Table 2 The 78 plant specimens used by five Diadema's migrants (MG1, SP1, PE1, PE2, SE1)*.
Popular(s) name(s) (migrant)dynamic of use | Specimen (family) Voucher | Origin - geographical distribution - cultivated (C) or spontaneous (S) | Use (part) | Formula and route of administration | Pharmacological studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Alamanda-amarela (SE1□, PE1Δ) | Allamanda cathartica L. (Apocynaceae) Garcia 076 | Native - Brazilian territory (C) | Toxic (whole plant) | Any oral dose is dangerous | Healing activity [65] |
2-Alecrim (MG1)□ | Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) Garcia 060 | Exotic - all countries with temperate climate (C) | Muscle pain* (leaves) | Decoction - massage | Antibacterial effects [66], antimicrobial effect [67], anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects [68], cause reduction of reproductive fertility in male rats [69], antinociceptive effect [70], mosquito repellent activity [71], antidiabetic and antioxidant properties [72] |
3-Alecrim-do-campo (SE1)□ | Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) Garcia 021 | Native - central Brazil (S) | Soothing (aerial parts) | Smoking - inhalation | Bactericidal activity [73], cytotoxic [74], antiulcerogenic [75], antimicrobial and antifungal [76]and anti-inflammatory [77] |
4-Alfavaca (SP1)□ | Ocimum selloi Benth. (Lamiaceae) Garcia 033 | Native - northeast to south Brazil (C) | Soothing (aerial parts) | Infusion - inhalation | Mosquito repellent activity [78] |
Bronchitis (leaves) | Syrup - ingestion | ||||
5-Algodão (MG1)□ | Gossypium sp. (Malvaceae) Garcia 066 | No data (C) | Anti-inflammatory (leaves) | Infusion - inhalation | Not consulted |
6-Algodão-do-mato (MG1, PE2)□ | Asclepias curassavica L. (Apocynaceae) Garcia 037 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (S) | Toxic* (whole plant) | Any oral dose is dangerous | |
7-Almeirão-boca-de-leão (SE1)Δ | Hypochoeris sp. (Asteraceae) Garcia 009 | No data (S) | Liver pain (leaves) | In natura - ingestion | Not consulted |
8-Amendoim-bravo, burra-leiteira (MG1, SP1, SE1, PE1, PE2)□ | Euphorbia heterophylla L. (Euphorbiaceae) Garcia 047 | Native - Americas (S) | Toxic* (whole plant) | Any oral dose is dangerous | Cytotoxic properties [81] |
9-Anador (SE1)□ | Alternanthera sp. (Amaranthaceae) Garcia 039 | No data (C) | Soothing, headache, pain in the body (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | Not consulted |
10-Arnica (PE1)□ | Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. (Asteraceae) Garcia 075 | Native - Brazilian territory (S) | Muscle pain* (aerial parts) | Decoction - massage | Anti-inflammatory [82] |
11-Aroeira (MG1)□ | Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) Garcia 035 | Native - northeast to south Brazil (S) | Diuretic (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | |
12-Arruda (MG1, PE1, PE2)□ | Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae) Garcia 028 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Earache and conjunctivitis/styl* (leaves) | In natura - topic | Antifertility [85], fungicide [86], cytotoxic [87], abortive [88], anti-tumour [89], anti-inflammatory [90], antiarrhythmic [91]and antimicrobial [92] |
Muscle pain (leaves) | Decoction - massage | ||||
13- Assa-peixe (MG1, SE1)□ | Vernonia sp. (Asteraceae) Garcia 048 | No data (S) | Bronchitis (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | Not consulted |
Expectorant (leaves) | Infusion - inhalation | ||||
Healing wounds (leaves) | infusion - plaster | ||||
14-Avelóz (PE1, PE2)□ | Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) Garcia 046 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Toxic* (whole plant) | Restricted use (reports of blindness) | Anti-tumour activity [93], cause eye injury [94]and effect against arthritis diseases [95] |
Breast cancer* (latex) | Macerate - ingestion | ||||
15-Azaléia (PE1)Δ | Rhododendron simsii Planch. (Ericaceae) Garcia 043 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Toxic (whole plant) | Any oral dose is dangerous | Antioxidative [96] |
16-Bálsamo (MG1, SP1, PE1, SE1)□ | Sedum sp. (Crassulaceae) Garcia 038 | No data (C) | Earache (leaves) | In natura - topic | Not consulted |
Laxative (aerial parts) | In natura - ingestion | ||||
17-Boldo-do-Chile, figatil (PE1□, SE1Δ) | Vernonia condensata Baker (Asteraceae) Garcia 001 | Exotic - northeast to southeast Brazil (C) | Liver pain* (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | Anti-ulcerogenic [97]and analgesic and anti-inflammatory [98] |
18-Brinco-de-princesa (SE1)Δ | Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. (Zingiberaceae) Garcia 018 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Sedative (flowers) | Infusion - ingestion | Antihypertensive effects [99], antinociceptive [100], anti-amoebic activity [101]and hepatoprotector [102] |
19-Café (MG1)□ | Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) Garcia 030 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Diabetes (ripe fruits) | Infusion | Antioxidant [103] |
Sinusitis (powder fruit) | Infusion | ||||
20-Cana-do-brejo (SP1, PE2)□ | Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Roscoe (Costaceae) Garcia 019 | Native - northeast and southeast Brazil (S) | Laxative and rheumatism (leaves) | Infusion or decoction - ingestion | Antiurolithiatic [104] |
21-Cânfora (MG1, PE1, SE1)□ | Artemisia canphorata Vill. (Asteraceae) Garcia 045 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Muscle pain (whole plant) | Decoction - massage | No data found |
22-Capim-limão (MG1, SE1, PE2)□ | Cymbopogon citratus DC. - Stapf. (Poaceae) Garcia 026 | Exotic - tropical countries (C) | Bronchitis* (leaves) | Syrup - ingestion | Anxiolytic [105], larvicidal activity [106], antibacterial [107], antimalarial activity [108], insect repellent [109], hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects [110]and antimicrobial activity [92] |
Sedative* (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | ||||
23-Capuchinha (SP1, MG1)Δ | Tropaeolum majus L. (Tropaeolaceae) Garcia 057 | Exotic - south and southeast Brazil (C) | Ulcer and laxative (aerial parts) | Infusion or in natura - ingestion | Antitumor activity [111] |
24-Carqueja (MG1)□ | Baccharis trimera (Less) DC (Asteraceae) Garcia 027 | Native - south and southeast Brazil (C) | Diabetes* (whole plant) | Macerate - ingestion | Antihepatotoxic properties [112], anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity [113], relaxant effect [114], anti-proteolytic and anti-hemorrhagic properties [115], antioxidant compounds [116], antidiabetic activity [117]and for losing weight [118] |
25-Carrapicho (SE1#, MG1□) | Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze (Asteraceae) Garcia 052 | Native - Brazilian territory (S) | Wounds in the body (roots) | Medicinal wine - ingestion | |
26-Cavalinha (MG1)□ | Equisetum arvensis L. (Equisetaceae) Garcia 051 | Exotic (C) | Diuretic (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | No data found |
27-Cipó-cruz (SE1, PE2)Δ | Serjania sp. (Sapindaceae) Garcia 012 | No data (S) | Reduces cholesterol and diarrhea (leaves) | Macerate - ingestion | Not consulted |
External allergies, wounds in the body and detoxifying (leaves) | Infusion - bath | ||||
28-Comigo-ninguém-pode (PE1)□ | Dieffenbachia sp. (Araceae) Garcia 071 | No data (C) | Toxic (whole plant) | Any oral dose is dangerous | Not consulted |
29-Dormideira (SE1)□ | Mimosa pudica L. (Fabaceae s.l.) Garcia 069 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Healing wounds (aerial parts) | In natura - plaster | Antidepressant activity [121], antitoxin of the snake Naja kaouthia[122], anticonvulsant [123]and for reproductive problems [124] |
30-Embaúba (MG1, SE1)□ | Cecropia pachystachya Tréc. (Cecropiaceae) Garcia 068 | Native - south to northeast Brazil (S) | Bronchitis* (powder fruit) | Syrup - ingestion | Antioxidative activity [125], cardiotonic and sedative effects [126]and anti-inflammatory [127] |
Toxic (sap) | Any oral dose is dangerous | ||||
31-Erva-cidreira (MG1, SE1, PE2)□ | Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br. (Verbenaceae) Garcia 005 | Native - almost all Brazilian territory (S) | Expectorant* (aerial parts) | Infusion - inhalation | Treatment of respiratory diseases [128], antiulcerogenic activity [129], sedative and anticonvulsant effects [130], antiviral and antiherpes [131] |
Sedative* (aerial parts) | Infusion or decoction - ingestion | ||||
32-Erva-de-bicho (SE1)□ | Ludwigia sp. (Onagraceae) Garcia 078 | No data (S) | Hemorrhoid (whole plant) | Decoction - bath | Not consulted |
33-Erva-doce, funcho (MG1, SP1, PE1, PE2)□ | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae) Garcia 064 | Exotic -Brazilian territory (C) | Sedative (whole plant) | Infusion - ingestion | Antimicrobial activity [132], anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities [133], acaricidal activity [134], antifungal effect [135], antithrombotic activity [136]and larvicidal activity of the mosquito Aedes aegypti[137] |
Bronchitis* (whole plant) | Infusion - inhalation | ||||
Laxative (whole plant) | Infusion or macerate - ingestion | ||||
34-Eucalipto, vick (MG1□, PE1Δ, PE2Δ, SE1□) | Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) Garcia 055 | Exotic (C) | Sinusitis* (leaves) | Infusion - inhalation | Antihyperglycemic actions [138], analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects [139], antimicrobial activity [140]and antibacterial effects [141] |
35-Fedegoso (MG1)□ | Senna pendula (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae s.l.) Garcia 034 | Native - Brazilian territory (S) | Osteoporosis prevention (roots) | Medicinal wine - ingestion | No data found |
36-Feijão-guandu (SP1)□ | Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Fabaceae s.l.) Garcia 003 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Bronchitis (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion or inhalation | Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis [142], antileishmanial and antifungal activity [143]and hypocholesterolemic effect [144] |
37-Folha-santa, folha-da-fortuna (MG1, SP1, PE1)□ | Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken (Crassulaceae) Garcia 040 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Lumbar pain* (leaves) | In natura - plaster | Antibacterial activity [145], anti-ulcer [146], antimicrobial [147], antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic [148]and neurosedative and muscle relaxant activities [149] |
Sedative* (leaves) | In natura - plaster | ||||
38-Gervão (MG1)□ | Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl (Verbenaceae) Garcia 054 | Native - Brazilian territory (S) | Laxative (aerial parts) | Infusion or decoction - ingestion | Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic properties [150]and hypoglycaemic constituents [151] |
39-Goiaba (SE1)□ | Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) Garcia 058 | Native - Mexico to Brazil (S) | Heartburn (leaves) | Infusion or in natura - ingestion | Antibacterial activity [152–154]and hepatoprotective activity [155] |
Diarrhea (fruit) | In natura - ingestion | ||||
40-Guaco (PE1□, PE2□, SE1Δ) | Mikania glomerata Spreng. (Asteraceae) Garcia 032 | Native - northeast to southeast Brazil (S) | Bronchitis* (leaves) | Syrup - ingestion | Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities [156], bronchodilator activity [157]and antiophidian properties [158] |
41-Guanxuma (SE1)Δ | Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) Garcia 067 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (S) | Sedative (aerial parts) | Infusion - ingestion or inhalation | Cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity [159]and antioxidant [160] |
42-Guiné (SE1)Δ | Petiveria alliaceae L. (Phytolaccaceae) Garcia 004 | Native - north Brazil (S) | Sedative (aerial parts) | Environment purifier - inhalation | Antimicrobial substance [161], antimitotic action [162], anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects [163], antibacterial and antifungal activity [164]and antioxidant [165] |
Muscle pain* (leaves) | Decoction - massage | ||||
43-Hortelã (MG1, PE1)□ | Mentha arvensis L. (Lamiaceae) Garcia 031 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Bronchitis* (leaves) | Syrup - ingestion | Antifungal property [166], vasodilatory actions [167], antioxidative activity [168], antibacterial properties [107]and insect repellents and fumigants [109] |
Laxative (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | ||||
44-Hortelã-grande (PE1)□ | Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (Lamiaceae) Garcia 073 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | For digestion and urine with blood (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | Scorpion venon antidote [169]and antimicrobial activity [92] |
Cough (leaves) | Syrup - ingestion | ||||
45-Impatiens (PE1)Δ | Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull. (Balsaminaceae) Garcia 044 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Toxic (whole plant) | In closed environment causes tearing, allergy and headache | No data found |
46-Jarnaúba (PE1)Δ | Synadenium grantii Hook. F. (Euphorbiaceae) Garcia 074 | Exotic - southeast to northeast Brazil (C) | Toxic (whole plant) | Restricted use | Healing action and anti-hemorrhagic [170] |
Stomach cancer (latex) | Macerate - ingestion | ||||
47-Jurubeba (MG1, SE1, PE2)□ | Solanum variabile Mart. (Solanaceae) Garcia 056 | Native - southeast and south Brazil (S) | Sedative (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | Antiulcerogenic activity [171] |
Laxative (powder fruit) | In natura - ingestion | ||||
48-Limão (MG1)□ | Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (Rutaceae) Garcia 063 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Fever (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | Mosquito repellent activity [172] |
49-Losna (SP1, SE1, PE2)□ | Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae) Garcia 049 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (S) | Laxative (aerial parts) | Infusion - ingestion | Acaricidal properties [173], antifungal and antibacterial [174]and antioxidant activities [175] |
50-Malva-branca (SE1)□ | Waltheria indica L. (Sterculiaceae) Garcia 077 | Native - Brazilian territory (S) | Gingivitis* (leaves) | Infusion - gargling | Anti-inflammatory activities [176] |
Inflammation in the mouth and/or throat* (leaves) | |||||
51-Malva-de-cheiro (MG1)□ | Malva sylvestris L. (Malvaceae) Garcia 059 | Exotic - south and southeast Brazil (S) | Wounds in the body (roots) | Medicinal wine - ingestion | Skin anti-aging property [177] |
52-Mamão-papaia (PE1)□ | Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae) Garcia 062 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Bronchitis* (powder fruit) | Syrup - ingestion | Abortive [178], antibacterial activity [179], diuretic [180]and healing and abortive effects [181] |
53-Mandioca (SE1)□ | Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) Garcia 050 | Native - Brazilian territory (C) | conjunctivitis/sty* (dew on the leaves) | In natura - topic | Analgesics and anti-inflammatory effects [182] |
54-Manjericão (MG1)□ | Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) Garcia 061 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Bronchitis* (leaves) | Syrup - ingestion | Antibacterial [183], mosquito repellent activity [184], antimicrobial activity [185], antigiardial activity [186]and decreases cholesterol [187] |
55-Maravilha (SP1, PE2)□ | Mirabilis jalapa L. (Nyctaginaceae) Garcia 065 | Native - Brazilian territory (C) | Healing wounds* (aerial parts) | Infusion - plaster | |
56-Maria-pretinha (MG1)□ | Solanum americanum L. (Solanaceae) Garcia 070 | Native - Americas (S) | Sore throat* (aerial parts) | Infusion - gargle | Treatment of protozoal infections ( American trypanosomes ) [190]and moderate antioxidant activity [191] |
57-Mentrasto (PE1)□ | Ageratum conyzoides L. (Asteraceae) Garcia 010 | Native - southeast to northeast Brazil (S) | Bronchitis* (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | Anti-inflammatory [192], toxic [193], antibacterial [194]and insecticidal activity [195] |
Rheumatism* (whole plant) | Infusion - bath | ||||
58-Mentruz, erva-de-santa-maria (PE1#, SE1□) | Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiaceae) Garcia 006 | Native - south and southeast Brazil (S) | Muscle pain (aerial parts) | Decoction - massage | Insecticidal properties [196], antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity [197]and mosquito repellent activity [71] |
Lesions in bone (aerial parts) | In natura - plaster | ||||
Worm* (aerial parts) | Infusion - ingestion | ||||
Bronchitis (aerial parts) | Syrup - ingestion | ||||
59-Milho (SE1)□ | Zea mays L. (Poaceae) Garcia 023 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Bronchitis (flowers) | Syrup - ingestion | No data found |
Blood purifier and diuretic (flowers) | Infusion - ingestion | ||||
60-Novalgina (MG1, SE1)□ | Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae) Garcia 015 | Exotic - south and southeast Brazil (C) | Sedative (leaves) | In natura - ingestion | Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity [198] |
61-Pariparoba (MG1)□ | Piper umbellatum L. (Piperaceae) Garcia 072 | Native - Tropical America (S) | Belly ache and liver pain (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | |
62-Picão (MG1)□ | Calea sp. (Asteraceae) Garcia 036 | No data (S) | Diuretic (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | Not consulted |
63-Picão-preto (MG1, PE1)□, Picão-branco (SP1)□ | Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) Garcia 020 | Native - tropical America (S) | Blood purifier (whole plant) | Infusion - ingestion | Hypotensive effects [201], anti-inflammatory activity [202], anticancer and antipyretic activity [203], antimicrobial [204]and antitumor potential [205] |
Healing wounds* (whole plant) | In natura - plaster | ||||
Wounds in the body* (roots) | Medicinal wine - ingestion | ||||
64-Pinhão-roxo (SP1)□ | Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) Garcia 017 | Native - southeast to northeast Brazil (S) | Laxative (powder fruit) | In natura - ingestion | Antimalarial effects [206], hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects [207] |
65-Poejo (MG1, PE2)□ | Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae) Garcia 029 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Bronchitis (leaves) | Syrup - ingestion | Larvicidal activity [208], acaricidal effects [209]and insecticidal properties [210] |
66-Pucunã (SE1)□ | Fevillea passiflora Vell. (Cucurbitaceae) Garcia 022 | Native - North and southeast Brazil (S) | Toxic - abortive (seeds) | In natura - ingestion | No data found |
67-Quebra-pedra (SP1, PE1, PE2, SE1)□ | Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walter (Euphorbiaceae) Garcia 024 | Native - USA to Brazil (S) | Kidney stone* (aerial parts) | Infusion or decoction - ingestion | Antinociceptive action [211] |
68-Quitoco (SE1)□ | Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabrera (Asteraceae) Garcia 042 | Native - south and southeast Brazil (S) | Diuretic (aerial parts) | Infusion - ingestion | Anti-inflammatory activity [212] |
69-Rubim (MG1, SP1)□ | Leonurus sibiricus L. (Lamiaceae) Garcia 002 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (C) | Healing wounds* (aerial parts) | In natura - plaster | Stimulating action on the uterus [213], analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity [214]and antibacterial activity [215] |
70-Sabugueiro (MG1)□ | Sambucus canadensis L. (Caprifoliaceae) Garcia 025 | Native - Brazilian territory (S) | Bronchitis* (flowers) | Syrup - ingestion | Infectious diseases and antioxidant activity [216] |
71-Salsa-parreira (SE1)□ | Jacaranda sp. (Bignoniaceae) Garcia 011 | No data (S) | External allergies, wounds in the body and purifier (leaves) | Decoction - bath | Not consulted |
72-Samba-caitá (SE1)□ | Hyptis sp. (Lamiaceae) Garcia 041 | No data (S) | Belly ache (leaves) | In natura - ingestion | Not consulted |
73-Serralha (PE1)□ | Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae) Garcia 016 | Exotic - Brazilian territory (S) | Diabetes (leaves) | In natura - ingestion | Larvicidal potential [217] |
74-Sete-sangria (MG1□, SP1□, SE1Δ) | Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J. F. Macbr. (Lythraceae) Garcia 007 | Native - Brazilian territory (S) | Intestinal infections and heart problems* (aerial parts) | Infusion - ingestion | Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities [218], vasorelaxant properties [219], treat high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides [220] |
75-Sofre-do-rim-quem-qué (MG1)# | Cissus sp. (Vitaceae) Garcia 053 | No data (S) | Kidney stone (leaves) | Infusion - ingestion | Not consulted |
76-Tanchagem (SP1, PE2)□ | Plantago sp. (Plantaginaceae) Garcia 008 | No data (S) | Anti-inflammatory - mouth and throat (leaves) | Decoction - gargling | Not consulted |
77-Vassourinha (SE1, PE2)□ | Scoparia dulcis L. (Scrophulariaceae) Garcia 014 | Native - Brazilian territory (S) | Hip pain/kidneys (leaves) | Decoction - bath | Antitumor-promoting activity [221], antioxidant [222], antimicrobial and antifungal activities [223] |
78-Velando (SE1)□ | Croton fuscescens Spreng (Euphorbiaceae) Garcia 013 | Native - Brazilian territory (S) | Inhibits the growth of skin stains/wounds in the body (resin) | In natura - topic | No data found |