Table 4 Comparative review of traditional usages of reported species with previous studies from Sudan
From: Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in Melit area (North Darfur), Western Sudan
Plant species | Diseases treated in current study | EL-Kamali [17] | Koda and Yagi [18] | Musa et al. [19] | Suleiman [20] | Issa et al. [21] | Adam et al. [22] | Eisawi et al. [23] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adansonia digitata | Diarrhoea | Stomachache []26 | Fever Diarrhoea | Pain after birth | Malaria Diarrhoea Dysentery | Dysentery Diarrhoea Stomachache Fever Kidney stones | Giardiasis Stomachache | – | Giardiasis Stomachache |
Albizia anthelmintica | Anthelmintic | Stomachache [26] | Anthelmintic | Anthelmintic | – | Anthelmintic | Anthelmintic Wounds Stomachache Jaundice | – | Anthelmintic Wounds Stomachache Jaundice |
Allium sativum | Haemorrhoids | Haemorrhoids [27] | – | – | – | – | Haemorrhoids | – | Haemorrhoids |
Aloe sinkatana | Tonsillitis | Wounds [25] | – | – | – | – | – | Wounds Headache | – |
Ambrosia maritima | Diarrhoea | Swellings [25, 26] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Aristolochia bracteolata | Malaria Tooth ache Scorpion sting | Scorpion sting [28] | Scorpion sting | – | Malaria | Malaria HIV-1 Scorpion sting Ear infection Wounds | Malaria Ear infection Headache | – | Malaria Ear infection Headache |
Azadirachta indica | Rheumatic pain | Fever [26] Scorpion sting [26] Snake bite [27] Intestinal spasm [26] Anthelmintic [29] Constipation [28] | Antipyretic Backach | – | Malaria Fever Jaundice | – | Rheumatic pain Malaria | – | Rheumatic pain Malaria |
Balanites aegyptiaca | Rheumatic pain Jaundice Diarrhoea Dysentery Stomachache | Diabetes | – | – | Stomachache Anthelmintic Dysentery Constipation Jaundice Diabetes | Hypertension Bilharzia Jaundice | – | Diabetes Hypertension Bilharzia Jaundice | |
Bauhinia rufescens | Diabetes | – | Cough | Dysentery | – | – | – | – | |
Blepharis eilensis | Urine retention | Kidney stone Stomach pain | Urine retention | – | Swellings | Kidney disorders Diabetes Wounds Hypertension Toothache Tonic | – | Kidney disorders Diabetes Wounds Hypertension Toothache Tonic | |
Boswellia papyrifera | Corona virus Cold/cough Diabetes | Jaundice [26] | – | Dysentery Respiratory infections | Bilharzia Diarrhoea Dysentery | – | Diabetes Diarrhoea | – | Diabetes Diarrhoea Anaemia |
Cadaba glandulosa | Kalaazar Wound | Swellings [25, 27] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Calotropis procera | Wounds Haemorrhoids | Wounds [26] Rheumatic pain [26] Scorpion sting [28] Jaundice [28] | Haemorrhoids Scorpion sting | Scorpion sting Rheumatic pain | – | Scorpion sting Haemorrhoids Rheumatic pain Wounds | Scorpion sting Wounds | – | Scorpion sting Wounds |
Carica papaya | Eczema | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Cassia arereh | Malaria Evil eye | – | – | – | Stomachache Diarrhoea Evil eye | – | Stomachache Malaria Toothache Haematuria Evil eye | – | Stomachache Malaria Toothache Haematuria Evil eye |
Chrysopogon nigritanus | Diarrhoea | Diarrhoea [27] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Citrullus colocynthis | Rheumatic pain Malaria Gonorrhoea Scorpion sting | Swellings [27] Purgative [25, 28] Gonorrhoea [28] Diabetes [27] Snake bite [26] Scorpion sting [26] | – | – | – | – | – | Skin blemishes Skin allergies | – |
Corchorus trilocularis | Tonsillitis | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Cordia sinensis | Wounds | Cuts [26] Burns [26] Wounds [26] | Cuts, Burns Wounds | – | – | Cuts, Burns Wounds | – | – | – |
Cymbopogon schoenanthus | Abdominal pain Women infertility Renal colic | Stomachache [26] | – | – | – | Antispasmodic Stomachache Gout Helminthiasis Inflammation of prostate | Diabetes | – | Diabetes Stomachache |
Eragrostis cilianensis | Dyspepsia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Eucalyptus globules | Hypertension | Diabetes [27] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Ficus sycomorus | Gum inflammation | – | – | – | Stomach ache Skin rashes | – | – | – | – |
Foeniculum vulgare | Stomach ache | Stomach ache [27] Acid reflux [27] Flatulence [27] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Geigeria alata | Diabetes Catarrh | Stomach ache [26] Epilepsy [27] | Diabetes Antispasmodic Intestinal complaints Hypertension Cough | – | – | Antispasmodic Stomach ache Intestinal complaints Anthelmintic Diabetes Hypertension Cough | Diabetes Stomach ache Kidney disorders Hypertension | – | Diabetes Stomach ache Kidney disorders Hypertension |
Grewia tenax | Anaemia Abscess | Tonsillitis [26] Swellings [26] Jaundice [27] Trichoma [27] | – | – | – | Tonsillitis Throat Infections Anaemia Malaria Tonic | Wounds Anaemia | – | Wounds Anaemia |
Heliotropium sudanicum | Scorpion bite | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Hibiscus sabdariffa | Hypertension Cough/ Flu | – | Snake bite Scorpion sting Haemorrhoids Headache | – | – | Cough Headache Haematuria Fever Hypertension Snake bite Scorpion sting | Hypertension Cough/ Flu Haemorrhoids | – | Hypertension Cough/ Flu |
Hyphaene thebaica | Hypertension | Spleen [27] Problems [28] | – | – | – | – | Diabetes Diarrhoea Kidney stones | – | Dysentery Diabetes Diarrhoea Kidney disorders |
Leptadenia arborea | Kidney Stones | Snake bite [27] | – | Jaundice Dandruff | – | Jaundice Dandruff | Acid reflux Diarrhoea Swellings Jaundice | – | Acid reflux Diarrhoea Swellings Jaundice |
Maerua crassifolia | Wound | – | – | Wound | – | – | – | – | – |
Mollugo cerviana | Kalaazar Lip dermatitis Wound | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Momordica dioica | Abortive | Abortive [25] | – | – | - | - | - | - | - |
Nigella sativa | Corona virus Diabetes Head ache Prostate | Diabetes [28] Hypertension [28] Stomachache [28] | – | – | – | – | Articulation pain Stomachache Headache Jaundice | – | Articulation pain Stomachache Headache Jaundice |
Ocimum basilicum | Rheumatic pain | – | – | – | – | Eye infection | – | Jaundice Kidney disorders | – |
Psiadia punctulata | Swelling | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Pulicaria crispa | Stomach pain | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Punica granatum | Giardia | – | – | – | – | – | – | Diarrhoea Dysentery | – |
Raphanus sativus | Kidney Stones | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Rhynchosia minima | Snake bite Rabies | Anti-acid [25] | – | – | – | – | Snake bite | – | Snake bite |
Senegalia mellifera | Syphilis | – | – | – | – | Pneumonia Stomachache Heartburn Syphilis Malaria | – | – | – |
Senegalia senegal | Kidney disorder | – | – | Giardiasis | Kidney problems | Rheumatoid arthritis | Haematuria | – | – |
Senna alexandrina | Constipation | Carminative [25] Stomachache [27] Laxative [27] | – | – | – | Stomachache Laxative | – | Diabetes | – |
Senna italica | Constipation | Rheumatic pain [27] | – | Constipation | – | – | Dysentery Laxative Eczema | – | Dysentery Laxative Eczema |
Senna obtusifolia | Jaundice | Jaundice [27] Wounds [25] | Backache Hypertension | Diabetes Gonorrhoea Intestinal ulcer | Jaundice | Jaundice Laxative | Jaundice Laxative | – | – |
Sesamum indicum | Head ache | Swellings [27] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Solanum coagulans | Abdominal pain | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Solanum forskalii | Head pustules Head ache | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Striga hermonthica | Urine retention Menstrual cramps | Leukoderma [27] | Diabetes | – | – | – | Menstrual Cramps Diabetes | – | Menstrual cramps |
Tephrosia purpurea | Wound | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Terminalia brownii | Rheumatic pain | Diabetes [25] Cough [26] | – | – | – | – | Jaundice Rheumatic pain Wound | – | – |
Tribulus terrestris | Kidney stones | – | – | – | – | – | Kidney disorders Diabetes | – | Kidney disorders Diabetes |
Trigonella foenum | Stomach pain Diabetes | – | – | – | – | Uterus Inflammation Swellings Foot pain | – | Uterus inflammatio | |
Vachellia nilotica | Abscess Corona virus | Hypertension | Cough | Phlegmatic Cough Furuncles Malaria | Cold and flu Pharyngitis | Stomachache | – | – | |
Vachellia oerfota | Tooth ache Snake bite Scorpion sting | – | Tooth cavity | Toothache Headache Snake bite | Antirheumatic | Back pain Swellings Snake bite Toothache | – | – | |
Vangueria madagascariensis | Hypertension | – | – | – | Diabetes | – | Diabetes | – | Diabetes Kidney disorders Hypertension |
Ximenia americana | Rheumatic pain Measles | Measles [25] | – | Rheumatic pain | – | – | Rheumatic pain | – | Rheumatic pain |
Ziziphus spina–christi | Kidney stones Evil eye | Swellings [26] Constipation [26] Intestinal spasm [27] Stomachache [28] Gonorrhoea [28] | Antispasmodic Fever | – | Stomachache Dysentery Diarrhoea Malaria Urine retention | Swellings Antispasmodic Constipation Gonorrhoea | Stomachache Dysentery Evil eye | – | Stomachache Dysentery Evil eye |