Fig. 5

New developments in production, circulation, and consumption (Innovations): In scenario 1, the systems are analyzed separately. In the biomedical system, the original structure involves disease, healthcare professionals, and pharmaceutical drugs in hospitals. In the LMS, the original structure includes disease, local healers/self-treatment, and medicinal plants in local communities. In scenario 2, we observe innovations in the medical system structure in different physical spaces, such as local healers diagnosing and recommending medications in communities, and biomedical professionals using traditional strategies in hospitals