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Table 3 Frequency of different phytonyms related to bears for the most named taxa in the “bear-richest” languages

From: The bear in Eurasian plant names: motivations and models

Taxa/languages

Est

Germ

Rus

Sw

Turk

It

Ukr

S-C

Bulg

Sloven

Cz

Cr

Lith

Fin

Bel

Norw

Eng

Hung

Sorb

Heracleum sphondylium L. incl. Heracleum sibiricum L.

5

14

1

3

   

3

2

2

4

4

 

3

  

1

3

4

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.

8

4

5

1

1

7

4

5

1

3

3

3

1

 

1

1

 

1

2

Rubus caesius L.

3

1

 

3

 

1

5

   

3

 

1

 

2

    

Acanthus mollis L.

 

1

  

1

1

 

3

 

1

2

3

      

2

Allium ursinum L.

2

2

2

 

1

1

1

1

1

1

  

1

    

2

 

Lycopodium clavatum L.

1

5

 

1

 

3

    

2

 

1

    

1

 

Primula auricula L.

 

2

1

  

1

1

1

1

 

1

1

    

1

  

Polytrichum commune Hedw.

1

1

1

2

        

1

1

 

1

   

Empetrum nigrum L.

3

 

1

1

        

1

2

 

1

   

Paris quadrifolia L.

2

 

1

1

    

2

   

1

1

 

1

   

Arctous alpina (L.) Nied.

 

1

 

1

 

1

         

1

  

1

Verbascum spp.

 

1

1

   

1

1

1

     

2

    

Equisetum arvense L.

1

  

1

    

1

   

1

    

3

 

Heracleum spp.

1

  

2

 

1

  

1

  

1

       

Calla palustris L.

1

 

1

           

1

1

1

  
  1. Only those languages are included with at least 20 records of bear-related phytonyms, and only those taxa that have bear-related phytonyms in at least five different languages among these. The numbers show the number of different meanings bear-related phytonyms have for a specific plant in the corresponding language. In those cases where the two names have a similar meaning, but different words are used to express it, they are considered as different. Abbreviations: Est – Estonian, Germ – German, Rus – Russian, Sw – Swedish, Turk – Turkish, Ukr – Ukrainian, It – Italian. S-C – Serbo-Croat, Bulg – Bulgarian, Sloven – Slovenian, Cz – Czech, Cr – Croatian, Lith – Lithuanian, Fin – Finnish, Hung – Hungarian, Norw – Norwegian, Bel – Belarussian, Eng – English, Sorb – Sorbian