P} Motak^O	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Dried fruit is consumed with milk	Weakness; increases blood	3	Fruit	Dried fruit is consumed with milk	Weakness; increases blood	4
Lepidium draba L. (Brassicaceae) SWAT004654	Ghargasti^O	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten as a salad	Diabetes	1	–	–	–	–
Mentha longifolia (L.) L. (Lamiaceae) SWAT004659	Gwan^O Welanai^P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are powdered and consumed with water or made into tea	Abdominal pain; colic pain; loss of appetite; gastric problems	13	Leaves	Leaves are powdered and consumed with water or made into tea	Abdominal pain; colic	13
Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) SWAT004661	Tuth^O Teeth^P	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruits are consumed raw	Respiratory tract infections; appetiser	2	Fruit	Fruits are consumed raw	Urinary tract infections; Digestion appetiser	3
Malus pumila Mill. (Rosaceae) SWAT004657	Meleez^O Manra^P	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Raw fruit is consumed	Tonic; heart diseases; increases blood	7	Fruit	Raw fruit is consumed	Iron deficiency; Anaemia	5
Malva neglecta Wallr. (Malvaceae) SWAT004658	Naghan Kai^{O, P} Teekaly/Teekla^O De Eshaa Tala/Teekale^P	Locally grown; wild	Roots	Decoction is made from its roots	Digestive problems; improve sexual desire	4	Roots	Decoction is made from its roots	Digestion problems; improve sexual desire	5
			Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw	Diabetes		Fruit	Fruit is eaten raw	Diabetes
			Leaves	Leaves are consumed raw or as cooked vegetables	Urinary tract infections		Leaves	Leaves are consumed raw or as cooked vegetables	Urinary tract infections
Musa × paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) SWAT004662	Keela^{O, P}	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Loose motions; vomiting	1	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Loose motions; vomiting	2
Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) SWAT001596	Ghras tuth^O	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Respiratory tract infections	1	–	–	–	–
Nasturtium officinale R.Br (Brassicaceae) SWAT004663	Tarmera^O Dalamera^P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed as a salad	Digestive problems	9	Leaves	Leaves are consumed as a salad	Digestion problems	9
Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) SWAT001601	Kalwanji^{O, P}	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are added to vegetables or eaten with water or milk	Chest infections; COVID-19; respiratory tract infections	1	Seeds	Seeds are added to vegetables or eaten with water or milk	Chest infections	1
Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata (Wall. &G.Don) Cif. (Oleaceae) SWAT004666	Shalwanai^O Shawan^P	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Weakness; increases blood; constipation; diabetes; blood pressure	18	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Weakness; increases blood; constipation; diabetes; blood pressure	13
Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) SWAT004667	Rezan^O Varize^P	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are boiled in water; the water is then cooled and used to wash the head	Hair loss	1	Seeds	Seeds are boiled in water; the water is then cooled and used to wash the head	Hair loss	1
Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae) SWAT004668	Tuftufak^O Tarweekai^P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed as snacks	Digestive problems	1	Leaves	Fresh leaves are consumed raw	Digestion problems	2
Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) SWAT004664	Bobrai^{O, P} Babari^O	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with water	Digestive problems	1	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with water	Digestion problems; blood pressure	1
Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) SWAT004665		Locally grow; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed with water	Digestive problems	1	Leaves	Seeds are consumed with water	Digestion problems; blood pressure	1
Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) SWAT004670	Mait^{O, P}	Locally grown; cultivated	Seeds	Seeds are consumed as vegetables	Anaemia	7	Seeds	Seeds are consumed as vegetables	Anaemia	5
Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae) SWAT004671	Khajora^O Khajeera^P	Bought	Fruit	Fresh or dried fruit is consumed, preferably with milk	General body tonic; sexual tonic; immuniser	5	Fruit	Fresh or dried fruit is consumed, preferably with milk	General body tonic; sexual tonic; immuniser	2
Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex D.Don (Pinaceae) SWAT004672	Zanguzai^{O, P}	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	General weakness; energiser	11	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	General weakness; energiser	8
Pinus spp. (Pinaceae) SWAT004673	Nashtar^O	Locally grown; wild	Resin	Resin is dried and used with water	Fractures	1	–	–	–	–
Piper nigrum L. (Pinaceae) SWAT004674	Gharas Mruch^O Toor Mirch^P	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with a small amount of water or consumed with vegetables	General body tonic; skin roughness; night blindness	17	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with a small amount of water or consumed with vegetables	General body tonic; skin roughness; night blindness	16
Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae) SWAT004675	Aspeghul^O	Locally grown; wild	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with water	Constipation	1	–	–	–	–
Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. (Asparagaceae) SWAT004676	Meeralam^{O, P}	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Dried leaves are consumed with water	Sexual tonic; immuniser; aphrodisiac	13		Dried leaves are consumed with water	Sexual tonic; immuniser; aphrodisiac	7
	Meeralam^{O, P}	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are dried and powdered and then used topically	Skin diseases	13		Dried leaves are consumed with water	Sexual tonic; immuniser; aphrodisiac	7
Prunus dulcis D.A.Webb (Rosaceae) SWAT004677	Badam^O	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Fruit is dried and consumed	Improve eyesight; immuniser; sexual tonic; enhance memory	1	–	–	–	–
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Rosaceae) SWAT004678	Shamtulai^O	Locally grown; cultivated	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Diabetes	1	–	–	–	–
Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) SWAT004679	Amrod^{O, P}	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Constipation	7	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Constipation	5
Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) SWAT004680	Naskaraf^O Narsavai^P	Locally grown; wild	Fruit cover	Dried fruit cover is eaten with water or mixed with yoghurt and consumed	Abdominal pain	11	Fruit cover	Dried fruit cover is eaten with water or mixed with yoghurt and consumed	Abdominal pain	9
Peganum harmala L. (Nitrariaceae) SWAT004669	Sponda^O Sapelani^P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed with a small amount of water	Joint pain	2	–	–	–	–
Peganum harmala L. (Nitrariaceae) SWAT004669	Sponda^O Sapelani^P	Locally grown; wild	Aerial parts	Leaves are consumed with a small amount of water	Abdominal gas	2	–	–	–	–
Quercus baloot Griff. (Fagaceae) SWAT001589	Sat/Chatt^O Cheere/Serray^P	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is roasted	Diabetes	10	Roots	Roots are made into a decoction and consumed twice a day	Diabetes	8
Quercus baloot Griff. (Fagaceae) SWAT001589	Sat/Chatt^O Cheere/Serray^P	Locally grown; wild	Roots	Roots are made into a decoction	Gastric problems	10	Roots	Roots are made into a decoction and consumed twice a day	Diabetes	8
Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae) SWAT001591	Zando^O Zunda^P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are ground and applied topically	Wound healing	2	Leaves	Leaves are ground and applied topically	Wound healing	3
Rumex dentatus L. (Polygonaceae) SWAT001591	Zando^O Zunda^P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are dried and consumed with water	Pain	2	Leaves	Leaves are dried and consumed with water	Pain	3
Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) SWAT001603	Baghdavan^O	Bought	Leaves	Leaves are consumed raw	Body pain	1	–	–	–	–
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin (Brassicaceae) SWAT001590	Molia^O Meele^P	Locally grown; cultivated	Roots	Roots are consumed as a salad	Hepatitis; abdominal gas; digestive problems	7	Roots	Roots are consumed as a salad	Hepatitis; abdominal gas; digestive problems	6
Senegalia modesta (Wall.) P.J.H.Hurter (Fabaceae) SWAT004623	Palwasa^O	Locally grown; wild	Resin	Dried resin eaten with water	Nightfall; sexual tonic	1	–	–	–	–
Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst. (Rhamnaceae) SWAT001602	Mamorye^O	Locally grown; wild	Seeds	Seeds are consumed with a small amount of water	Malarial fever	1	–	–	–	–
Saccharum officinarum L. (Poaceae) SWAT001592	Ghana^{O, P}	Bought	Aerial parts	Juice is extracted and consumed	Liver problems; refrigerant	8	Aerial parts	Juice is extracted and consumed	Liver problems; refrigerant	5
Solanum americanum Mill. (Solanaceae) SWAT001593	Warghusti^O	Locally grown; wild	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	Digestive problems	1	–	–	–	–
Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. (Lamiaceae) SWAT004656	Kasturai^{O, P}	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Leaves are consumed with water	Abdominal gas; dysentery; Malaria; diabetes; typhoid; blood pressure; body pain	13	Leaves	Leaves are boiled in water, made into decoction	Abdominal gas; dysentery; malaria; diabetes; typhoid; blood pressure; body pain	8
Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst. (Tamaricaceae) SWAT001594	Ghaz^{O, P}	Locally grown; wild	Aerial parts	Dried and then put in oil, applied topically on the body	Burns; wounds	1	Aerial parts	Dried and then put in oil, applied topically on the body	Burns; wounds	1
Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund (Compositae) SWAT001595	Zer Gul^O	Locally grown; wild	Flowers; leaves	Both leaves and flowers are consumed with water	Infected wounds	1	–	–	–	–
Thymus linearis Benth. (Lamiaceae) SWAT001595	Mizbuk/izbuk^O Marveeje^P	Locally grown; wild	Seeds	Seeds directly consumed with water	Abdominal pain; indigestion	15	Seeds	Seeds directly consumed with water	Abdominal pain and gas	17
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) SWAT001598	Dhur^O Sezinkaiy^P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten in very low quantities with bread	Stop loose motions; indigestion	2	Leaves	Fresh leaves are eaten in very low quantities with bread	Stop loose motions; indigestion	2
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) SWAT001598	Dhur^O Sezinkaiy^P	Locally grown; wild	Leaves	Decoction	Urinary tract infections; refrigerant	2	Leaves	Decoction	Urinary tract infections; refrigerant	2
Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) SWAT001599	Angeer^{O, P}	Bought	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	General body tonic; indigestion; constipation	12	Fruit	Fruit is consumed raw	General body tonic; indigestion; constipation	10
Visnaga daucoides Gaertn. (Apiaceae) SWAT004633	Speerkey^O	Bought	Seeds	Seeds are consumed raw	Ear infection	1	–	–	–	–
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. (Fabaceae) SWAT004624	Kikar^O	Locally grown; wild	Resin	Dried resin eaten with water	Sexual tonic	1	–	–	–	–
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal (Solanaceae) SWAT001597	Shapyango^O Shapyanga^P	Bought	Leaves	Leaves are boiled in water and then everything is consumed	Refrigerant; abdominal gas	16	Leaves	Leaves are dried, powdered and consumed with water	Refrigerant	17
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) SWAT001600	Adrak^{O, P}	Bought	Tubers	Tea is made or they are used with vegetables	Chest infections	4	Tubers	Tea is made or they are used in vegetables	Chest infections	3
Fungi
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. (Morchellaceae) SWAT004660	Gargicho^O Kargicho^P	Wild	Fruit body	Aerial part are consumed with water	Sexual tonic; immuniser	2	Flowers	Flowers are consumed with water	Sexual tonic; immuniser	2

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