Ethnobotany of wild plants used for starting fermented beverages in Shui communities of southwest China

Hong, Liya; Zhuo, Jingxian; Lei, Qiyi; Zhou, Jiangju; Ahmed, Selena; Wang, Chaoying; Long, Yuxiao; Li, Feifei; Long, Chunlin

doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0028-0

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 1 Plants used for liquor fermentation starter in Sandu County of Guizhou

From: Ethnobotany of wild plants used for starting fermented beverages in Shui communities of southwest China

No.	Chinese name		Shui name	Scientific name	Family name	Life form	Parts used	Frequency	Other value
1	Tuniuxi	土牛膝	ma²⁴dian⁴³	Achyranthes aspera L.	Amaranthaceae	Herb	Leaf	***	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Diuretics; Cold; Fever; Amygdalitis; Mumps
2	Zhonghua-mihoutao	中华猕猴桃	faŋ⁴³ma²⁴	Actinidia chinensis Planch.	Actinidiaceae	Shrub	Leaf	****	The fruit is edible
3	Geyemihoutao	革叶猕猴桃	faŋ⁴³ma²⁴	Actinidia rubricaulis var. coriacea (Finet & Gagnep.) C.F. Liang	Actinidiaceae	Shrub	Leaf, Fruit	***	The fruit is edible
4	Longyacao	龙芽草	ɡa³¹jun³⁵ɡaŋ⁴²	Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb.	Rosaceae	Herb	Aerial part	*****	Stopping bleed
5	Xingxiang-tu’erfeng	杏香兔儿风	ʨyŋ³⁵laŋ³¹thu³¹nu²⁴luŋ⁴²	Ainsliaea fragrans Champ. ex Benth.	Asteraceae	Herb	Aerial part	*****	Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Diuretics; Hematemesis; Traumatic injury
6	Sanyemutong	三叶木通	haŋ³¹wa²⁴mei³³thuŋ⁵⁵	Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz.	Lardizabalaceae	Liana	Leaf	***	Diuretics; Promoting lactation; Loosing bones and muscles; Removing dampness; Arthralgia
7	Ersexiangqing	二色香青	ja⁵⁵sa⁴³laŋ³⁵ʨhu⁵³	Anaphalis bicolor (Franch.) Diels	Asteraceae	Shrub	Whole plant	**	Removing dampness; Relieving summer-heat; Cough
8	Jinxiancao	金线草	niaŋ⁵⁵ha²⁴ɡaŋ⁴³	Antenoron filiforme (Thunb.) Roberty & Vautier	Polygonaceae	Herb	Aerial part	****	Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Relieving pain; Stopping bleed; Eliminating stasis to stop pain
9	Zijinniu	紫金牛	ʨin²⁴niaŋ²⁴kui⁴²	Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Bl.	Myrsinaceae	Shrub	Aerial part	*****	Phthisis; Hemoptysis; Cough; Tracheitis; Removing dampness; Leukorrhea; Amenorrhoea; Diuretics
10	Qihao	奇蒿	ȵi³⁵ai³⁵	Artemisia anomala S. Moore	Asteraceae	Herb	Aerial part	***	Removing dampness; Promoting blood circulations; Eliminating stasis to stop pain; Irregular menstruation; Relieving pain
11	Hualianxixin	花脸细辛	nu⁵⁵na⁵⁵tə³⁵na²⁴	Asarum splendens (F. Maekawa) C. Y. Cheng & C. S. Yang	Aristolochiaceae	Herb	Whole plant	****	Dispelling wind and cold; Relieving pain; Warming lung for dispelling cold
12	Wulingxixin	五岭细辛	wə³³nu³³ tə³⁵na²⁴	Asarum wulingense C.F. Liang	Aristolochiaceae	Herb	Whole plant	***	Dispelling wind and cold; Relieving pain; Warming lung for dispelling cold
13	Tiejiaojue	铁角蕨	ɕie²⁴pau⁴³tə³⁵	Asplenium trichomanes L.	Aspleniaceae	Herb	Whole plant	**	Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Removing dampness; Stopping bleed; Eliminating stasis to stop pain; Dysentery; Leukorrhea; Irregular menstruation; Backache
14	Ziwan	紫菀	ʨie³⁵yue⁵⁵	Aster ageratoides Turcz.	Asteraceae	Herb	Aerial part	****	Cold; Cough; Asthma; Consumptive disease; Blood vomitting
15	Sanmaiziwan	三脉紫菀	haŋ⁴³mai³⁵ ʨie³⁵jue⁵⁵	Aster tataricus L. f.	Asteraceae	Herb	Aerial part	***	Cold; Cough; Asthma; Consumptive disease; Blood vomitting
16	Xianghua	香桦	laŋ²⁴huaˀ⁵⁵	Betula insignis Franch.	Betulaceae	Tree	Leaf	*****	Cough; Asthma; Eliminating phlegm
17	Baiji	白及	ja⁴³pau⁴³	Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f.	Orchidaceae	Herb	Root	*****	Stopping bleed; Anti-swelling agent; Promoting tissue regeneration
18	Laijiangteng	来江藤	daŋ⁴²kui³³jau⁴³	Brandisia hancei Hook. f.	Scrophulariaceae	Shrub	Stem, Leaf	*****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Bone fracture; Hepatitis
19	Jinqianbao	金钱豹	niaŋ²⁴ɕie³³me⁴³	Campanumoea javanica Bl.	Campanulaceae	Liana	Aerial part	***	Warming spleen and stomach for dispelling cold; Moistening lung to arrest cough; Inducing saliva and slakes thirst; Spleen tonic
20	Yanguantoucao	烟管头草	je³¹tau²⁴ku³³kaŋ⁴³	Carpesium cernuum L.	Asteraceae	Herb	Aerial part	****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Anti-swelling agent; Anti-inflammation; Relieving pain; Cold; Fever; Toothache; Dysentery; Diuretics
21	Diaodenghua	吊灯花	tiau³⁵phau³³nuˀ⁵⁵	Ceropegia trichantha Hemsl.	Asclepiadaceae	Liana	Whole plant	**	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Bone fracture; Hepatitis; Ornamental
22	Rougui	肉桂	nai⁵⁵kui⁵⁵	Cinnamomum cassia (L.) D. Don	Lauraceae	Tree	Bark	*****	Relieving pain; Waist and knee pain; Stomachache; Dyspepsia; Amenorrhea; Spice
23	Ganju	柑橘	kaːŋ⁵⁵	Citrus reticulata Blanco	Rutaceae	Tree	Leaf	*****	Regulating qi-flowing for eliminating phlegm; Promoting blood circulations; Anti-swelling agent; The fruit is edible
24	Dangshen	党参	taŋ²⁴ʂen²⁴	Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf.	Campanulaceae	Liana	Aerial part	*****	Invigorating the blood; Spleen and stomach tonic; Weakness; The root is cooking for edible
25	Fanbaocao	饭包草	ma³³kai⁴³kei³³	Commelina bengalensis L.	Commelinaceae	Herb	Aerial part	***	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Diuretics; Anti-swelling agent; The leaves and stems are cooking as vegetables
26	Xianggang-sizhaohua	香港四照花	ɕi²⁴ʦau⁴³nuˀ⁵⁵	Cornus hongkongensis Hemsl.	Cornaceae	Tree	Leaf, Fruit	**	Ornamental, The fruit is edible
27	Shamu	杉木	mei³⁵faːi²⁴	Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.	Taxodiaceae	Tree	Young leaf	***	Construction
28	Qinggang	青冈	mei³⁵khei²⁴	Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst.	Fagaceae	Tree	Fruits, Barks	****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials
29	Yuyancao	鱼眼草	mei³⁵la³¹kaŋ⁴³	Dichrocephala integrifolia (L. f.) Kuntze	Asteraceae	Herb	Leaf	**	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Rremoving dampness
30	Yeshi	野柿	mei³⁵	Diospyros kaki var. silvestris Makino	Ebenaceae	Tree	Leaf	***	The fruit is edible
31	Hutuizi	胡颓子	nuei³⁵liuˀ⁵⁵la³³	Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.	Elaeagnaceae	Shrub	Leaf, Fruit	*****	Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Removing blood stasis; Stopping bleed; Traumatic injury
32	Xiangru	香薷	laŋ³⁵ʐu⁴³	Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl.	Lamiaceae	Herb	Stem, Leaf	***	Relieving exterior and sweating; Removing dampness; Warming spleen and stomach for dispelling cold; Diuretics; Anti-swelling agent
33	Jianyerong	尖叶榕	ɕie⁴³wa²⁴ʐuŋ²⁴	Ficus henryi Warb.	Moraceae	Tree	Leaf, Fruit	****	Cough; Toothache; Removing dampness; The fruit is edible
34	Bili	薜荔	ɕue³⁵li⁴³	Ficus pumila L.	Moraceae	Shrub	Leaf	*****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Expelling damp; Diuretics; The achene is washed for cooking bean jelly
35	Diguo	地果	laŋ⁴³aŋ³⁵	Ficus tikoua Bureau	Moraceae	Herb	Stem, Leaf, Fruit	***	Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Removing dampness; Promoting blood circulations; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; The fruit is edible
36	Qianjinba	千斤拔	ɕie³⁵ʨie⁴³jun³³	Flemingia prostrata Roxb.	Fabaceae	Shrub	Leaf	****	Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Removing blood stasis; Clearing away heat and toxic materials
37	Zhizi	栀子	mei³⁵lə⁴³	Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis	Rubiaceae	Shrub	Leaf, Fruit	*****	Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Purging intense heat; Herbal tea; Ornamental
38	Weiyebaizhu	尾叶白珠	hen⁵⁵wa²⁴pa³³lei⁴³	Gaultheria griffithiana Wight	Ericaceae	Shrub	Lef	***	Removing dampness; Ornamental
39	Baiguobaizhu	白果白珠	pa³³lei⁴³ pa³³lei⁴³	Gaultheria leucocarpa Bl.	Ericaceae	Shrub	Leaf	***	Removing dampness; Ornamental
40	Maodadingcao	毛大丁草	ȵi⁵⁵mo³³ɕie⁴³	Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass.	Asteraceae	Herb	Whole plant	*****	Clearing internal heat; Anti-inflammatory effects; Cold; Fever; Postpartum dysphoria
41	Dadingcao	大丁草	mo³³ɕie⁴³	Gerbera anandria (L.) Sch.-Bip.	Asteraceae	Herb	Whole plant	****	Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Removing dampness; Anti-swelling agent; Bleeding
42	Lubianqing	路边青	ʨia³⁵khun⁴³jy⁴³	Geum aleppicum Jacq.	Rosaceae	Herb	Aerial part	*****	Irregular menstruation; Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Relieving pain
43	Suanpanzi	算盘子	mei²⁴la³³li⁴³	Glochidion puberum (L.) Hutch.	Euphorbiaceae	Shrub	Stem, Leaf, Fruit	*****	Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Removing dampness; Dispelling wind and cold; Loosing bones and muscles; Leukorrhea; Dysmenorrhea
44	Shanxiaoju	山小橘	nu⁵⁵tə³³ʨiu⁵⁵	Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC.	Rutaceae	Tree	Leaf	****	Eliminating stasis to stop pain; Anti-swelling agent; The fruit is edible
45	Nuomituan	糯米团	nu⁵⁵man³³kaŋ⁴³	Gonostegia hirta (Bl. ex Hassk.) Miq.	Urticaceae	Herb	Whole plant	*****	Spleen tonic; Digestion; Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Removing dampness; Anti-swelling agent
46	Xiao’erxiancao	小二仙草	tə³³ka³³ɕie⁴³kaŋ⁴³	Haloragis micrantha Thunb.	Haloragidaceae	Herb	Whole plant	***	Diuretics; Expelling damp; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Antidysmenorrhea; Promoting blood circulations
47	Changchunteng	常春藤	ma⁴³lian³⁵man³³	Hedera nepalensis K. Koch	Araliaceae	Shrub	Whole plant	*	Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Promoting blood circulations; Anti-swelling agent; Ornamental
48	Ercao	耳草	khan⁴³kaŋ⁴³	Hedyotis auricularia L.	Rubiaceae	Tree	Leaf	***	Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Removing dampness; Anti-swelling agent
49	Zhiju	枳椇	ɕiu⁴³	Hovenia acerba Lindl.	Rhamnaceae	Tree	Leaf, Fruit	****	Promoting blood circulations; Eliminating stasis to stop pain; Clearing heat and expelling damp; Asthma; Ornamental; Fence
50	Kuanluanye-changbing-shanmahuang	宽卵叶长柄山蚂蝗	sɿ³³mi⁴³	Hylodesmum podocarpum subsp. fallax (Schindl.) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill	Fabaceae	Herb	Leaf	***	Dispelling wind and cold; Loosing bones and muscles; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Anti-swelling agent; Traumatic injury; Removing dampness; Backache
51	Jianyechangbing-shanmahuang	尖叶长柄山蚂蝗	sɿ³³mi⁴³	Hylodesmum podocarpum subsp. oxyphyllum (DC.) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill	Fabaceae	Herb	Leaf	***	Dispelling wind and cold; Loosing bones and muscles; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Anti-swelling agent; Traumatic injury; Removing dampness
52	Tianjihuang	田基黄	khui³³wan³³tin⁴³	Hypericum japonicum Thunb.	Clusiaceae	Herb	Aerial part	****	Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Removing dampness; Promoting blood circulations; Anti-swelling agent
53	Yuanbaocao	元宝草	juan²⁴pin³³ kaŋ⁴³	Hypericum sampsonii Hance	Clusiaceae	Herb	Whole plant	***	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Restoring menstrual flow; Loosing bones and muscles; Stopping bleed; Fever; Dysentery; Irregular menstruation,Leukorrhea
54	Baimao	白茅	hai³³pa⁴³	Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv.	Poaceae	herb	Root, Stem	*****	Stopping bleed; Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Diuretics
55	Jianyemulan	尖叶木蓝	wa²⁴ɕie⁴³mei³⁵ʨhu⁴³	Indigofera zollingeriana Miq.	Fabaceae	Shrub	Young stem, Leaf	***	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Removing blood stasis; Stopping bleed
56	Yang’erju	羊耳菊	ma³⁵hai⁵⁵	Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC.	Asteraceae	Shrub	Aerial part	****	Dispelling wind and cold; Anti-swelling agent; Relieving pain
57	Yuanwei	鸢尾	wa²⁴liu⁴³	Iris tectorum Maxim.	Iridaceae	Herb	Root, Stem	****	Promoting blood circulations; Removing blood stasis; Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Digestion; Ornamental
58	Nanwuweizi	南五味子	nai⁴³wo²⁴wei²⁴la⁴³	Kadsura longipedunculata Finet & Gagnep.	Schisandraceae	Liana	Whole plant	****	Astringent; Inducing saliva and slakes thirst; Notifying kidney and spleen; The fruit is edible
59	Huorongcao	火绒草	jy³³mau⁴³kaŋ⁴³	Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd. ) Beauv.	Asteraceae	Herb	Whole plant	***	Clearing away heat and toxic materials
60	Yimucao	益母草	mai³³kaŋ⁴³	Leonurus japonicus Houtt.	Lamiaceae	Herb	Young stem, Leaf	*****	Promoting blood circulations; Removing blood stasis; Diuretics; Anti-dysmenorrhea
61	Yebaihe	野百合	nu³³pa⁴³	Lilium brownii F.E. Brown ex Miell.	Liliaceae	Herb	Bulb	****	Moistening lung to arrest cough; Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Tranquilizing the mind; Diuretics; The bulb is edible
62	Shanjijiao	山鸡椒	ɕiu⁴³	Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.	Lauraceae	Shrub	Leaf	*****	Warming spleen and stomach for dispelling cold; Dispelling wind and cold; Anti-swelling agent; Spice
63	Liuyerendong	柳叶忍冬	ha³³tiau³³ʨi³³tin⁴³kə³³	Lonicera lanceolata Wall.	Caprifoliaceae	Tree	Stem, Leaf, flower	****	None
64	Danzhuye	淡竹叶	wa³³fan⁵⁵	Lophatherum gracile Brongn.	Poaceae	Herb	Whole plant	*****	Reducing pathogenic fire; Fever; Diuretics; Herbal tea
65	Haijinsha	海金沙	miau³³nu³³ka⁵⁵	Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.	Lygodiaceae	Herb	Aerial part	*****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Removing dampness; Relieving pain Urinary tract infections; Hepatitis; Nephritis edema; Diarrhea
66	Xiaoguo-shidagonglao	小果十大功劳	laŋ³³tə³³suŋ³³ta³³kuŋ³³lau²⁴	Mahonia bodinieri Gagnep.	Berberidaceae	Shrub	Whole plant	*****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Anti-swelling agent; Antidiarrheic; Dysentery; Hepatitis; Ornamental
67	Diren	地菍	lai³³ʐ²⁴	Melastoma dodecandrum Lour.	Melastomaceae	Shrub	Aerial part	*****	Removing toxicity; The fruit is edible
68	Shiqizhu	石荠苎	tin⁴³ʨi³³han²⁴	Mosla scabra (Thunb.) C.Y. Wu & H.W. Li	Lamiaceae	Herb	Aerial part	*****	Cold; Malaria; Constipation; Hemafecia; Bleeding; Traumatic injury
69	Yangmei	杨梅	hai²⁴	Myrica rubra (Lour.) Sieb. & Zucc.	Myricaceae	Tree	Leaf, Fruit	*****	Inducing saliva and slakes thirst; Digestion; The fruit is edible
70	Shenjue	肾蕨	ȵi³³ʨian⁴³	Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott	Davalliaceae	Herb	Whole plant	*****	Cold; Fever; Cough; Tuberculosis; Dysentery; Enteritis; The tuber is edible
71	Xiaohuaihua	小槐花	nu³³mei³³suŋ⁴³	Ohwia caudata (Thunb.) H. Ohashi	Fabaceae	Shrub	Leaf	*****	Hepatoprotective
72	Yezhiwei-jinfenjue	野雉尾金粉蕨	ȵin²⁴ja³³to²⁴	Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kze.	Pteridaceae	Herb	Aerial part	***	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Removing dampness; Stopping bleed; The leaves are cooked as vegetables
73	Jishiteng	鸡矢藤	jau³³kai²⁴	Paederia foetida L.	Rubiaceae	Liana	Aerial part	*****	Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Digestion; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Anti-swelling agent; Promoting blood circulations; Relieving pain
74	Jinxiangcao	锦香草	laŋ²⁴kaŋ⁴³	Phyllagathis cavaleriei (Levl. et Van.) Guillaum.	Melastomaceae	Shrub	Whole plant	*****	Reducing pathogenic fire; Tonic
75	Changmang-jinxiangcao	长芒锦香草	kai²⁴laŋ²⁴kaŋ⁴³	Phyllagathis longiradiosa C. Chen	Melastomaceae	Shrub	Leaf	***	Clearing away heat and toxic materials
76	Shanju	山蒟	man³³luŋ²⁴	Piper hancei Maxim.	Piperaceae	Liana	Aerial part	*****	Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Activating collaterals
77	Pingcheqian	平车前	ma⁴³ma³⁵	Plantago depressa Willd.	Plantaginaceae	Herb	Aerial part	*****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Diuretics; The whole plants is cooked as vegetables
78	Jiegeng	桔梗	haŋ³³tie²⁴	Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC.	Campanulaceae	Herb	Root	*****	Cough;Eliminating phlegm; Ornamental
79	Guazijin	瓜子金	ha³³ɣə³³ti³³	Polygala japonica Houtt.	Polygalaceae	Herb	Aerial part	*****	Promoting blood circulations; Eliminating stasis to stop pain; Eliminating phlegm and relieve cough; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Relieving pain
80	Laliao	辣蓼	lie²⁴liauˀ⁵⁵	Polygonum hydropiper L.	Polygonaceae	Herb	Aerial part	*****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Eliminating stasis to stop pain;stopping bleed; Dysentery; Traumatic injury; Spice
81	Machixian	马齿苋	ma³³jun³³ȵie²⁴	Portulaca oleracea L.	Portulacaceae	Herb	Aerial part	*****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Promoting circulation and removing stasis; Anti-swelling agent; The aerial part is cooked as vegetabl
82	Shiganzi	石柑子	tin³³kai³³la⁵⁵	Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr.	Araceae	Liana	Stems, Leaf	****	Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Promoting blood circulations; Eliminating stasis to stop pain; Digestion; Cough
83	Ge	葛	pei³³hai⁵⁵	Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.	Fabaceae	Liana	Leaf	*****	Fever; Inducing saliva and slakes thirst; Inducing saliva and slakes thirst; Antidiarrheic; Kudzu powder is edible
84	Wannianqing	万年青	ɕin³³pe³¹ʨhiu⁵⁵	Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth	Liliaceae	Herb	Leaf	****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Eliminating stasis to stop pain; Relieving pain
85	Cili	刺梨	nei²⁴	Rosa roxburghii Tratt.	Rosaceae	Shrub	Fruit	*****	Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Inducing saliva and slakes thirst; Digestion; The fruit is edible
86	Jinyingzi	金樱子	ȵy³³məŋ³³ja⁴³	Rosa laevigata Michx.	Rosaceae	Shrub	Leaf, Fruit	*****	Promoting blood circulations; Eliminating stasis to stop pain; Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Clearing away heat and toxic; The fruit is ediblematerials
87	Cuyexuangouzi	粗叶悬钩子	luei³¹wa²⁴lauˀ⁵⁵	Rubus alceaefolius Poir.	Rosaceae	Shrub	Root, Leaf	***	Promoting blood circulations; Removing blood stasis; Heat-clearing and detoxifying effect; Stopping bleed; The fruit is edible
88	Shanmei	山莓	tuŋ³³kaˀ⁵⁵	Rubus corchorifolius L. f.	Rosaceae	Shrub	Stem, Leaf, Fruit	****	Promoting blood circulations; Stopping bleed; Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; The fruit is edible
89	Tuoyuan-xuangouzi	椭圆悬钩子	lun³³laŋ²⁴ku³³lu³³	Rubus ellipticus Sm.	Rosaceae	Shrub	Young stem, Leaf	***	Anti-swelling agent; Relieving pain; Antidiarrheic; The fruit is edible
90	Huangguo-xuangouzi	黄果悬钩子	lun³³laŋ²⁴man³³	Rubus xanthocarpus Bureau & Franch.	Rosaceae	Shrub	Leaf	***	Anti-inflammatory effects; Relieving pain; The fruit is edible
91	Hongpaociteng	红泡刺藤	jau⁴³lun³³han³³	Rubus niveus Thunb.	Rosaceae	Shrub	Leaf, Fruit	****	Dispelling wind and cold; Removing dampness; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Dysentery; The fruit is edible
92	Daxueteng	大血藤	ma³¹len²⁴ʨieˀ⁵⁵	Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehder & E.H. Wilson	Lardizabalaceae	Liana	Stem, Leaf	****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Promoting blood circulations; Dredging collaterals; Dispelling wind and cold; Convulsive disease
93	Xiaoxueteng	小血藤	ma³¹jiu⁴³ ʨieˀ⁵⁵	Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baillon	Schisandraceae	Liana	Aerial part	****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Anti-swelling agent; Eliminating stasis to stop pain; Stopping bleed
94	Tiegusan	铁箍散	ɕin³³nuei³³ku³³san³³	Schisandra propinqua subsp. sinensis (Oliv.) R.M.K. Saunders	Schisandraceae	Liana	Stem, Leaf, Fruit	****	Dispelling wind and cold; Promoting blood circulations; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Anti-swelling agent; Relieving pain; Irregular menstruation
95	Sanmaibaqia	三脉菝葜	fa²⁴mə³³en²⁴	Smilax trinervula Miqual	Liliaceae	Shrub	Leaf	****	None
96	Citianqie	刺天茄	suŋ³¹wən²⁴ʨia²⁴	Solanum violaceum Ortega	Solanaceae	Shrub	Leaf	***	Anti-inflammatory effects; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Relieving pain
97	Baitan	白檀	pa³³than²⁴	Symplocos paniculata Miq.	Symplocaceae	Shrub	Leaf	*****	Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Removing blood stasis; Dispelling wind and cold
98	Hongdoushan	红豆杉	mei²⁴nu³³	Taxus wallichiana Zucc. var. chinensis (Pilg.) Florin	Taxaceae	Tree	Young leaf	*****	Digestion; Ascariasis; Ornamental
99	Qinglichai	青篱柴	ʨhiu²⁴li³³lin²⁴	Tirpitzia sinensis (Hemsl.) Hallier f.	Linaceae	Shrub	Stem, leaf	***	Anti-swelling agent; Relieving pain; Bone fracture; Ornamental
100	Xiangchun	香椿	mei²⁴ȵiu⁴³	Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) M. Roem.	Meliaceae	Tree	Leaf	*****	Cold; Removing dampness; Stomachache; Dysentery; The leaves is cooked as vegetable
101	Mabiancao	马鞭草	ma²⁴pian³³kaŋ⁴³	Verbena officinalis L.	Verbenaceae	Herb	Aerial part	*****	Promoting blood circulations; Eliminating stasis to stop pain; Malaria; Clearing away heat and toxic materials; Diuretics; Anti-swelling agent
102	Lanshu	蓝树	mei²⁴ʨhiu²⁴	Wrightia laevis Hook. f.	Apocynaceae	Tree	Leaf	*****	Traumatic injury; Stopping bleed; Dye plant
103	Huajiao	花椒	ɕiu²⁴	Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.	Rutaceae	Tree	Leaf	*****	Digestion; Relieving pain; Insecticidal; Anti-itch; Spice

Frequency: ***** > 75% of respondents; **** > 50% of respondents; *** > 25% of respondents; ** > 12.5% of respondents; * < 12.5% of respondents, but at least 5 respondents
(Ranked by scientific names alphabetically, followed by generic and species names)

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ISSN: 1746-4269

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